Asụsụ Puyuma

Asụsụ Puyuma ma ọ bụ Pinuyumayan ( Chinese ), bụ asụsụ Puyuma, ụmụ amaala Taiwan . Ọ bụ asụsụ Formosan dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ Austronesia . Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu bụ ndị toro eto.

Puyuma bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Austronesian dị iche ma daa n'èzí nrụgharị nke Proto-Austronesia .

Olumba

Nhazi ime nke olumba Puyuma dị n'okpuru sitere na Ting (1978) . A na-ahụta Nanwang Puyuma dị ka onye na-echekwa ụda olu mana ọ dị ọhụrụ n'asụsụ dị iche iche, dịka na ya na-echekwa proto-Puyuma plosives ma na-emekọrịta ojiji nke ma oblique na genitive. [ 2 ]

Proto-Puyuma
- Nanwang
- ( Isi alaka )
  - Pinaski - Ulivelivek
    - Pinaski
    - Ulivek
  - Rikavung
  - Kasavakan-Katipul
    - Kasavakan
    - Katipul

Obodo ndị na-asụ Puyuma bụ: [ 3 ]

Ụyọkọ Puyuma ('nke achara mụrụ')

Puyuma ( Chinese )
Apapulu ( Chinese )

Ụyọkọ Katipul ('nke nkume mụrụ')

Alipai ( Chinese )
Pinaski ( Chinese ); 2 km n'ebe ugwu Puyuma/Nanwang, ma na-enwe mmekọrịta chiri anya na ya
Pankiu ( Chinese )
Kasavakan ( Chinese
Katratripul ( Chinese )
Likavung ( Chinese )
Tamalakawa ( Chinese )
Ulivek ( Chinese )

fonology

Puyuma nwere consonants 18 na ụdaume 4:

Puyuma Consonants [ 4 ]
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Ihu imi		m	n			ŋ ⟨ ⟩
Plosive	Enweghị olu	p	t	ʈ ⟨ tr ⟩		k	ʔ ⟨ ' ⟩
Plosive	Ekwuru	b	d	ɖ ⟨ ⟩		ɡ
Nke na-ese okwu			s
Trill			r
Odika			l ⟨ lr ⟩	ɭ ⟨ l ⟩	j ⟨ y ⟩	w

Udaume Puyuma [ 4 ]
	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i		u
N'etiti		⟩ ⟨ə
Mepee		a

Rịba ama na Teng na-eji ⟨ lr ⟩ maka /ɭ / na ⟨ l ⟩ maka /l /, n'adịghị ka ụdị ọrụ gọọmentị. A na-eji akwụkwọ edemede gọọmentị eme ihe n'isiokwu a.

Ụtọ asụsụ

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

Onye na-eme ihe nkiri: Ø (enweghị akara), -em-, -en- (mgbe labials gasịrị), me-, meʔ-, ma-
Ihe na-elekwasị anya: -aw
Ntụleghachi anya: -ay
Ngwa elekwasịrị anya: -nay

Enwere akụkụ atọ: [ 5 ]

Zuru oke
Ezughi oke
Ọdịnihu

Enwere ụzọ abụọ: [ 5 ]

Dị mkpa
Ọdịnihu na-akụda mmụọ

Mgbakwunye gụnyere: [ 5 ]

Zuru oke: Ø (enweghị akara)
Ezughi oke: Mbughari; -a-
Ọdịnihu: Mgbanwegharị, mgbe ụfọdụ naanị -a-
Ọdịnihu dị egwu: -a-
Ụdị dị mkpa: Ø (enweghị akara)

Ihe atụ njikọ ngwaa maka *trakaw* "izu ohi" [ 6 ]
		Na-arụ ọrụ	Onye ọrịa	Ebe	Ihe na-akpata
Realis	Enweghị akara	tr em akaw	trakaw	trakaw ay	trakaw na
	Na-aga n'ihu	trema trakaw	trakaw aw	trakaw ay	trakaw anya
	Ogologo oge	trematra trakaw	tratraw aw	tratraw ay	tratra trakaw anya
Irealis		trakaw	trakaw i		trakaw an
Dị mkpa		trakaw	trakaw i	trakaw u	trakaw an
Hortative		tr em akaw a	-

Syntax

Puyuma nwere usoro okwu ngwaa-mmalite.

Edemede gụnyere: [ 7 ]

i - otu onye
a - otu na-abụghị nke onwe
na - plural (nkeonwe na nke na-abụghị nke onwe)

Nkpọaha

Mkpọaha aha Puyuma nkeonwe bụ: [ 8 ]

Puyuma Personal Pronouns (N'efu)
Ụdị nke Aha aha	Nhọpụta	Oblique: Direct	Oblique: Indirect	Oblique: Na-abụghị isiokwu	Anọpụ iche
1s.	nka	kanku, otu	draku, ndu	kanku	kuiku
2s.	nne	kanu, kanu	dranu, duru	kanu	yuyu
3s.	dịnụ	kantu, kanantu	dratu, dranantu	kantaw	taytaw
1p. (gụnyere)	nanta	kanta, kananta	drata, drana	kanta	taita
1p. (Ewezuga)	naniam	kaniam, kanyam	draaniam, draaniam	kaniam	mimi
2p.	nnemu	kanemu, kanemu	dranemu, dranemu	kanemu	muimu
3p.	dịnụ	kantu, kanantu	dratu, dranantu	kantaw	-

Puyuma Personal Pronouns (Bound)
Ụdị nke Aha aha	Nhọpụta (Isiokwu)	Nhọpụta (Onye nwe isiokwu)	Genitive
1s.	=ku	ku=	ku=
2s.	=yu	nu=	nu=
3s.	-	tu=	tu=
1p. (gụnyere)	=ta	ta =	ta =
1p. (Ewezuga)	=mi	niam=	mi=
2p.	=mu	mu=	mu=
3p.	-	tu=	tu=

Mgbakwunye

Mgbakwunye Puyuma bụ: [ 10 ]

Ihe ndetu

Ntụaka

.

Njikọ mpụga

Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典(in Chinese) - Ibe ọchụchọ Puyuma na "akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ịntanetị" nke weebụsaịtị nyocha na mmepe asụsụ ụmụ amaala.
Ihe nkuzi Puyuma nke Kansụl nke ụmụ amaala Taiwan (in Chinese) bipụtara
Ntụgharị Puyuma nke mgbaghara Onye isi ala Tsai Ing-wen 2016 nye ụmụ amaala – nke e bipụtara na webụsaịtị ụlọ ọrụ onye isi ala.