Asụsụ Rotoka
Rotokas bụ asụsụ North Bougainville nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 4,320 na-asụ na Bougainville Island na Papua New Guinea .
Central Rotokas bụ ihe a ma ama maka obere ngwa ngwa consonantal fọnịm, enweghị imi phonemic, yana maka inwe ma eleghị anya mkpụrụedemede ọgbara ọhụrụ kacha nta.
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dịka Allen na Hurd (1963) siri kwuo, e nwere olumba atọ amatara: Central Rotokas ("Rotokas Proper"), Aita Rotokas, na Pipipaia; nwere olumba ọzọ a na-asụ n'obodo Atsilima (Atsinima) nwere ọkwa edoghị anya.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba etiti Rotokas nwere otu n'ime ngwa ngwa ekwentị kacha nta n'ụwa. [1] : 271 Central Rotokas nwere ọdịiche ogologo ụdaume n'etiti ogologo na mkpụmkpụ, [1] : 273 mana ma ọ bụghị ya, enweghị njirimara suprasegmental pụrụ iche dị ka ụda, yana ikekwe nrụgide. [2]
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ebe Central Rotokas nwere naanị ekwentị consonantal isii, Aita Rotokas nwere itoolu; Aita na-agbakwunye imi phonemic (dịka ọmụmaatụ nke a nke obere ụzọ abụọ, /buta/ ' vs. /muta/ ' [3] : 208 ). Ngwa ahịa nwere oke n'olumba Central nwere ike ịmalite site n'ịkwatu ọdịiche ụda olu dị n'etiti imi na nke na-abụghị imi. [3] : 206
Ọnụ imi dị na Aita na-adakọkarị plosive ndị a na-ekwu na Central (dịka "osisi" bụ emaoto na Aita na ebaoto na Central [3] : 208 ), mana plosive ndị a na-ekwu na Central nwere ike ịdekọrịta ma ọ bụ imi ma ọ bụ plosive a na-ekwu na Aita. [3] : 207
Central Rotokas
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants na-eme n'ebe atọ a na-ekwu okwu : bibial, alveolar, na velar, nke ọ bụla nwere ụda olu na ụdị dị iche iche na-enweghị ụda. [3] : 207 Igwe ụda olu atọ a nwere ụda olu nke ọ bụla nwere mgbanwe allophonic sara mbara, yana usoro allophonic [β, b, m], [ɾ, n, l, d] na [ɡ, ɣ, ŋ] . [1] : 274 Nke a na-eme nhọrọ nke akara maka fọnịm dịtụ aka ike. : [3] 207
A naghị anụkarị imi imi. A ga-eji ha eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe ndị na-ekwu okwu na-agbalị ịkpọ okwu bekee (dịka "bye-bye" ka a na-akpọ [maemae] ), ma ọ bụ mgbe ị na-agbalị iṅomi onye mba ọzọ na-asụ Rotokas (ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na onye mba ọzọ ejighị ya mee ihe). [1] : 274
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enweghị olu | p | t | k |
| Ekwuru | b | d | ɡ |
- N'afọ 1960, /t/ akọwara dị ka [ts]~[s] tupu /i/ . : [1] 274 Nnyocha e mesịrị na 2000s chọpụtara na nke a abụghịzi eziokwu, ikekwe n'ihi asụsụ abụọ juru ebe niile na Tok Pisin . [3] : 207
Aita Rotokas
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba Aita nwere fọnịm consonant itoolu, nwere ọdịiche ụzọ atọ achọrọ n'etiti ụda olu, enweghị olu, na consonants imi. [3] : 207
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enweghị olu | p | t | k |
| Ụda olu, ọnụ | b | d | ɡ |
| Ụda olu, imi | m | n | ŋ |
- /b/ varies between [b] and [β].[3]: 207
- /d/ is chiefly realized as [ɾ].[3]: 207
- /t/ is [s] before /i/.[3]: 207
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Udaume na olumba Central nwere ike ịdị ogologo ma ọ bụ mkpụmkpụ, mana olumba Aita ọ dị ka enweghị oke ogologo. [3] : 209
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i ( iː ) | u ( uː ) | |
| N'etiti etiti | e ( eː ) | o ( oː ) | |
| Mepee | a ( aː ) |
Ọkpụkpụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọkpụkpụ nke Rotokas na-eji mkpụrụedemede 12 nke mkpụrụedemede Latin, na-enweghị ụda olu ma ọ bụ ligatures . Akwụkwọ ozi ndị a bụ a, e, g, i, k, o, p, r, s, t, u na v. Edere ụdaume ogologo dị ka okpukpu abụọ. Edere /t/ ka <s> tupu /i/, mana <t> n'ebe ọzọ. [4]
Edekwara Rotokas site na akara ngosi IPA maka fọnịm ya. [3] : 207
Nchegbu eleghị anya ọ bụghị ụda ụda. [2] A na-emesi okwu ndị nwere syllable 2 ma ọ bụ 3 ike na nkeji okwu mbụ; ndị nwere 4 na-enwe nrụgide na nke mbụ na nke atọ; na ndị nwere 5 ma ọ bụ karịa na antepenultimate. Nke a gbagwojuru anya site na ụdaume ogologo, ma enwere ihe dị iche na iwu nke atọ n'etiti ụfọdụ ngwaa arụrụ. [5]
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ụdị, Rotokas bụ a na-ahụkarị ngwaa-ikpeazụ asụsụ, nwere adjectives na ngosi nnochiaha na-ebute ụzọ aha ha na-agbanwe, na postposition na-eso ya. Ọ bụ ezie na adverbs nweere onwe ha n'usoro ha, ha na-ebute ụzọ ngwaa ahụ, dịka n'ihe atụ na-esonụ:
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe ndị bụ isi ahọpụtara na Rotokas:
Ihe odide ala ala peeji
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]anya ọ bụghị ụda ụda. [1] A na-emesi okwu ndị nwere syllable 2 ma ọ bụ 3 ike na nkeji okwu mbụ; ndị nwere 4 na-enwe nrụgide na nke mbụ na nke atọ; na ndị nwere 5 ma ọ bụ karịa na antepenultimate. Nke a gbagwojuru anya site na ụdaume ogologoanya ọ bụghị ụda ụda. [1] A na-emesi okwu ndị nwere syllable 2 ma ọ bụ 3 ike na nkeji okwu mbụ; ndị nwere 4 na-enwe nrụgide na nke mbụ na nke atọ; na ndị nwere 5 ma ọ bụ karịa na antepenultimate. Nke a gbagwojuru anya site na ụdaume ogologo
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 An abbreviated phoneme inventory | Languages of Papua New Guinea. pnglanguages.sil.org. Retrieved on 2025-02-24.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Organised Phonology Data.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 The Phoneme Inventory of the Aita Dialect of Rotokas (en). ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2023-03-23. Retrieved on 2025-02-24.
- ↑ Organised Phonology Data.
- ↑ Firchow (1973). Vocabulary of Rotokas--Pidgin--English, The Long Now Foundation, Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Allen (1963). Languages of the Bougainville district. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Firchow (1974). Rotokas Grammar. (Unpublished manuscript)
- Firchow (1987). "Form and Function of Rotokas Words". Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 15 (1–2): 5–111. ISSN 0023-1959.
- Firchow (2008). Rotokas-English dictionary. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Firchow (1969). "An abbreviated phonemic inventory". Anthropological Linguistics 11 (9): 271–276.
- Firchow (1973). "Introduction", Vocabulary Rotokas-Pidgin-English. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics, vii-xii. (Brief grammatical sketch)
- Robinson (2006). "The Phoneme Inventory of the Aita Dialect of Rotokas". Oceanic Linguistics 45 (1): 206–209. DOI:10.1353/ol.2006.0018.
- Wurm (1981). Language atlas of the Pacific area. Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities. ISBN 9780858832398.
- Firchow (1992). Organised Phonology Data.