Asụsụ Qaqet

Qaqet ; BainingTempleeti:Infobox Language/pronunciation
Spoken in:	Papua New Guinea
Region:	New Britain
Total speakers:	15,000
Language family:	Baining; Qaqet
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	byx
	Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Qaqet (Kakat, Makakat, Maqaqet), ma ọ bụ Baining, bụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesia sitere na ezinụlọ Baining a na-asụ na East New Britain Province n'àgwàetiti New Britain, Papua New Guinea .

Nchịkọta

Ihe dị ka mmadụ 15,000 na-asụ Qaqt na Gazelle Peninsula nke dị na East New Britain Province nke Papua New Guinea . N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị Qaket na-ebibu ndụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị nke ukwuu, na-eri ihe ọkụkụ na ịchụ nta. Kama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị nchịkwa colonial ekepụtala ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide. ^[1] Taa, obodo nta nwere nnukwu ndị na-asụ Qaket bụ:

Raunsepna dị n'ime ime ugwu, ebe obodo abụọ ndị ọzọ dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Mwepu nke Raunsepna nwere mmetụta maka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta obodo Qaqet: ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-anọghị n'èzí dị ole na ole, Qaqet ka bụ asụsụ kachasị na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ụmụaka na-enwetakwa ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha. Kamanakam, n'ụzọ dị iche, ahụla ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa si n'agbụrụ dị nso, na-eme ka alụmdi na nwunye dị n'etiti agbụrụ na-emekarị. Nke a emela ka Tok Pisin ghọọ asụsụ a na-asụ n'obodo nta ahụ. ^[1]

Nhazi

Qaqet bụ nke obere ezinụlọ Baining, n'ihi ya ịbụ ihe a na-akpọ asụsụ Papuan . Okwu Papuan bụ nhazi nche anwụ nke na-akọwa asụsụ amụrụ na New Guinea na agwaetiti ndị gbara ya gburugburu na-esoghị na ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . Ndị ọzọ so na ezinụlọ Baining bụ Mali, Qairaq, Simali, Ura, na ikekwe Makol . Makolkol apụọla n'iyi, na ozi dị maka ya ezughi oke iji chọpụta njikọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. ^[1]

fonology

Qaqet nwere ngwa ngwa fọnịm dị ntakịrị nke nwere ụdaume 16 na ụdaume anọ. Ọkpụkpụ a na-eji ebe a na-esote Hellwig (2019), nke n'aka nke dabere n'ọkpụkpụ nke Parker & Parker (1974) mepụtara. ^[2] N'ebe dị iche na nrịbama IPA, a na-enye ihe nnochite anya n'ụdị brackets square.

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Ihu imi		m	n		ɲ ⟨ny	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Kwụsị	enweghị olu	p	t			k
Kwụsị	kwuputara	ᵐb ⟨b⟩	ⁿd ⟨d			ᵑg ⟨g⟩
Nke na-ese okwu		β ⟨v⟩	s		ʝ ~ ɣ ⟨q⟩
Pịa/Mee ihe			r	ɽ
N'akụkụ			l

Nkwụsị na-enweghị olu /ptk/ na-abụkarị nke a na-achọsi ike okwu-na mbụ na okwu ewepụtaghị ya-n'ikpeazụ. Ha nwere allophone abụọ ọzọ a na-atụ anya amụma: a na-ekwupụta /bdg/ na-eso imi, na lenited /vrq/ na mkparịta ụka. Igwefoto fọnịm atọ ikpeazụ a nwere ike bilitere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme site na ndị ogbo nkwụsị ha ma na-aga n'ịkpọ ekwentị. Ọ bụ ezie na ngbanwe a ka bụ nke a na-ahụ anya nke ukwuu, ọ ghọwo ihe dị iche maka ụfọdụ ngwaa dị egwu. Ọzọkwa, okwu mbinye ego anaghị anabata usoro ịgbazinye ego: akar 'ụgbọ ala' (sitere na Tok Pisin kar ). ^[1]

Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na nkwụsị velar na-ada ụda mgbe niile n'akụkụ ụdaume /i/. Nke a na-ejidekwa allophones olu ya na fricativized. N'ihi ya: a=vadem-ki [aβaⁿdəm ɟ i] 'ọnyà', vrli-ki [βɽi ʝ i] 'nwanne'. Agbanyeghị, enwere ihe atụ ole na ole, ebe palatalization anaghị eme n'agbanyeghị na a ga-atụ anya ya. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, na okwu [aɣiapki] 'ọkụkọ', velar fricative anaghị eme ka ọ dị nro, n'agbanyeghị na /i/ na-esote ya. Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a site n'ụdị mbụ nke okwu nwere usoro /ai/. N'ezie, a na-agba akaebe na nghọta ọzọ [aɣaiapki]. ^[1]

Nkwụsị ụda na-apụta dị ka allophone nke nkwụsị enweghị olu (dị ka akọwara n'elu), kamakwa dị ka fọnịm n'onwe ha. Ha nwere ike ime na mbido, n'otu ntabi anya yana mgbe consonants gachara, mana ọ bụghị na njedebe nke syllable. A na-etinyekarị ha tupu ọzịza.

Nke na-enweghị olu fricative / s/ ọzọ na [h] na free mgbanwe. Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ejikọkarị [s] na ndịda yana [h] na olumba ugwu, n'otu n'otu. Otú ọ dị, na omume, ọ dị ka ndị na-asụ olumba nile na-eji ụdịdị abụọ a eme ihe, na-enweghị mgbanwe ọ pụtara. ^[1]

Udaume

Qaket nwere ụdaume ụdaume anọ dị mkpụmkpụ:

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i		u
N'etiti		ə
Mepee		a

A na-aghọtakarị ụdaume nso dị ka lax [ɪ ʊ]. /iu/ nwere ike inwe ụdaume nke ọkara ụdaume [jw] mgbe a na-ebu ụzọ na-aga ụdaume ndị ọzọ. Udaume mepere emepe /a/ na-enweta nnabata na ụda dị n'akụkụ: a na-achọpụta ya dị ka azụ [ɑ] tupu [ɣ], ma dị ka ihu [æ] n'ihu consonants palatal, yana ụdaume ihu n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-esote. Enwekwara mgbanwe n'ofe ndị na-ekwu okwu n'etiti [a] na [ɐ]. Ụda olu /ə/ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ụdaume ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị n'akụkụ sonorant, ebe a na-ewepụ ya ugboro ugboro, ọkachasị n'okwu ngwa ngwa. Udaume [o] na-apụta naanị na okwu mbinye ego nso nso a, dị ka botol 'bottle' (nke sitere na Tok Pisin). ^[1]

Ogo ụdaume anaghị adịkarị iche na Qaqet, mana ụdaume ogologo na-apụta n'ihi usoro ụdaume gafere oke morpheme. Usoro nke /a/ na ụdaume dị elu na-aghọ ogologo monophthongs: a=ilany [ eː læɲ] 'ụkwụ/ụkwụ', a=ulan [ oː lan] 'eel'. Udaume /i/ n'ozuzu enweghi ogologo ogbo, ma a na-aghọta dị ka [eː]: [m eː ] ~ [m iː ] 'ọtụtụ'. Ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ /ə/ enweghị ogologo ogbo. Enwere obere mgbọrọgwụ nwere ụdaume ogologo nke enweghị ike ịkọwa dịka nsonaazụ nke usoro ụdaume dị n'okpuru, dịka laan 'ụdị achara' vs. lan 'ọkpụkpụ'. ^[1]

Enwere diphthongs /ia/, /iu/, /ui/, /ua/, nke na-eme ọbụna n'ime mgbọrọgwụ. Diphthongs /ai/ na /au/ na-eme, mana a na-achọpụtakarị dịka ụdaume ogologo [eː] na [oː]. ^[1]

phonotactics

Enwere ike ịchịkọta usoro mkpụrụedemede Qaqet dịka (C)(C)V(V)(C) . Consonants niile nwere ike ime na mmalite nke syllable. Ụyọkọ consonant na mmalite nke syllable na-enwekarị ihe mgbochi nke sonorant na-esote ya, dịka slep 'oke', brasuqa 'ugo'; mana enwerekwa ụyọkọ nke imi na mmiri mmiri, dịka na mrarlik 'cross'. N'ọnọdụ coda, larịị na-akwụsị /ptk/, nasals /mn ɲ ŋ/, fricative /s/ na mmiri mmiri /ɽ l/ nwere ike ime, ma ọ bụghị ụda nkwụsị /bdg/ ma ọ bụ nsụgharị lenited nke nkwụsị / r ɣ/. ^[1]

Morphology na syntax

Klaasị okwu na Qaqet gụnyere aha, adjectives, ngwaa, adverbs, na particles. Dị ka n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Indo-European, adjectives na-ekerịta ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe na aha, ma ha ka dị iche iche nke ọma ka a na-ewere klas nke ha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere ike ime na klas okwu dị iche iche na-enweghị ụdị ọdịdị ọ bụla. Usoro a, nke a maara na linguistics dị ka ntụgharị, na-echetara Bekee (dịka 'ịga ije' na 'ije').

Ihe kacha pụta ìhè nke Qaqet nominal morphology bụ usoro aha klas ya: aha niile bụ otu n'ime klas asatọ, abụọ n'ime ha dabere na mmekọahụ, ndị ọzọ nwere ọdịdị. Na mgbakwunye, akara aha aha maka ọnụọgụ (otu, abụọ, na ọtụtụ). Dị ka a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ụfọdụ aha nwere ọtụtụ aha enweghị akara, karịa ụdị otu. Adjectives, ngosi, nnochiaha na ngwaa kwekọrịtara na aha n'ihe gbasara klaasị aha na ọnụọgụgụ. Nkewa aha abụọ yana ihe dị iche iche na nke abụọ na-abụkarị n'asụsụ East Papuan. Qaket nwekwara akụkọ, ma ọ dịghị ikpe .

Ngwaa Qaqet na-amata akụkụ site n'iji okwu ọnụ dị iche iche na-emekọ ihe, ma na-esiwanye ike site na iji ntụnye isiokwu dị iche iche. Ha nwekwara ike itinye koodu ihe ahụ. Qaqet na-eji prepositions karịa postposition . Dịka n'asụsụ Bekee, ha nwere ike iwebata arụmụka na ihe mgbakwunye. Ha na-ejikọtakarị na ngwaa ka ha wee mepụta nkọwa akpaalaokwu. Enwekwara klaasị raara onwe ya nye nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke na-adịghị mkpa ma na-ebuga ozi okwu dị mkpa. Nke a yiri asụsụ ndị dị ka German.

Usoro okwu bụ n'ozuzu SVO . Eziokwu a, yana iji okwu amụma, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ebe ọ bụ na asụsụ Papuan na-abụkarị ngwaa-ikpeazụ na nbigharị. Enwere ike ịsị na njirimara ndị ahụ bụ mmetụta sitere na asụsụ Austronesia agbataobi.

Aha aha

N'ime nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ, ndị na-achọpụta (gụnyere ndenye aha onye nwe, isiokwu, nnọchiaha na-enweghị njedebe na ngosipụta) na-ebutekarị aha isi, ebe ndị na-agbanwe (adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, prepositional phrases, directional) na-agbaso ya, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ndị ọzọ. N'ihe atụ na-esonụ, aha a na-ebute luqa ngosi na isiokwu ama -, ebe okwu na-esote ya: ^[1] Dịka enwere ike ịhụ site na ihe atụ, adjectives kwenyere na aha ha na-agbanwe na klaasị aha na nọmba.

Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ebute ụzọ aha mgbe niile: edemede, ndenye aha onye nwere, ngosipụta ma ọ bụ nnọchiaha na-enweghị njedebe, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ndị a. Ihe nrịbama aha aha dị iche na akụkọ ama na ma . Enwere ike ịkọwa nke mbụ dị ka edemede nke Stage III na-eso Greenberg (1978): ^[3] eleghị anya ọ sitere na akụkọ doro anya, mana ugbu a furu efu ọrụ ndị ahụ niile ma na-akara aha. Ọ nweghị ike ime ya na aha kacha mma, ma ọ bụ yana nchikota ya na ndenye ndị nwe ya. Edemede ndị ahụ ama na ma nwere ike ime ọbụlagodi na aha kwesịrị ekwesị, ma ha nwere nkọwa akọwapụtara karịa akara aha izugbe a . Isi ọrụ ha bụ ịka akara aha maka ntụnye aka. Ọzọkwa, ama nwere ike jikọọ adjective ntozu na aha bu ụzọ, dị ka enwere ike ịhụ na ihe atụ dị n'elu. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ama na ma bụ na nke ikpeazụ na-egosi aha aha dị ka nke a na-amata. N'ihi ya, ọ na-ejikarị aha ndị kwesịrị ekwesị eme. ^[1]

Ọnụọgụ

N'okpuru bụ ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ Qaqet (lee Hellwig 2019: 90–91, Tab. 31). ^[1]


1	qunaska	11	malepka ngenaqa	30	malev amadepguas ~ depguas namamalep
2	qunasiam	12	malepka ngenaiam	40	malev amarlatpes ~ rlatpes namamalep
3	depguas	13	malepka ngenadepguas	50	malev amangariqit ~ ngariqit namamalep
4	rlatpes	14	malepka ngenarlatpes	60	malev amangariqit ngenaqa ~ ngariqit ngenaqa namamalep
5	ngariqit	15	malepka ngenangariqit	70	malev amangariqit ngenaiam ~ ngariqit ngenaiam namamalep
6	ngariqit ngenaqa	16	malepka ngenangariqit ngenaqa	80	malev amangariqit ngenadepguas ~ ngariqit ngenadepguas namamalep
7	ngariqit ngenaiam	17	malepka ngenangariqit ngenaiam	90	malev amangariqit ngenarlatpes ~ ngariqit ngenarlatpes namamalep
8	ngariqit ngenadepguas	18	malepka ngenangariqit ngenadepguas	100	malepka namamalep ~ ganemgi
9	ngariqit ngenarlatpes	19	malepka ngenangariqit ngenarlatpes	1000	ngerlnanngi
10	malepka	20	maleviam

Sistemụ ọnụọgụgụ Qaqet bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi, nwere mkpụrụokwu ntọala maka 10, 100 na 1000. Otú ọ dị, a na-eji 5 mee ihe dị ka ntọala inyeaka, nke na a na-emepụta okwu maka 6-9 site n'ịgbakwunye ọnụọgụgụ maka 1-4 na nọmba 5. Okwu maka 1 nwere mgbọrọgwụ qunas na aha klas suffix -ka, ebe okwu maka 2 ji otu mgbọrọgwụ ya na suffix dual -iam . A na-etinye otu mgbagha ahụ iji mepụta ọnụọgụgụ maka 10 na 20. A na-egosipụta mgbakwunye site na mmewere ngena- 'gbakwunyere, yana'.

Enwere ihe owuwu abụọ maka imepụta ọnụọgụ iri dị elu. Otu na-ebute malev 'iri' mbụ, wee tinye ihe kpatara ya na isiokwu ama- . Nke ọzọ na-ebute ihe ahụ ụzọ wee tinye preposition ne- 'si, na' ( nama- bụ nkwekọrịta nke preposition ahụ na isiokwu ama- ). E nwetara ihe owuwu abụọ a site na mbuli elu. Na omume, ndị na-asụ Qaket na-atụgharịkarị na Tok Pisin maka ọnụọgụ dị n'elu 10. ^[1] A maghị ma ejiri ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ ndị dị elu mee ihe n'okwu okike.

Ntụaka

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hellwig (2019). A Grammar of Qaqet. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110613346.
↑ Parker (1974). "A tentative phonology of Baining (Kakat dialect)". Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages 4: 5–43.
↑ Greenberg (1978). in Greenberg: How does a language acquire gender markers?, Universals of human language (Vol. 3: Word structure). Stanford: Stanford University, 47–82.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

Templeeti:Cite JIPA

Njikọ mpụga

Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke mmekọrịta asụsụ yana nnyefe nke Qaqet Baining (Papua New Guinea)
A na-agụnye ihe ndị dị na Qaqet na oghere oghere Arthur Capell ( AC2 ) na ihe ndekọ ubi Meinrad Scheller ( MS2 ) nke Paradisec nwere.

[:0-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hellwig (2019). A Grammar of Qaqet. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110613346.

[2] Parker (1974). "A tentative phonology of Baining (Kakat dialect)". Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages 4: 5–43.

[3] Greenberg (1978). in Greenberg: How does a language acquire gender markers?, Universals of human language (Vol. 3: Word structure). Stanford: Stanford University, 47–82.

[1]

[2]

[3]