Asụsụ Razihi
Razihi ( Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ), nke ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ maara na mbụ dị ka " Naẓīri ", bụ asụsụ Central Semitic nke ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 62,900 na-asụ na gburugburu ugwu Razih (Jabal Razih) na akuku ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Yemen . Tinyere Faifi, ọ nwere ike bụrụ naanị nwa dị ndụ nke asụsụ South South Arabian . [1]
Ndị na-ekwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụ Razihi na Jabal Razih, bụ́ ugwu nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ obodo Sa'da, nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ya kasị elu, bụ́ Jabal Hurum, dị 2,790 m (9,150 ft) elu. Ndị bi na Jabal Razih dị ihe dịka 25,000 n'ime 1970s ma a na-eche na ọ karịrị ugbu a. [2] Ethnologue kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu Razihi bụ 62,900 na 2004. [3] Nnyocha zuru oke nke ndị ọkà okwu, gụnyere ọdịnala ederede ha, bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ " A Tribal Order: Politics and Law in the Mountains of Yemen " (2007) nke Shelagh Weir dere. Ọrụ a gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpali akpali nke ndụ na Jabal Razih gụnyere ikwupụta na ebo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-enwekarị okwu 'Ilt (IPA: / ʔilt/) n'aha ebo ha (dịka Ilt al-Qayāl, Ilt ʿIzzan ) na na ewezuga ndị ọchịchị na-achị mpụga, agbụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Jabal Razih bụ nke ọtụtụ ndị Razih na-achị bụ ndị Razih na-achịkarị. bụrụ ndị na-akwado ụdị Zaydi nke Shi'a Islam. Amara ọkwa mpaghara Razih ozugbo dị ka ọrụ al-Hamdani al-Iklīl mana otu agbụrụ nke ndị na-ekwu okwu Razihi bụ Khawlan bin ʾAmir nwere ike ịbụ ndị Sabae mara Ḫwln Gdd(t)n .
Weir kwuru na mmalite nke akwụkwọ ahụ na " olumba obodo, ma ọ bụ asụsụ, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọ na-esikwa ike mgbe niile, mana ụfọdụ ndị nwoke na-enye nkọwa nwere ike ịgbanwe gaa na ndekọ Arabic nke m nwere ike ịghọta n'ụzọ dị mfe " na nke a bụ akụkụ nke ihe mere plethora nke akwụkwọ Razihi o ji nwee ike ịdepụta foto chọrọ kama ihe ọmụma pụrụ iche maka ya ịghọta. Ihe mbụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a mere na mmalite narị afọ nke 10 AH ( narị afọ 17 AD ).
Ndị ọkà okwu Razihi na-ahụ ụdị okwu ha dị iche na ndị gbara ha gburugburu bụ ndị ha kọwara dị ka ndị na-asụ " Yamanīt " ( Yemeni ).
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụda mmekọ [s͡t] dịkwa ugbu a, dị ka nghọta nke Arabic [sˤ] sitere na okwu mbinye ego.
- /ʁ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka [ɣ] ma ọ bụ dị ka nkwụsị [q] na mgbanwe efu.
- /dʒ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka ihe nkwụsị nke abụọ [dᶻ].
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Nkenke | Ogologo | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <small id="mwARA">N'ihu</small> | <small id="mwARM">Azu</small> | <small id="mwARY">N'ihu</small> | <small id="mwARk">Azu</small> | |
| Mechie | i | u | iː | uː |
| N'etiti | eː | oː | ||
| Mepee | a | aː | ||
Tụnyere Arabic
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Razihi na-egosipụta mkpokọta mkpokọta nke consonants coronal n'okwu. N'adịghị ka n'asụsụ Arabic, nke a abụghị nanị na ihe mgbochi kama ọ gụnyere sonorants, nke kachasị mkpa /n/, [4] dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ n'okwu ndị dị ka ssān, "mmadụ" na ssānah, "nwanyị", nke bụ mkpụrụokwu Arabic insān, "onye". Nkwekọrịta imi imi bụ akụkụ nke ụfọdụ asụsụ Ancient North Arabian (nke bụ Safaitic ) na Old South Arabian mana ahụghị ya n'asụsụ Arabic ọ bụla ewezuga ma eleghị anya ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke Harūb, Saudi Arabia.
N'adịghị ka olu mba Arabik nke Yemen, Razihi anaghị ekwe ka ụyọkọ mkpụrụokwu ikpeazụ (-CC). [4]
Syncope, ma ọ bụ mwepụ, nke ụdaume dị elu /i/ na /u/ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Razihi:
- Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (IPA: /waːħdah/) – 'one f.' (/waːħid + -ah/)
- Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (IPA: /wistluː/) – 'they m. arrived' (/wistil + -uː/)
- Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). (IPA: /gibðˤuːhim/) – 'they m. seized them m.' (/gibiðˤ + -uː- + -him/)[4]
N'ihe gbasara mmezu nke consonants š and ḍ, mmezu ndị a tụrụ aro na Watson, Glover-Stalls, Al-Razihi, & Weir (2006) abụghị ihe akaebe zuru ụwa ọnụ na a na-asọ mpi na Behnstedt (1987: 94-96), 272): 2017 (2017) A na-ahụ ụda š na Behnstedt (1987:94-96) dị ka " yiri nke Swedish [ʃ] " na nke ḍ ịbụ" a retroflexed [t͡ʃ] ". A na-ekwukwa ọnọdụ nke ikpeazụ na Behnstedt (2017: 17) ọ bụghị dị ka obere retroflex kama kama a kọwara ya dị ka nke a n'ihi na ọnụ ire dị n'azụ azụ ezé mgbe a na-akpọ ụda. Tupu ikwupụta àgwà ụda olu a, mkparịta ụka ahụ na-amalite site n'ịjụ otú na mgbalị ndị gara aga iji depụta ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke Jabal Razih, onye edemede ahụ enweghị ike ịnwapụta àgwà dị n'akụkụ nke a dị ka Watson, Glover-Stalls, Al-Razih, & Weir (2006) tụrụ aro, mana na ọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe mere ochie n'oge ụfọdụ. Weir (2007:21) kwuru na a na-akpọ ụda nke ikpeazụ otu ihe ahụ /t͡ʃ/ na okwu bekee "chat". Enwere ike ịhụ ụdị nghọta ḍ dị ka /t͡ʃ/ n'asụsụ Faifi. Behnstedt (2017:17) na-edetu okwu dị iche iche sitere na Razihi jiri ụda kwuru, n'akụkụ oge ochie Arabic cognates:
- Classical Arabic – *maɮˤaɣa ' to chew ' ~ Razihi – /mat͡ʃaɣ/
- Arabic Classical – *ɮˤafʕ ' nsị ' ~ Razihi - /t͡ʃafaʕ/
- Classical Arabic – *waɮˤaf ' slingshot ' ~ Razihi – /wat͡ʃfah/
Akụkụ ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ịrịba ama bụ mmezu nke ẓ n'okwu ụfọdụ, nke yiri ka ọ kwụsịrị ma ụda olu na pharyngealization dị ka okwu ṯilām (IPA: /θilaːm/) ' ọchịchịrị ', na nke ṣ nke a na-ahụ na Watson, Glover-Stalls, Al-Razih, na clust (clust) Nke ikpeazụ nwere ike igosipụta myirịta ọzọ na Faifi ebe a na-akpọ ṣ dị ka ụyọkọ /st/ na okwu mbinye sitere na Arabic mana dị ka /sˤ/ n'okwu obodo. Enwere ike imeta ekwentị ġ dị ka /ɣ/, /χ/, ma ọ bụ /q/ ebe ntughari nke *q na-adịkarị /g/ dị ka ụdị okwu agbataobi.
Razihi na-egosipụta monophthongization nke *aj na *aw to /eː/ na /oː/ dị ka ụdị okwu ndị agbata obi yana yiri ụfọdụ ihe akaebe na-egosi na otu mgbanwe a dị n'ụdị Sabaic n'ikpeazụ.
Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Razihi bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'etiti ụdị okwu dị iche iche na mpaghara ahụ, dịka edere ya, maka inwe nnukwu ndepụta aha ngosipụta nke na-egosi okike, anya, yana ma onye nrụtụ aka adịghị ma ọ bụ na ọ nọghị. N'ime nkwekọrịta ngosipụta nso bụ naanị na onye ntugharị aka mana ihe ngosi dị anya nwere ike ikwenye na onye adreesị. Ihe ngosi nke otutu nwere uzo abuo n'etiti nwoke na nwoke na-abụghị nwoke:
| singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| male | female | non-human male | male human | |||
| Proximal (they/these) |
/ðiː/~/ðiːjjah/ | /tiː/~/tiːjjah/ | /ʔeːliːh/~/ʔeːliːjjah/ | /ʔiltiːh/~/ʔiltijjah/ | ||
| rowspan="4" Templeeti:Vertical header | Templeeti:Gcl | Templeeti:Gcl addressee | /ðiːħeːk/ | /tiːħeːk/ | /ʔeːlħeːk/ | /ʔiltiːħeːk/ |
| Templeeti:Gcl addressee | /ðiːħeːt͡ʃ/ | /tiːħeːt͡ʃ/ | /ʔeːlħeːt͡ʃ/ | /ʔiltiːħeːt͡ʃ/ | ||
| Templeeti:Gcl | Templeeti:Gcl addressee | /ðiːħeːkum/ | /tiːħeːkum/ | /ʔeːlħeːkum/ | /ʔiltiːħeːkum/ | |
| Templeeti:Gcl addressee | /ðiːħeːkun/ | /tiːħeːkun/ | /ʔeːlħeːkun/ | /ʔiltiːħeːkun/ | ||
| rowspan="4" Templeeti:Vertical header | Templeeti:Gcl | Templeeti:Gcl addressee | /ðaːk/ | /taːk/ | /ʔeːlaːk/ | /ʔiltaːk/ |
| Templeeti:Gcl addressee | /ðaːt͡ʃ/ | /taːt͡ʃ/ | /ʔeːlaːt͡ʃ/ | /ʔiltaːt͡ʃ/ | ||
| Templeeti:Gcl | Templeeti:Gcl addressee | /ðaːkum/ | /taːkum/ | /ʔeːlaːkum/ | /ʔiltaːkum/ | |
| Templeeti:Gcl addressee | /ðaːkun/ | /taːkun/ | /ʔeːlaːkun/ | /ʔiltaːkun/ | ||
Razihi bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'etiti asụsụ Semitic maka inwe nnọchiaha onye nke abụọ dabere na nke nwere onwe ya. Mkpọaha nọọrọ onwe ya nke Razihi bụ ndị a:
| Nnwere onwe | Mgbe-C | Post-V | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | SG | /ʔaniːh/ | /-iːh/~/-niːh/ | /-ja/~/-niːh/ | |
| PL | /ʔanħaː/ | /-(i) naː/ | /-naː/ | ||
| Nke abụọ | SG | M | /ʔak/ | /-ak/ | /-k/ |
| F | / ʔ na ʃ / | /-na ͡ʃ/ | /-t͡ʃ/ | ||
| PL | M | /ʔakkum/ | /-(i)kum/ | /-kum/ | |
| F | /ʔakkun/ | /-(i)kun/ | /-kwa- | ||
| Nke atọ | SG | M | /hoːh/ | /-oːh/ | /-huː/~/-hu/(?) |
| F | /heːh/ | /-aːh/ | /haː/ | ||
| PL | M | /ya/ | /-aːm/~/-jaːm/ | /-ya/ | |
| F | /hin/ | /-oːm/ | /-hin/ | ||
Njirimara ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Razihi na-eji ọtụtụ okwu amụma ndị na-echetara na Sabaic dị ka /buː/ 'in' (Sabaic * b- 'in' ), / ʔaθar / 'mgbe' (Sabaic * ʔθr 'after'), / baʕd / 'mgbe' (Sabaic * bʕd 'after' (Sabaic * bʕd 'after') na / / Sabaic * bʕd 'after' 'na, n'elu') n'akụkụ njirimara ụtọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-echetara Sabaic dị ka ojiji nke /joːm/ dị ka 'mgbe (suborinator)'. Ojiji nke /joːm/ dị ka 'mgbe' nwekwara ike ịhụ na ụfọdụ ụdị okwu Arabic dị ka Tihami Qahtani na ụdị Bedouin dị iche iche na Northeast Arabia.
Razihi ewepụtala ọtụtụ ihe omume site n'iji ụtọ asụsụ nke ọtụtụ klaasị nke okwu ọdịnaya, dị ka /rd͡ʒaʕ/ 'mgbe ahụ' bụ nke sitere na nchacha semantic nke ihe dị mkpa / ʔird͡ʒaʕ/ 'laghachite (ms)!':
- /hijja ʔird͡ʒaʕ ʔiʃbaħ waragit al-ʕagid/ 'Mgbe ahụ lee anya na kọntaktị alụmdi na nwunye!'
Ihe ahụ bụ /d͡ʒoː/ nwere ike bụrụ nsonaazụ nke semantic bleaching nke reflex nke /d͡ʒaː/ na ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ iji gosi ịdị adị ma ọ bụ ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide:
- /maː kaːn d͡ʒoː beː ʃiː braːk wi-hiːh/ 'Ọ̀ bụ na e nweghị olùlù mmiri ma ọlị?'
Razihi yiri ndị agbata obi Arabic okwu iche na Sabaic, ma dị ka Faifi, na-ejigide ihe a na-akpọ " k-zuru okè ". Nke a bụ paradaịs zuru oke na ezughị oke maka ngwaa /reː/ 'hụ':
| Zuru oke | Ezughi oke | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onye mbụ | singular | /roːk/ | /ʔaraː/ | |
| plural | /reːnaː/ | /niraː/ | ||
| Onye nke abụọ | singular | M | /reːk/ | /tiraː/ |
| F | /reːt͡ʃ/ | /tayaː/ | ||
| plural | M | /reːkum/ | /tiroː/ | |
| F | /reːkun/ | /tayaːn/ | ||
| Onye nke atọ | singular | M | /reː/ | /jiraː/ |
| F | /rajja/ | /tiraː/ | ||
| plural | M | /rajjuː/ | /jiroː/ | |
| F | /reːn/ | /jireːn/ | ||
Yiri asụsụ Sabaic, Modern South Arabian, na asụsụ Afrosemitic na njedebe nwanyị /-t/ na-agba akaebe mgbe niile na steeti doro anya ma wuo mana ọ dịkwa na steeti zuru oke n'ọtụtụ aha. Na adjectives a na-edozi nwoke na nwanyị n'ụzọ atọ: a naghị ede ya n'ụzọ doro anya na okwu ọnụ; n'ụfọdụ adjectives ndị na-adịghị esonye ya na akara ikpeazụ /-ah/; na na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị adjective sopu site ikpeazụ /-iːt/ na steeti atọ ahụ.
Ihe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu / meːd/ na Razihit na-arụ ọrụ n'otu aka ahụ nke ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke Rijāl Alma' na asụsụ South Arabian nke oge a, mana n'adịghị ka ọ na-ewe akụkọ doro anya / ʔan-/ ma ngwaa, aha, ma ọ bụ adjective na-esote ya:
- /laː mani m-meːd ʔaɣid baðˤaʕah/ 'Ee e, achọghị m ịga Baẓa'ah.'
A na-egosipụta akụkụ a na-aga n'ihu na Razihi site na /faː/, /fa/, /haː/ +onye na-arụ ọrụ :
- /ðiː kaːnit͡ʃ faː-haːbillaː-h ʔist-stubiħ/ 'Nke (f) ị na-agwa ụtụtụ a'
A na-ahụ ihe owuwu yiri ya na Sabaic n'ụdị isiokwu + * f- + predicate .
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Jabal Razih. Glottolog 4.3 (2020).
- ↑ Edzard (2006). Current Issues in the Analysis of Semitic Grammar and Lexicon II: Oslo-Göteborg Cooperation 4th-5th November 2005 (in en). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 40. ISBN 9783447054416.
- ↑ "Rāziḥī", Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2017-11-12.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Edzard (2006). Current Issues in the Analysis of Semitic Grammar and Lexicon II: Oslo-Göteborg Cooperation 4th-5th November 2005 (in en). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 44. ISBN 9783447054416.