Asụsụ Qʼanjobʼal
Arụ ọrụ (myn ) (nakwa Kanjobal ) bụ asụsụ Mayan sitere na ngalaba Q'anjobalan a na-asụ na Guatemala na akụkụ Mexico . Dị ka 1998 atụmatụ chịkọtara SIL International na Ethnologue, e nwere ihe dị ka 77,700 ndị na-asụ obodo, bụ isi na Huehuetenango Department of Guatemala. Na Chiapas, Mexico, obodo ndị a na-asụ asụsụ Qʼanjobʼal gụnyere Catazajá, Amatenango de la Frontera, La Trinitaria, Bella Vista, Frontera Comalapa, Las Margaritas na Maravilla Tenejapa . [1] Na Huehuetenango, obodo ndị a na-asụ asụsụ ahụ bụ San Juan Ixcoy ( Yich Kʼox ), San Pedro Soloma ( Tzʼulumaʼ ), Santa Eulalia ( Jolom Konobʼ ), Santa Cruz Barillas ( Yalmotx ), San Rafael La Independencia, na Mateo, San Miguel Acatán (Pedro 20). A na-akụzi Qʼanjobʼal n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze site na mmemme mmụta asụsụ abụọ dị n'etiti obodo Guatemala .
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Qʼanjobʼal bụ onye òtù Qʼanjobʼalan nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Mayan. Ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Mayan gụnyere asụsụ 31, nke abụọ n'ime ha adịkwaghị adị ugbu a. Alaka Qʼanjobʼalan na-agụnye ọ bụghị nanị na Qʼanjobʼal n’onwe ya kamakwa Chuj, Akatek, na Jakaltek, ndị a na-asụkwa na Mexico na Guatemala. Asụsụ Qʼanjobʼalan bụ ndị e ji mara na ha so n’ime ezinụlọ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Mayan na-akpachapụ anya, n’agbanyeghị na ha nwere ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ ndị na-akpali mmasị.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Qʼanjobʼal nwere ụda consonant iri abụọ na isii na ụda ụdaume ise.
| N'ihu | Azu | |
|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i | u |
| N'etiti | e | o |
| Mepee | a | |
Nchegbu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nchegbu nke mbụ na Qʼanjobʼal dị nnọọ mfe. Okwu ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na n'ókè nkebiokwu ikpeazụ na-emesi ike na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ. Otú ọ dị, okwu ndị dị n'ime nkeji nkebiokwu (ọ bụghị n'ókè nkebiokwu ikpeazụ) na-enwe nrụgide na syllable nke mbụ ha.
Ọkpụkpụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akwụkwọ ozi nke mkpụrụedemede bụ ndị a:
Ihe ʼ dị na chʼ, kʼ, qʼ, tʼ, txʼ, na tzʼ na-anọchi anya ihe na-apụ apụ ma ọ bụ glottalic egressive, ya bụ, consonant na-esonyere ya na mfụfụ nke ikuku sitere na glottis. Akwụkwọ ozi r dị na Qʼanjobʼal nwere oke nkesa. A na-ejikarị ya na mgbazinye ego, bụ isi n'okwu ndị e nwetara site na Spanish, dị ka roxax, rose, na Spanish rosa . A na-ejikwa ya na mmetụta na okwu ọnọdụ dị ka k'arari 'mkpọtụ nke ochie engine ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya', jeran 'to be in a gbajiri position/form'. Mkpụrụedemede tx na x na-anọchi anya consonants retroflex, akpọpụtara ya na ire gbachie azụ n'ọnụ. A kwenyere na nchigharịgharị dị otú ahụ na Qʼanjobʼal bụ mmetụta sitere n'asụsụ Mamean Mayan . [ <span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2021)">Nnwapụta dara ada</span> ]
Morphology na syntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Mayan niile, Qʼanjobʼal na-ekewa ngwaa niile dị ka ndị na-enweghị isi (na-akpọ naanị otu arụmụka) ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe (na-akpọ arụmụka abụọ). Qʼanjobʼal bụ asụsụ na-ekwo ekwo – absolutive, nke isiokwu nke ngwaa transitive na-ewere affix contetive, ebe isiokwu nke ngwaa intransitive, yana ihe nke ngwaa transitive, na-ewe affix zuru oke.
Enwere usoro abụọ nke affixes maka nnọchite: nke mbụ ka a na-eji maka mgbọrọgwụ okwu ndị ahụ na-amalite na consonant, na nke abụọ a na-eji maka ndị na-amalite na ụdaume.
Mgbakwunye
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-eji ọtụtụ affixes dị iche iche na Qʼanjobʼal, ma prefixes na suffixes. N'ime ndị a bụ aj-, nke a na-eji egosipụta onye na-eme ma ọ bụ onye ndú nke ihe omume: ajtzʼibʼ, ʼwriterʼ (< tzʼibʼ 'dee'), ajbʼe, 'nduzi mmụọ' (< b'e 'ụzọ'); -bʼal, eji egosi ebe ihe na-eme: tzombʼal 'ahịa' (< tzon 'buy'); -al, -alil, -il, eji ewepụta aha nkịtị site na okwu okwu, okwu okwu, ọnụọgụgụ, mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa transitive, na aha: syalixhal 'his/her smallness' (< yalixh 'obere'); swinaqil 'di' (< winaq 'nwoke'); -kʼulal, nweta aha site na ngwaa intransitive, adjectives, nouns ndị ọzọ, wdg: watxkʼulal 'friendliness'; -oj, nominalizer, na-atụgharị ngwaa ka ọ bụrụ aha: kuyoj 'studying' (< kuy 'study').
Usoro okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Qʼanjobʼal nwere usoro nhazi okwu . Ọ na-agbaso usoro okwu ngwaa – isiokwu – ihe (VSO). Mgbanwe niile na usoro okwu a na-ebute site na pragmatic ma ọ bụ ihe syntactic dị ka nlebara anya, nlegharị anya, ajụjụ ọnụ, relativization, wdg. Ndị a bụ n'okpuru ụkpụrụ na-ezighị ezi ebe arụmụka na-ezo aka site na mmegide na-ezighị ezi ga-aghọ ihe na-adịghị mma tupu ihu ha ihu (nleba anya, nkwụsị, wdg). Nke a na-ebute iwu ụfọdụ isiokwu-ngwaa (SV), ihe-ngwaa-okwu (OVS). Agbanyeghị SVO, SOV na OSV agaghị ekwe omume (ma ọ bụ, opekata mpe, akwadoghị ya na corpus ọ bụla ama ama). Mwepu pụtara ìhè bụ na ntugharịgharị na ihe nwere ntugharịgharị, ebe akpaokwu ntụgharị ERG-bʼa (noun) ma ọ bụ ihe nwere ERG-noun pụtara ozugbo na-eso ngwaa ahụ. [3]
Ndị nhazi ọkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụfọdụ aha Q'anjob'al chọrọ ka e jiri ụfọdụ ọkwa ọkwa mee ihe na ha. Ụfọdụ n’ime ha bụ no’ (anụmanụ), te (osisi/osisi), ix (nwoke), naq (nwoke), chʼen (nkume/metal), xim (ọka), na ( osisi).
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Qʼanjobʼal nwere otu mgbọrọgwụ nwere ike were mgbakwunye. A na-ahazi okwu n'ọdịnala dị ka aha, adjectives, adverb, ngwaa na- agbanwe agbanwe na ntụgharị, akụkụ, na ọnọdụ. Ọnọdụ bụ otu mgbọrọgwụ nke enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka okwu n'onwe ha; na ngwakọta na affixes ha na-eji kọwaa mmekọrịta nke ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ. Akụkụ bụ okwu na-adịghị ewere affixes; ha na-arụkarị ọrụ na adverbial ọrụ, na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka ajuju ụmụ irighiri, affirmative/na-adịghị mma okwu, akara nke oge na ọnọdụ, njikọ, prepositions na ngosi .
A na-etolitekarị ebe ebe site n'itinye aha mgbe enwere okwu akụkụ ahụ: s-ti b'e, 'akụkụ okporo ụzọ' <'okporo ụzọ ọnụ ya' na s-jolom witz, 'mountaintop' ma ọ bụ 'sumit' <' ugwu isi ya'. N'otu aka ahụ, enwere ike ịmepụta aha ngwakọta site n'itinye aha mgbe ọzọ nwere aha: y-atutal kuyoj, 'school' <'its-house learning'.
Ọnụọgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mbiri nke ejiri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]ABS abstraktivizer CL nhazi ọkwa COM zuru ezu INC ezughị ezu INT ajụjụ IRR pụtara NEG adịghị mma NZR nominalizer PL ọtụtụ PROG na-aga n'ihu Mgbakwunye SFX Ọkwa STAT
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. Q'anjob'al.
- ↑ Acker 2016, p. 12.
- ↑ Mateo Toledo (2008). The Family of Complex Predicates in Qʼanjobʼal (Maya); Their Syntax and Meaning.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Comunidad Lingüística Qʼanjobʼal, Community/sub-Committee maka Qʼanjobʼal na Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala [ALMG]
- Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke Qʼanjobʼal (Maya)