Asụsụ Rama

Asụsụ Rama bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke ezinụlọ Chibchan nke ndị Rama na-asụ n'agwaetiti Rama Cay na ndịda ọdọ Bluefields dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Caribbean nke Nicaragua . Asụsụ ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara a gụnyere Miskito na Sumu ( . Rama bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ndị ugwu nke ezinụlọ Chibchan ( . A na-asụ ya na Honduras na Nicaragua.

Asụsụ Rama nọ n'ihe egwu nke ukwuu. A kọwara asụsụ ha dị ka "ịnwụ ngwa ngwa n'ihi enweghị ojiji" n'oge 1860 ( . Ka ọ na-erule 1980, ekwuru na Rama dị ka ndị "ha niile furu efu asụsụ agbụrụ ha", ma bụrụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bekee nke a na-akpọ Rama Cay Creole, kama ( . N'afọ 1992, ọ bụ naanị ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ 36 nwere ike ịhụ n'etiti ndị agbụrụ 649 na 1992 ( . Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na agwaetiti Rama Cay bụ naanị 4 na 1992. Enweela ọtụtụ mbọ ntughari asụsụ. Emere ọrụ ubi maka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke Rama n'oge a site n'aka Robin Schneider, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Berlin ( .

fonology

Enwere ụda ụdaume atọ bụ isi: a, i na u . Na mgbakwunye na ndị a, e na o ka ewebatala dị ka ụdaume dị iche iche na ụfọdụ okwu mbinye ego mba ọzọ. Udaume ọ bụla nwere ike ịdị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ogologo. N'ebe a ka egosiri ụdaume ndị ahụ na ọkọlọtọ Rama (lee dịka ọmụmaatụ Craig et al. 1988 ):

Phonotactics na Sandhi

Igwe ụda olu Rama gụnyere ụyọkọ consonant ama ama na mmalite okwu (dịka psaarik "toucan", tkua "hot", nkiikna "mmadụ", mlingu "gburu") na okwu-ime (dịka alkwsi "na-ekwu", salpka "azụ"). Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị na-ekwu okwu na-agba akaebe na ọ dị mfe ime ka ụyọkọ dị otú ahụ dị mfe (dịka nkiikna ma ọ bụ kiikna "man", nsu- ma ọ bụ su- "anyị, anyị, anyị").

Ụyọkọ ndị dị otú ahụ na-ebilitekarị n'ihi ọchịchọ ịhapụ ụdaume mkpirisi na-enweghị mgbakasị ahụ. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe onye nke atọ otu isiokwu prefix i- na nke gara aga suffix -u na-agbakwunyere na ngwaa stem kwis "rie", si otú a: i- + kwis + -u, ngwaa azuokokoosisi na-efunari naanị ụdaume ya, na-ebute ụdị ikwsu "o / o / o riri". Mgbe ụfọdụ, ịhapụ ụdaume dị iche iche nwere ike ibute nsonaazụ ọzọ. Na-agbakwunye suffix tense gara aga -u na ngwaa stem maling "gbuo", ya bụ maling + -u, nwere ike inye mlingu ma ọ bụ malngu "gburu".

Ndị na-ekpebi ihe ngosi na-ebute ụzọ aha: ning nguu "ụlọ a ", naming tausung "Nkịta ahụ ". Quantifiers soro aha: tausung saiming " otu nkịta", puus puksak "nwamba abụọ ", nguu ngarak " ọtụtụ ụlọ", tamaaski ui "Ututu ọ bụla ", kaulingdut umling "mmadụ niile ", tausung saina "nkịta ọzọ, nkịta ọzọ ".

The suffix -bang (leekwa n'elu) nwere ike kwupụta ebumnuche, dịka ọ dị na Tiiskama nitanangbang "Aga m ele nwa ahụ anya" ( tanang "le anya"), na n'ime mmadụ mbụ ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa (ya bụ "ka anyị..."), dịka ọ dị na Nsukamibang! "Ka anyị hie ụra!" ( kami "ụra"). Na nke ikpeazụ, enwere ike ịhapụ prefix isiokwu, dịka Rama kuup alkwisbang! "Ka anyị kwuo Rama!" ( alkwis "okwu").

Ụdị metụtara bang, bating, pụtara "chọrọ" nwere ihe akpọrọ aha, dịka ọ dị na Sumuu ibatingi "Ọ / ọ chọrọ banana", ma na okwu mmeju pụtara "na-aga (ime ihe)" n'ụdị dị mfe, dị ka na Itraat batingi "Ọ / ọ ga-aga ije" ( traat "ije ije"), ma ọ bụ "jikere ime ihe)" na baakar na-aga n'ihu ihe owuwu, dị ka ọ dị na Nalngu bating baakiri "Ana m akwado ịṅụ mmanya" ( alngu "ihe ọṅụṅụ").

Ihe ọzọ periphrasis, nke ejiri aakar na-eso ụdị dị n'okpuru na -kama nke ngwaa bụ isi, na-akọwa "dị njikere ime ihe (ime ihe)", dịka Ntaakkama aakari "Adị m njikere ịga" ( taak "gaa").

Otu ụzọ ọzọ e si egosipụta nhụsianya nhụsianya (ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ) bụ site n'iji usoro nke abụọ nke suffixes siri ike na-edochi suffixes dị mfe, ya bụ -aing na-ekwusi ike, -uing omenala gara aga na -uting ọdịnihu ike.

Ụkpụrụ

A na-egosipụta echiche ụkpụrụ site na ihe owuwu ndị ọzọ. Ngwaa nwere -kama enwere ike iji suffix na nkebiokwu nọọrọ onwe ya iji wepụta ọrụ: Tiiskiba umling taakkama skuul ki "Ụmụaka niile ga-aga akwụkwọ". Ikar a na-eji dị ka modal inyeaka nke afọ ofufo, dị ka na Nah rama kuup larn tang ikri "Achọrọ m ịmụta Rama" ( larn tang "mụta"). Enwere ike igosipụta ikike site n'ụdị ọdịnihu/irrealis tense in -ut, eg Maa kalma apaakut? "Ị ga-/ị nwere ike ịkwa akwa?" Enweghị ike na-egosipụta site na negator angka bu uzo ngwaa zuru oke, dika Nah rama kuup angka alkwsi "Enweghị m ike ịsụ Rama".

Amụma

Rama nwere preverbs nke na-etolite ihe owuwu tụnyere ngwaa nke bekee dị ka " gbapụ ", " bịara ", " buru " wdg. The Rama preverbs yiri ụfọdụ postpositions n'ụdị: ha bụ ba-, yu-, ka-, su- na yaa- . Dị ka ngwaa phrasal nke bekee, nkọwa na ojiji nke ihe nrụpụta Rama preverb nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-enweghị atụ na enweghị atụ. Preverbs na-ebute prefix isiokwu ma ọ dị: Kanangalbiu “M gbapụrụ (ya/ya)” ( ngalbi "gbaa" na preverb ka- "site na": -na- bụ prefix isiokwu). Ngulkang tawan ki yuansiiku "Ha butere ezì ọhịa ahụ n'obodo" ( yu-siik "bịa na, ya bụ weta"). Tiiskama taa yutaaku? "Ònye kuru nwa ahụ?" ( yu-taak "soro, ya bụ were").

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nchikota preverb-ngwaa na-akọwapụta n'ụzọ lexist, yu- Enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè iji kwupụta arụmụka ngwá ọrụ, dịka Nainguku kiskis nsukuaakari, suulikaas yunsuaukkama “Ya mere anyị ji nwee mkpịsị, ka anyị na ha wee rie anụ.”

Usoro ngwaa

A na-ahụ oke ụdị ihe owuwu ụdị usoro. Otu ihe ama ama na nke a bụ iji ngwaa traal "ije" na-eso ngwaa ọzọ, dị ka ọ dị na: Ipang ika kiikna paalpa baanalpi traali lakun aik "Ndị ikom Rama Cay na-aga ịchọ manatee na ọdọ mmiri" (agwaetiti si man manatee ha-achọ ije lagoon n'akụkụ). Nyocha morphological nke baanalpi traali "ha na-aga ịchọ" bụ: ba-an-alpi traal-i (PREVERB-ha-na-achọ ije-Ugbu a).

Ahịrịokwu ahụ

'Bụrụ' na 'nwere'

A na-ewu aha na nkọwa nkọwa na-enweghị copula, n'usoro isiokwu + Predicate, dịka Ning naing nguu "Nke a bụ ụlọ m" (nke a bụ ụlọ m), Yaing aak Basilio "Aha ya bụ Basilio" (aha ya bụ Basilio), Paalpa suuli taara "The manatee is a big animal" (manatee animal big), Naing nguu aakwaala "Ụlọ m mara mma" (ụlọ m mara mma); so also Naming puus naing "Nwamba ahụ bụ nke m" na Naing puus suuk mlingkama "Nwamba m bụ igbu oke". Atụgharịrị usoro isiokwu + amụma amụma na ajụjụ dị ka Niku yaing aak? "Gịnị bụ aha ya?"

aakar A na-eji "stay" egosipụta "ịbụ (n'ebe)" na "na-na (na steeti)", dị ka ọ dị na Skuul saud aap su aakar "Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dị n'akụkụ ndịda" (n'akụkụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndịda nọrọ), Nah mliika aakar "Adị m mma" (Anọ m nke ọma). Aakar nwekwara ike ịpụta "ndụ (n'ebe)" dị ka ọ dị na Nah ipang su aakar "M na-ebi na Rama Cay" (m island in stay), na "enwere" dị ka ọ dị na Nguu ngarak ipang su aakar "E nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ na Rama Cay" (ụlọ ọtụtụ agwaetiti nọrọ).

Ngwaa kuaakar (ma ọ bụ kwaakar ) pụtara "nwere", eg Nah nising puksak kuaakar "Enwere m ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ" (M nwanne abụọ nwere), Nainguku kiskis nsukuaakari "Ọ bụ ya mere anyị ji nwee mkpịsị aka," Puupu kwiik ngarak ikuaakari "Octopus nwere ọtụtụ ogwe aka".

Usoro usoro okwu nwere njiri okwu

N'ahịrịokwu nwere ngwaa dị ka predicate, usoro bụ isi bụ:

SV ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ntụgharị, dịka Sukmurk tkari "Frog jumps", Nah paun baakiri "Ana m akwa ákwá" (M na-akwa akwa AUXILIARY), Naing tiiskama almlingi "Nwa m na-arịa ọrịa" (Nwa m na-arịa ọrịa)
SOV ma ọ bụrụ transitive (na-eche na arụmụka abụọ a dị ka nkebiokwu aha n'okwu a), dịka Kruubu kiikna kwisu “Agu riri nwoke” ( agụ nwoke riri), Nora rama kuup alkwsi "Nora na-asụ Rama" (Asụsụ Nora Rama na-asụ), Nah tausung saiming kuaakar "Enwere m otu nkịta" (m nkịta otu nwere).

Enwere ike idowe ihe mkpụrụokwu ndị ọzọ (na okpokolo agba ebe a):

n'ihu ngwaa: Pkaak tkii su itraali "Ngwere na-eje ije n'ala ", Tulkumas ituk u naayarnguli "Akpị na-eji ọdụ ya ata ", Ipang su ansiiku "Ha bịara n'àgwàetiti ahụ ", Nguu ngarak ipang su aakar "E nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ ", Nah u alkwis! "Gwa m okwu!", Nah yaabra aap su aapunu "Egoro m n'akụkụ ndịda ", Naas sii ba taak ikar "Achọghị m ịga maka mmiri ", Salpka taara sauk u ikuu "O jide nnukwu azụ na nko ", Kruubu tamaaski ui tabii "agụ na-apụta kwa ụtụtụ ".
na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu (ya bụ mgbe ngwaa gasịrị): Nsut rama larn tangi Nora u "Anyị na Nora na-amụ Rama", Naing airung ning nguu ki aakar nah u "Nnem bi n'ulo a na mu ", Nkiikna ngulkang malngi twiis u "Nwoke ahu ji lance gbuo wari", Maa kalma apaakut naing isii? "Ị nwere ike ịkwa akwa dị ka nke m ?", Naing taata ngabang yuisiiku nguu ki "Nna m na-ebute ahịhịa silk n'ụlọ ", kiskis yuisiikka nguu ki "mgbe o webata nkpa n'ime ulo ", yupsi tabii ung su karka "mgbe mmanu si n'ite aputa ".
ma ọ bụ na mmalite nke ahịrịokwu: Ipang su nah maktungu "A mụrụ m na Rama Cay ", Ngurii psutki yaing tiiskama yuitaaki "O kuru nwa ahu n'ime onu ", Ung ariis ba upsi ankai "Ha tinyere mmanụ n'ite tọgbọ chakoo ", Tamaik suulikaas niaukut " Echi ka m ga-esi anụ".

Clausal element (ya bụ ndị nwere ngwaa) na-esokarị ngwaa bụ isi, dịka Nah taaki ai nipiabang "Aga m akụ ọka ", Nah suulikaas baalpi nipayakama "Ana m achọ anụ ịzụrụ ", Mliika anaakar paalpa analkuka "Ha na-enwe obi ụtọ mgbe ha nụrụ banyere manatee ".

Ajụjụ

Ee/ mba ajụjụ were otu ụdị dị ka nkwupụta kwekọrọ, dịka Maing nguu taara? "Ụlọ gị ọ buru ibu?" Maa ipang su aakar? "Ị na-ebi na Rama Cay?", Maa rama kuup alkwsi? "Ị na-asụ Rama?", Maa nising kuaakar? "Ị nwere nwanne nwanyị?", Maa kalma apaakut naing isii? "Ị nwere ike ịkwa akwa dị ka nke m?" Enwere ike ịza ajụjụ ndị dị otú ahụ site na iji Aha "Ee" ma ọ bụ Mahaling "Mba".

Ụfọdụ okwu ajụjụ (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ wh-words):

Ụfọdụ okwu ajụjụ
Nkpọaha	niku	"Kedu"
Nkpọaha	taa	"WHO"
Okwu okwu	ngarangki, ngarangsu	"ebee"
Okwu okwu	niika bii	"Kedu"

Okwu ajụjụ nwere ike buru nkebi ahịrịokwu ọzọ dị ka isiokwu, dịka Tiiskama taa yutaaku? "Ònye kuru nwa ahụ?" (nwa onye were), Maa, ngarangki aakar? "Ma gị onwe gị, olee ebe i bi?" (Gị, ebe obibi).

Agbanyeghị, okwu ajụjụ n'ozuzu na-eguzo na mmalite nke ahịrịokwu: Ngarangki maa aakar? "Ebee ka i bi?" (ebe i bi), Ngarangki ngulkang aakar? "Ebee ka wari bi?" (ebe wari bi), Ngarangki Nora aing nguu aakar? "Olee ebe ụlọ Nora nọ?" (ebe Nora GENITIVE ụlọ nọrọ), Ngarangsu yaing taaki? "Olee ebe ọ na-aga?" (ebe ọ na-aga), Ngarangsu yaing taata taaki? "Olee ebe nna ya na-aga?" (ebe nna ya na-aga), Taa nsulaing rama kuup alkwsi? "Ònye na-asụ asụsụ Rama anyị?" (onye na-asụ asụsụ Rama anyị), Taa u mtaaku? "Ònye ka ị na-aga?" (onye soro gi-gara).

Ajuju okwu nwere amụma na-abụghị nke ọnụ: Niku maing aak? "Gịnị bụ aha gị?", Niika bii maing kaulingdut? "Kedu ka ezinụlọ gị mere?"

Negation

Enwere ike jụ ahịrịokwu site n'itinye taama mgbe ngwaa ma ọ bụ predicate gasịrị, dịka Nah ipang su aakar taama "Anaghị m ebi na Rama Cay", Maa rama kuup alkwsi taama "Ị naghị asụ Rama", Naing nguu taara taama "Ụlọ m abụghị nnukwu", Naming tausung naing taama "Nkịta ahụ abụghị nke m", ma ọ bụ site n'itinye aa n'ihu ngwaa ahụ, dịka Paalpa aa baanalpiu "Ha achọghị manatee", Naas aa taak ikar "Achọghị m ịga".

Enwere okwu ọjọọ pụrụ iche, angka, ikwupụta ihe agaghị ekwe omume, dịka Nah angka aakar tawan ki "Enweghị m ike ibi na Bluefields".

Nchikota na nrubeisi

Njikọ njikọ: an "na", barka "mana": Naing nising an naing tairung ning nguu ki aakar nah u "Mụ na nwanne m nwaanyị na nwanne m nwoke bi n'ụlọ a", Nah tausung saiming kuaakar an maa puus puksak kuaakar "Enwere m otu nkịta ma ị nwere nwamba abụọ", Naing nguu taara taama, barka aakwaala "Ụlọ m abụghị nnukwu, mana ọ mara mma".

Enwere ike ịmepụta nkebiokwu ndị nọ n'okpuru site na ngwunye ndị nọ n'okpuru dịka akọwara n'elu. A na-emepụta okwu akọpụtara site na juxtaposition dị ka ọ dị na Anaapiu anaungi "Ha hụrụ ya, ka ha na-ekwu" ( aapi "chọta", aung "Kwuo"). Nkejiokwu ndị ikwu enweghịkwa onye na-akwado ya ma ọ bụ akara nkebiokwu kaing enwere ike were ya n'ọrụ, eg Suulikaas nipaayau kaing Neli aa nitangu "Anụ m zụtara, m nyere ya Nelly" (anụ m zụtara kaing Nelly OBJECT M-nyere).

Lexicon

Rama agbaziwo okwu n'aka Miskito (dịka ọmụmaatụ taara "nnukwu"), Bekee, Rama Cay Creole na Spanish. ^[1] E wezụga mbinye ego ndị dị otú ahụ, Rama nwere lexicon bụ isi nke Chibchan, gbasaa site na usoro nhazi okwu dị iche iche.

Ọtụtụ ngwaa ị ga-emejupụta na ndọtị sitere na mgbọrọgwụ mbụ site na mgbakwunye nke otu n'ime prefixes al- aa-, nke na-ejikọtakarị ya na ntụgharị ntụgharị na ntụgharị uche n'otu n'otu. Mwepụta na-apụtachaghị ìhè na al- na-egosi site na ụzọ abụọ maling "gbuo" : almaling " die", aark : alaark "agbaji (tr./intr.)" na auk : alauk "Roast (tr./intr.)", ebe okwu ndị ọzọ nke myirịta myirịta na-apụtaghị n'ụzọ nkịtị, dịka kwis "rie" na alkwis "na-ekwu", ma ọ bụ tinye aka na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya, dịka aap (ya bụ aa- + p ) "chọta" na baalp ( ba- [ihe atụ] + al + p "chọọ".

Enwere ike nweta ngwaa site n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke okwu site n'itinye otu n'ime ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ okwu a na-egbuke egbuke dị ka "do, make", dị ka -king, -ting na -uung .

Mkpebi na-akpụpụtakarị bụ -ba, mgbe nsonye nsonye -ima na-ebute ma adjectives na aha.

Ụfọdụ ngwụcha na-emegharị ugboro ugboro ahụrụ n'ọtụtụ mkpụrụ okwu dị ka ọ dabara na klaasị semantic na-edoghị anya. Otu ihe atụ ama ama bụ -up, nke na-apụta dị ka akụkụ ikpeazụ n'ime aha ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-egosi ihe gburugburu, mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ akụkụ ahụ. Dị ka aha na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha n'onwe ya, -up pụtara "anya" ma ọ bụ "mkpụrụ".

Nhazi bụ ụzọ ọzọ a na-esi emepụta aha, dịka na suulikaas "anụ" (site na suuli "anụmanụ" + kaas "anụ ahụ") ma ọ bụ aha na-enweghị ike ịgbagha -upulis "eyelash" (site na -up "anya" + ulis "Ntutu").

Enwere ike igosipụta echiche ọhụrụ n'otu n'otu, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na ihe owuwu ndị dị ka preya aing nguu "ụka" (lit. Ụlọ ekpere), ma ọ bụ site n'okwu nkwuwa okwu.

A na-ahụ ngbanwe akụkụ ma ọ bụ zuru oke n'ụdị okwu ụfọdụ, gụnyere onomatopoeics dị ka tahtah "dripping", anụmanụ aha dị ka ngaukngauk "udide" ma ọ bụ tkwustkwus "oke bekee", aha agba na nkọwa nkọwa ndị ọzọ dị ka nuknuknga "edo edo", ngarngaringba "green", siksiknga "nwere ntụpọ", kingkingma "dị jụụ", na ndị ọzọ, dịka tiskitiski "ntakịrị".

Ụfọdụ okwu ndị e dekọrọ na-ekwu na ha sitere n'asụsụ Corobici sitere n'asụsụ Rama nke a na-asụ na mpaghara Upala .

Ihe ndetu

↑ Words possibly borrowed from Miskito include some that Miskito ultimately borrowed from English, e.g. tawan "town". There are probably also numerous Miskito calques in Rama, such as preya aing nguu "church", cf. Miskito prias watla.

Ntụaka

Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

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[1] Words possibly borrowed from Miskito include some that Miskito ultimately borrowed from English, e.g. tawan "town". There are probably also numerous Miskito calques in Rama, such as preya aing nguu "church", cf. Miskito prias watla.

[1]