Asụsụ Sabanê
Asụsụ Sabanê bụ otu n’ime asụsụ atọ a na-asụ n’ezinụlọ Nambikwara . Ìgwè ndị na-asụ asụsụ a dị n’ebe ugwu nke ókèala Nambikwara dị na steeti Rondônia na Mato Grosso nke dị n’ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Brazil, n’agbata Osimiri Tenente Marques na Osimiri Juruena . [1] Taa, a na-ahụ ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị òtù ahụ na Pyreneus de Souza Indigenous Territory na steeti Rondonia. [1]
Ugbu a, e nwere ihe na-erughị 5 ndị na-asụ asụsụ Sabanê, ebe ndị na-asụ ya niile karịrị afọ 50. [ 3 ] Na-enweghị ọkwa mgbasa ozi pụtara ìhè, a na-ewere asụsụ a dị ka ihe egwu dị oke egwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ Nambikwara abụọ ndị ọzọ nwere ọkwa mgbasa ozi na nchekwa dị elu.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime asụsụ ndị dị na ezinụlọ Nambikwara, ndị Sabanê nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị kasị nta. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọtụtụ ógbè Nambikwara tara ahụhụ site na mbuso agha nke ịchọ rọba wetara maka agha ahụ. [2] Nrụnye igwe tapa mere ka a manyere ndị Nambikwara ịrụ ọrụ siri ike. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Sabanê so na ndị a manyere inye ndị na-akụ ọkpọ nri nri. N'ihi ọnọdụ ọrụ siri ike, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Sabanê gbalịrị ịgbaga n'ime ọhịa, Otú ọ dị, omume a nwetara mmegwara ime ihe ike site n'aka ndị na-akụ ọkpọ bụ ndị ga-eweghachi ha n'ime obodo ma gbuo ọtụtụ ndị isi. [2] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị Sabanê tara ahụhụ site na ọrịa na-efe efe butere site ná mmekọrịta ha na ndị wakporo ala ha. Nke a butere nnukwu ọnwụ nke na-eweta ndị Sabanê nso ikpochapụ. [3] N'ihe dị ka 1930, mbata nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ Jesuit na mpaghara Cerrado wetara agụmakwụkwọ nkịtị na mpaghara Nambikwara. Ka ọ na-erule ná mmalite 1940, e nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ a na-akpọ "Irmãzinhas da Imaculada Conceição", bụ́ ebe obere ìgwè ụmụaka mụtara ịgụ na ide. N'ihi ya, ka ndị na-akpụ rọba bịarutere ọtụtụ okporo ụzọ malitere imeghe n'akụkụ ime obodo Nambikwara, bụ nke nyere ohere ka a hazie agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ amaala. [4]
Ezinụlọ Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ezinụlọ asụsụ Nambikwara enweghị mmekọrịta amaara ha na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ gbasara asụsụ South America. Okwu ahụ bụ Nambikwara, Tupi sitere na nke pụtara ntị gbapụrụ agbapu, ka e kpọrọ ndị mmadụ bi na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Mato Grosso na ókèala Rondônia. Yana Sabanê, ọ gụnyere asụsụ ndịda na Northern Nambikwara. Alaka atọ ndị a nke Nambikwara gakwara n’ihu gụnyere asụsụ na olumba karịrị iri na ise. [ 3 ] N'adịghị ka Sabanê, a na-echekwa asụsụ Northern na Southern Nambikwara nke ọma na asụsụ Southern Nambikwara nwere ọkwa mgbasa ozi kacha elu, ebe ndị niile na-asụ asụsụ ahụ.
Mmalite asụsụ na akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Okwu mbụ banyere ndị Sabanê ka a na-akọwa site na iji ihe dị iche iche mere na 1914, n'ihe ndekọ sitere na Cândido Rondon, onye Brazil bụ onye nyocha nke ụmụ amaala na Portuguese, ka ọ na-arụ eriri telegraph site na ala Nambikwaran. [ 3 ] Ihe odide asụsụ emeghị ruo mgbe Claude Lévi-Strauss, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na njem omenala French mere otú ahụ na 1948. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere akwụkwọ nke asụsụ gbasara nhazi ọkwa nke Edgar Roquette-Pinto mere na 1919, na ọzọ na 1948 site n'aka Rondon na Faria, akụkọ abụọ a agụnyeghị nkọwa asụsụ ọ bụla. [ 3 ] Levi-Strauss mepụtara ndepụta okwu, nke nwere okwu iri ise na isii, wee malite ịkọwa morphology na phonology nke Sabanê n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Levi-Strauss kwubiri na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịchọpụta n'oge ahụ ma Sabanê ọ̀ bụ onye ezinaụlọ Nambikwara nyere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ọdịdị na ụda olu n'asụsụ Nambikwara ndị ọzọ. [ 3 ] N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Sabanê pụtara na ụfọdụ ntụle ntụnyere na akwụkwọ ndị mepere emepe nke asụsụ Sabanê si na nke a pụta. Ihe kacha pụta ìhè n’ime ọmụmụ ihe atụnyere ndị a sitere n’aka David Price, sitere na Mahadum Brasília na 1978, onye kọwara fonology nke asụsụ Nambikwara ma e jiri ya tụnyere ibe ya. [ 3 ]
Ụtọasụsụ nkuzi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkọwa asụsụ zuru oke na-elekwasị anya naanị na Sabanê apụtabeghị ruo mgbe Gabriel Antunes de Araujo A Grammar nke Sabanê, na 2004. Antunes de Araujo bụ ọkà mmụta asụsụ na prọfesọ na Mahadum São Paulo . Akwụkwọ a gụnyere nkọwa sara mbara nke phonology, morphology, syntax, adverbs, na okwu ajụjụ nke asụsụ Sabanê, yana ụfọdụ ozi n'ozuzu akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala gbasara ndị Sabanê. Ọrụ Antunes de Araujo na-anọgide na-abụ akwụkwọ kachasị zuru oke na nke zuru oke nke asụsụ Sabanê, na CAPES ( Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior ) kwadoro ya, otu òtù nke ọchịchị Brazil, yana WOTRO, òtù Dutch. [ 3 ] Akwụkwọ ọzọ pụtara ìhè nke asụsụ Sabanê, ọrụ Levi-Straus, bụ ndị gọọmenti France kwadoro. [ 3 ]
-dana is used to infer factuality of the sentence and implies that there is sensory evidence
Ọdịnihu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere morphemes abụọ a na-eji mee akara n'ọdịnihu na Sabane:
- -tapanal is used for the neutral future
- -telon is used for the evidential future
-tapanal can only be used in a non-factual or elicited sentence
-telon can only be used in a sentence in which the speaker is confident regarding its factuality
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha osisi na anụmanụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha osisi Sabanê na aha anụmanụ ahọpụtara site na Antunes (2004): [ 3 ]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- 1 2 Miller (2008). Povos Indigenas No Brasil, Instituto Sociambiental. Instituto Socioambiental. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved on 2025-03-18.
- 1 2 Reesink (2010). An Introduction To Three Nambikwara Ethnohistories. Rozenberg Publishers.
- ↑ Moore, D. (2006). "Brazil:Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 117–128. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01855-1. ISBN 9780080448541.
- ↑ Saramago de Souza (2012). O povo sabanê e o processo civilizador: algumas reflexões sobre o lugar da educação formal indígena (pt). Archived from the original on 2022-11-09. Retrieved on 2025-03-18.