Asụsụ Raga

Raga (nke a makwaara dị ka Hano ) bụ asụsụ nke ugwu Pentikọst Island na Vanuatu . Dị ka asụsụ Vanuatu niile, Raga so na obere ngalaba Oceanic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . N'ebe ochie, a na-akpọ asụsụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ site n'aha obodo ndị a na-asụ ya, dịka Bwatvenua (Qatvenua), Lamalanga, Vunmarama na Loltong.

Ọ bụ asụsụ Pentikọst Island kachasị mma, ebe ọ na-echekwa ụdaume ikpeazụ ebe ọ na-ejikwa usoro ụdaume ise nke e ketara na Proto-Oceanic, ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-asụ n'agwaetiti ahụ, bụ ndị niile mepụtara ụdaume ndị ọzọ na mgbakwunye na mkpochapụ ụdaume zuru ebe niile.

N’ịbụ ndị e mere atụmatụ na ndị na-asụ obodo dị 6,500 (n’afọ 2000), Raga bụ asụsụ nke abụọ a kasị asụ n’asụsụ Pentikọst ise (mgbe Apma gasịrị), na asụsụ obodo nke asaa kasị ukwuu na Vanuatu n’ozuzu ya. Enwere nnukwu obodo nke ndị na-asụ Raga n'agwaetiti Maewo yana na Port Vila na Luganville n'ihi ọpụpụ na Pentikọst. Walter Lini, onye ndu nnwere onwe nke Vanuatu, bụ onye ọkà okwu Raga.

Raga nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-asụ taa na Bislama, asụsụ obodo Vanuatu na-agwakọta nke ukwuu. Ndị otu ụmụ amaala Turaga, nke dabere na Lavatmanggemu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Pentikọst, agbaala mbọ ịsachapụ asụsụ nke mmetụta mba ọzọ site n'ịchịkọta ma ọ bụ ịchọpụtaghachi okwu obodo maka echiche ewepụtara dị ka "batrị ọkụ" ( vat bongbongi, n'ụzọ nkịtị "nkume abalị") na "awa" ( ngguha, n'ụzọ nkịtị "mmegharị"). Ndị otu ndị otu Turaga na-eji Avoiuli na-ede n'asụsụ Raga, usoro ederede pụrụ iche sitere na eserese aja nke mpaghara.

A na-ewerekarị Raga dị ka asụsụ dị mfe ịsụ na ịmụta, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Vanuatu ndị ọzọ marakwa dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ.

Raga nke oge a bụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe olumba. Otu olumba ndịda pụrụ iche nke Raga, Nggasai, adịla n'iyi ugbu a; Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ ya nwụrụ na 1999.

Ebipụtala ọtụtụ eserese grammatical, ndepụta okwu na akwụkwọ mkpirisi na Raga, malite na ọrụ RH Codrington na von der Gabelentz na njedebe narị afọ nke 19, na ọtụtụ ederede okpukpe ka a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ ahụ.

Aha

Aha Raga na-ezo aka n'aha obodo Pentikọst Island n'asụsụ ahụ, nke nwere ike ịpụta na akara ebe a-, na-enye Araga . Na Tamambo, nke a na-asụ na Malo Island, ụdị cognate Araha na-ezo aka n'otu agwaetiti ahụ. Aha Hano pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "ihe".

Raga consonants

		Labial		Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
		larịị	labialized
Ihu imi		m	mʷ ⟨ mw ⟩	n	ŋ ⟨ n̄ ⟩
Plosive	kwuputara	b ~ p ⟨ b ⟩	bʷ ⟨ bw ⟩	d	ᵑɡ ⟨ ḡ ⟩
	enweghị olu			t	k
Nke na-ese okwu		v ~ f ⟨ v ⟩	vʷ ~ fʷ ⟨ vw ⟩	s	ɣ ~ x ⟨ g ⟩	h
Rhotic				ɾ ⟨⟩
Sonorant			w	l

V, vw bụ labiodental, n'adịghị ka na Apma dị nso na ndịda, ebe ha bụ bibial [β, w] . Nkọwa na-akọwa v dị ka [v] na g dị ka [x] karịa ka [f] ma ọ bụ [ɣ], ma o doro anya na e nwere ụfọdụ mgbanwe.

/ɾ/ can be in free variation with a trill [r].

Raga nwere ụdaume isi ise /i, e, a, o, u/ . A naghị ekewa ụdaume n'ogologo.

Mgbọrọgwụ okwu na Raga fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe ọ na-eji ụdaume ejedebe. Otú ọ dị, a na-atụbakarị ụdaume okwu-ikpeazụ n'ime akpaokwu, nke mere na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, tanga "basket" na maita "white" na-ejikọta iji mee tang maita "white basket".

Nchegbu na-apụta n'ime mkpụrụokwu penultimate nke okwu.

Ụtọ asụsụ

Usoro usoro okwu bụ isi na Raga bụ isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe .

Nkpọaha

A na-eji mmadụ na nọmba ekewapụta nnọchiaha onwe onye . A naghị ekewa ha site na okike . Nnọchiaha ndị bụ isi bụ ndị a:

Aha aha

A na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ihe site n'itinye ira n'ihu aha:

manu = [nnụnụ].

ira manu = [the] nnụnụ

Enwere ike itinye aha aha iji gosi onye ihe nwere. Ọmụmaatụ:

iha = aha

iha ku = aha m

iha mma = aha gi

iha na = aha ya

iha n ratahigi = aha onye isi

Enwere ike igosi inwe ya site n'iji ihe nhazi nke nwe, okwu dị iche iche na-ebute n'ihu aha ma were suffixes nwe. Ndị a classifiers bụ:

• mba- maka ihe onwunwe n'ozuzu ( nonggu tanga, " nkata m")
• bila- maka ihe a na-elekọta, dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ ( bilada boe, "ezi anyị")
• ga- maka ihe a ga-eri ( gam bweta, "Taro gị")
• ma- maka ihe a ga-aṅụ mmanya ( mara wai, "mmiri ha")

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, enwekwara ihe nhazi ọkwa wa- maka a na-ata okpete ( wan toi, "okpete ya"); nke a adaala n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na-ekwu okwu.

Suffixes nwere bụ ndị a:

		Otu	Abụọ	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	inclusive	-ku ma ọ bụ -nggu	-daru	-da
	exclusive		-maru	-Mai
Onye nke abụọ		-nwa	-miri	-miu
Onye nke atọ		-na	-ra
N'ozuzu		-i

Enwere ike gbanwee ngwaa ka ọ bụrụ aha site na mgbakwunye nke suffix -ana :

bwalo = ịlụ ọgụ (ngwaa)

bwaloana = ọgụ (aha)

Ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-abịakarị aha:

vanua = agwaetiti

vanua kolo = obere agwaetiti

vanua gairua = isuo abuo

Ngwaa

Ngwaa dị na Raga na-ebutekarị aha isiokwu yana akara nrịbama-akụkụ-mmetụta ọnọdụ .

Okwu nnọchiaha isiokwu bụ ndị a:

		Otu	Ọtụtụ
Onye mbụ	inclusive	na-	ta-
	exclusive		ga-
Onye nke abụọ		ga-	gi-
Onye nke atọ			ra -

Ọ nweghị onye nke atọ otu aha aha okwu ("ya/ya/ya").

Raga nwere ihe nrịbama-ụkpụrụ ise:

TAM	Used for	Marker (full form)	Marker (short form)
Imperfective	Actions in the present tense Temporary or changing states	mwa	-m
Perfective	Actions in the past tense Fixed states	nu	-n
Potential	Things that may happen in the future	vi	-v or -i
Prospective	Things that are about to happen	men	-men
Hypothetical	Things that have not happened and probably won't	si	-s

A na-eji ụdị nrịbama ndị a n'uju n'ime mmadụ nke atọ, mgbe a na-enwekarị nnọchiaha isiokwu:

mwa lolia = ọ na-eme ya

nu lolia = o mere ya

vi lolia = o ga eme ya

N'ebe ọzọ, ụdị mkpirisi nke nrịbama ndị a ka etinyere na nnọchiaha isiokwu:

na m lolia = m na-eme ya

na n lolia = emere m ya

na v lolia = aga m eme ya

Enwekwara ụdị abụọ (mmadụ abụọ) nke na-etinye akụkụ ru "abụọ":

ram lolia = ha na-eme ya

ramu ru lolia = ha abuo mere ya

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, e nwere ụdị nnwale (mmadụ atọ) nke gụnyere urughuru dol ma ọ bụ tol, mana ndị a adaala n'ọrụ.

Ihe ndị dị mkpa nwere ike ịgụnye ngwaa na-enweghị akara. N'ụdị mmadụ nke atọ, enwere akara na -:

Nke a! = bia ebe a!

Ihamwa na sabuga = Ka aha gi di nso

Enwere usoro nke ngbanwe ngwaa-consonant nke v na mmalite ngwaa na-agbanwe na b, vw ka bw, g na ngg, na t ka d . Mmụba a na-eme n'akụkụ na-ezughị okè, yana n'ihu mama ihe mgbakwunye ihe:

nan v ano = agara m

nam b ano = m na-aga

Egosiri ahịrịokwu na-adịghị mma na akara akụkụ abụọ hav...te(he) hav...te(he) "ọ bụghị", nke jikọtara ngwaa na ihe ọ bụla agbakwunyere na ya:

nan hav lolia tehe = Emeghị m ya

Enwere ike ịmepụta olu na-agafe agafe site na itinye suffix -ana na ngwaa:

nu lolia = o mere ya

nu lolị ana = e mere ya

Ihe kpọmkwem na-eso ngwaa ahụ ozugbo. Ụfọdụ nnochiaha ihe na-ewere ụdị suffixes jikọtara na ngwaa:

Onye	Raga	Bekee
Onye 1st otu	(a) ị	"m"
Onye 2nd otu	-aga	"Ị" (otu)
Onye nke atọ otu (ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ mmadụ na-adịghị ndụ)	-a ma ọ bụ -e	"ya" / "ya" / "ya" (ma ọ bụ "ha")
Nke atọ mmadụ plural (animate)	-ra	"ha"

Mgbe ụfọdụ, urughuru -ni- na-etinye aka n'etiti ngwaa na nnọchiaha ihe:

nam doro ni a = I like it

Akpaokwu atụ

English	Raga
Where are you going?	Gomen van (hala) behe?
Where have you come from?	Gon mai (hala) behe?
Where is it?	Mwa ndo (hala) behe?
It's here	Mwa ndo teti
Come here!	Mai teti!
Go away!	Van dagai!
What's your name?	Ihamwa be ihei?
My name is...	Ihaku be...
Where are you from?	Ginggo ata behe? / Ginggo nin behe?
I am from...	Inau ata... / Inau nin...
How much? / How many?	Gaiviha?
one	tea / gaituvwa
two	(gai)rua
three	(gai)tolu
four	(gai)vasi
five	(gai)lima
six	(gai)ono
seven	(gai)bitu
eight	(gai)vwelu
nine	(gai)sivo
ten	hangvulu
Thank you	Tabeana
It's just fine	Nu tavuha ngano

Ntụaka

agagharị nke ukwuu, na-eri ihe ọkụkụ na ịchụ nta. Kama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị nchịkwa colonial ekepụtala ebe obibi na-adịgide agagharị nke ukwuu, na-eri ihe ọkụkụ na ịchụ nta. Kama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị nchịkwa colonial ekepụtala ebe obibi na-adịgideagagharị nke ukwuu, na-eri ihe ọkụkụ na ịchụ nta. Kama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị nchịkwa colonial ekepụtala ebe obibi na-adịgideusoro patrilineal dị ka nke abụọ. Okwu Mortlockese na-agụnye okwu iji gosi ụmụnne na nwanne nne nke otu nwoke na nwanyị, na okwu dị iche iche iji na-ezo aka na ụmụnne na ndị ikwu na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị. Ngwaa nwere ike ịbụ transitive, intransitive (unergative ma ọ bụ unaccusative), ma ọ bụ semitransitive. [1] na ndị ikwu na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị. Ngwaa nwere ike ịbụ transitive, intransitive (unergative ma ọ bụ unaccusative), ma ọ bụ semitransitive. [1]

Njikọ mpụga

• Asụsụ Pentikọst Island - ozi na Raga
• Leo huri ganisabuga Oriri Nsọ Anglican sitere na Akwụkwọ nke ekpere nkịtị na Raga, nke Richard Mammana na Charles Wohlers mere digitized.