Asụsụ Saka
Saka, ma ọ bụ Sakan, bụ asụsụ dị iche iche nke Eastern Iranian, nke sitere na alaeze Buddhist oge ochie nke Khotan, Kashgar na Tumshuq na Tarim Basin, nke dị ugbu a na ndịda Xinjiang, China. Ọ bụ asụsụ Iranian etiti . [1] Ala-eze abụọ a dị iche n'asụsụ, okwu ha a na-akpọ Khotanese na Tumshuqese .
Ndị ọchịchị Saka nke mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke subcontinent India, dị ka ndị Indo-Scythians na Western Satraps, na-echekarị na ha na-asụ otu asụsụ. [2] Otú ọ dị, a jụwo nke a ajụjụ site n'ime nnyocha ọhụrụ na-adịbeghị anya. [3]
Edere akwụkwọ n'osisi na akwụkwọ n'ime mkpụrụedemede Brahmi gbanwetụrụ yana mgbakwunye nke mkpụrụedemede agbakwunyere n'ime oge yana njikọ pụrụ iche dị ka ys maka z . [4] Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ sitere na narị afọ nke anọ ruo na nke iri na otu. Tumshuqese bụ ihe ochie karịa Khotanese, [5] mana aghọtachaghị ya n'ihi na ọ na-apụta n'ihe odide ole na ole ma e jiri ya tụnyere Khotanese. Ekwenyere na olumba Khotanese na-eso Wakhi na Pashto nke oge a na-ekerịta atụmatụ. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] A maara Saka dị ka "Hvatanai" (nke sitere na aha Khotan ) na akwụkwọ ndị dị ugbu a. [13] Ebitere ọtụtụ okwu Prakrit site na Khotanese gaa na asụsụ Tocharian .
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Khotanese na Tumshuqese bụ asụsụ Iranian ọwụwa anyanwụ nwere njikọ chiri anya. [14]
The pụrụ iche phonological mmepe nke Proto-Iranian *ću̯ ka Khotanese śś na-esetịpụ nke ikpeazụ iche na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Iranian asụsụ (nke na-enwekarị sp ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya). Myiri ya na Sogdian dị mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmepe ndị yiri ya ma ọ bụ njiri mpaghara. [15]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ejikọtara olumba abụọ a maara nke Saka na ngagharị nke ndị Sitia . Edekọghị mwakpo nke mpaghara ahụ na ndekọ ndị China na otu echiche bụ na ebo abụọ nke Saka, na-asụ olumba abụọ, biri na mpaghara ahụ n'ihe dị ka 200 BC tupu akụkọ ndị China amalite. [16]
Michaël Peyrot (2018) jụrụ njikọ kpọmkwem na "Saka" (塞) nke Chinese Hanshu, bụ ndị e dekọrọ dị ka ndị kwagara na narị afọ nke abụọ BC na mpaghara ndị ọzọ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Xinjiang, na kama jikọọ Khotanese na Tumshuqese na ogologo-guzobere Aqtala omenala omenala (nakwa Aketala ). 1000 BC na mpaghara. [17]
A na-agba akaebe n'asụsụ Khotanese n'ihe odide dị n'etiti narị afọ nke asaa na nke 10, n'agbanyeghị na e debere iberibe ụfọdụ n'ime narị afọ nke ise na nke isii. Enweghị ike ịdepụta ihe dị ntakịrị karịa n'asụsụ Tumshuqese na nkenke, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ya ka a na-eche na ọ dị na ngwụcha narị afọ nke asaa ma ọ bụ nke asatọ. [18]
Asụsụ Saka kwụsịrị mgbe ndị Alakụba wakporo Turkic meriri alaeze Khotan na Islamization na Turkicisation nke Xinjiang .
Na narị afọ nke 11, Mahmud al-Kashgari kwuru na ndị Khotan ka nwere asụsụ na edemede nke ha na ha amaghị Turkic nke ọma. [19] [20] Dị ka Kashgari si kwuo, a ka na-eji ụfọdụ asụsụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Turkey dị ka Kanchaki na Sogdian na mpaghara ụfọdụ. [21] A kwenyere na otu asụsụ Saka bụ ihe Kanchaki so na ya. [22] A kwenyere na Tarim Basin ghọrọ Turkifi nke asụsụ na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 11. [23]
Fonology Khotan ochie
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal/
postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Voiceless | Unaspirated | p /p/ | tt, t /t/ | ṭ /ʈ/ | k /k/ | (t, g [ʔ])Templeeti:Efn | |
| Aspirated | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | ṭh /ʈʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | ||||
| Voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | ḍ /ɖ/ | gg /ɡ/ | ||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | Unaspirated | tc /ts/ | kṣ /ʈʂ/ | c, ky /tʃ/ | |||
| Aspirated | ts /tsʰ/ | ch /tʃʰ/ | ||||||
| Voiced | js /dz/ | j, gy /dʒ/ | ||||||
| Fricative | Non-Sibilant | t /ð/ (later > ʔ) | g /ɣ/ (later > ʔ) | |||||
| Sibilant | Voiceless | s /s/ | ṣṣ, ṣ /ʂ/ | śś, ś /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Voiced | ys /z/ | ṣ /ʐ/ | ś /ʒ/ | |||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n, ṃ, ṅ /n/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ||||
| Approximant | Central | v /w/ hv /wʰ/, /hʷ/ |
rr, r /ɹ/ | r /ɻ/ | y /j/ | |||
| Lateral | l /l/ | |||||||
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Asụsụ Khotan Ntụgharị asụsụ |
Igwe okwu IPA | Igwe okwu IPA |
|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | [a] |
| a | /a:/ | [a:] |
| i | /i/ | [i] |
| i | /i:/ | [i:] |
| ị | /u/ | [u] |
| ọ | /u:/ | [u:] |
| a | /ə/ | [ə] |
| e | /e:/ [ b ] | [æ~æ:] [ c ] |
| o | /o:/ [ b ] | [o~o:] [ c ] |
| ai | /ai̯/ | |
| au | /au̯/ | |
| e | /ae̯/ |
Mgbanwe ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Amara Khotanese site na nlegharị anya juru ebe niile, mmepe nke retroflexes na consonants enweghị olu. [26]
- Mgbanwe na-ekekọrịta na Sakan nkịtị
- *ć, *j́ → s, ys, ma *ćw, *j́w → śś, ś
- *ft, *xt → *βd, *ɣd
- Lenition nke *b, *d, na *g → *β, ð, ɣ mgbe mmalite ma ọ bụ mgbe ụdaume ma ọ bụ *r gasịrị.
- Imi + consonants na-enweghị olu → imi + consonants nwere olu ( *mp, *nt, *nč, *nk → *mb, *nd, *nj, *ng )
- *ər ( syllabic consonant ) → *ur after labials *m, *p, *b, *β ; wee *ir ma ọ bụ *ar n'ebe ọzọ
- *rn, *rm → rr
- *sr → ṣ
- *č, *ǰ → tc, js
- Mgbanwe na-ekekọrịta na East Sakan
| Na mbụ | Emechaa |
|---|---|
| *nke | c, nke |
| *gy | j, gi |
| * ndewo | ch |
| *tcy | c |
| *jsy | j |
| * tsy | ch |
| *ny | ñ, nị |
| * sy | śś |
| *ysy | ś |
| *st, *ṣṭ | śt, sc |
Ederede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị ọzọ karịa ihe odide sitere na Issyk kurgan nke achọpụtara na ọ bụ Khotanese (n'agbanyeghị na e dere ya na Kharosthi ), akwụkwọ niile dị ndụ sitere na Khotan ma ọ bụ Tumshuq. A na-agba akaebe na Khotanese site na ederede 2,300 [27] echekwara n'etiti ihe odide Dunhuang, na-emegide naanị ederede 15 [28] na Tumshuqese. Harold Walter Bailey depụtara ihe ndị a. [29] Ihe odide ndị mbụ, malite na narị afọ nke anọ, na-abụkarị akwụkwọ okpukpe. Enwere ọtụtụ vihara na ala eze Khotan na ntụgharị asụsụ Buddhist na-adịkarị n'oge niile nke akwụkwọ ahụ. Enwere ọtụtụ akụkọ na ụlọ ikpe eze (a na-akpọ haṣḍa aurāsa ) nke dị mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana akwụkwọ nzuzo. Ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ bụ Or.6400/2.3 .
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Harold Walter Bailey
- Duan Qing
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Saka Language (en). Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved on 2012-10-26.
- ↑ Diringer [1948] (1953). The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind, Second and revised (in en), London: Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications.
- ↑ Michaël Peyrot (2018). "Tocharian B etswe ‘mule’ and Eastern East Iranian", Farnah. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Sasha Lubotsky. Ann Arbor, N.Y.: Beech Stave Press. Retrieved on 14 November 2024. “"In sum, the evidence that the Saka language [of North India] is Khotanese or an earlier form of it is weak. Many of the features are found in other languages as well, and it is known from other sources that non-Khotanese Iranians found their way to northern India. In any case, the large number of Indic elements in Khotanese is no proof "daß das 'Nordarisch' sprechende Volk längere Zeit auf indischem Boden saß" (Lüders 1913), since there is ample evidence that instead speakers of Middle Indian migrated into the Tarim Basin."”
- ↑ Bailey (1970). "Saka Studies: The Ancient Kingdom of Khotan" (in en). Iran 8: 65–72. DOI:10.2307/4299633.
- ↑ (1992) History of Civilizations of Central Asia (in en). Paris: UNESCO, 283. ISBN 92-3-103211-9.
- ↑ Frye (1984). The History of Ancient Iran. C.H.Beck. ISBN 9783406093975. “[T]hese western Saka he distinguishes from eastern Saka who moved south through the Kashgar-Tashkurgan-Gilgit-Swat route to the plains of the sub-continent of India. This would account for the existence of the ancient Khotanese-Saka speakers, documents of whom have been found in western Sinkiang, and the modern Wakhi language of Wakhan in Afghanistan, another modern branch of descendants of Saka speakers parallel to the Ossetes in the west.”
- ↑ Bailey (1982). The culture of the Sakas in ancient Iranian Khotan. Caravan Books, 7–10. “It is noteworthy that the Wakhi language of Wakhan has features, phonetics, and vocabulary the nearest of Iranian dialects to Khotan Saka.”
- ↑ Carpelan (2001). "Early Contacts Between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations: Papers Presented at an International Symposium Held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki, 8–10 January, 1999". Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura 242.
- ↑ Encolypedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō. “It is, however, possible that the original home of Paṣ̌tō may have been in Badaḵšān, somewhere between Munǰī and Sangl. and Shugh., with some contact with a Saka dialect akin to Khotanese.”
- ↑ (1946) Indo-Iranica. Kolkata, India: Iran Society, 173–174. “... and their language is most closely related to on the one hand with Saka on the other with Munji-Yidgha”
- ↑ Bečka (1969). A Study in Pashto Stress. Academia, 32. “Pashto in its origin, is probably a Saka dialect.”
- ↑ Cheung (2007). Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series).
- ↑ Bailey (1939). "The Rāma Story in Khotanese" (in en). Journal of the American Oriental Society 59 (4): 460–468. DOI:10.2307/594480.
- ↑ Emmerick (2009). "Khotanese and Tumshuqese", in Windfuhr: The Iranian Languages. London: Routledge, 377–415.
- ↑ Michaël Peyrot (2018). "Tocharian B etswe ‘mule’ and Eastern East Iranian", Farnah. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Sasha Lubotsky. Ann Arbor, N.Y.: Beech Stave Press, 270–283. Retrieved on 14 November 2024.
- ↑ Bailey (1970). "Saka Studies: The Ancient Kingdom of Khotan" (in en). Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 8 (1): 68. DOI:10.2307/4299633.
- ↑ Michaël Peyrot (2018). "Tocharian B etswe ‘mule’ and Eastern East Iranian", Farnah. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Sasha Lubotsky. Ann Arbor, N.Y.: Beech Stave Press, 270–283. Retrieved on 14 November 2024.
- ↑ Emmerick (2009). "7. Khotanese and Tumshuqese", in Windfuhr: The Iranian Languages (in en). Routledge, 377–415. ISBN 978-1-135-79704-1.
- ↑ Kocaoğlu (2004). "Diwanu Lugatı't-Turk and Contemporary Linguistics" (in en). MANAS Journal of Turkic Civilization Studies 1: 165–169. Retrieved on 2016-08-22.
- ↑ (2010) in Levi: Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources (in en). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 72–. ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6.
- ↑ (2010) in Levi: Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources (in en). Indiana University Press, 72–. ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6.
- ↑ (1996) History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 (in en). UNESCO Publishing, 283–. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0.
- ↑ (2013) in Akiner: Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia (in en). London: Routledge, 71–. ISBN 978-1-136-15034-0.
- ↑ Emmerick (1993). A Chinese text in Central Asian Brahmi script: new evidence for the pronunciation of Late Middle Chinese and Khotanese (in en). Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
- ↑ Maggi (2022). "Some remarks on the history of the Khotanese orthography and the Brāhmī script in Khotan" (in en). Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 25: 149–172.
- ↑ Kümmel (2016). Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische.
- ↑ Wilson (2015-01-26). Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Khotanese Script (en). Archived from the original on 2019-06-14. Retrieved on 2019-05-21.
- ↑ Brāhmī (en). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved on 2019-05-21.
- ↑ Bailey, Harold Walter (en). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved on 2019-05-21.
Isi mmalite
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- International Dunhuang Project (en). Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
- Bailey (1944). "A Turkish-Khotanese Vocabulary" (in en). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 11 (2): 290–296. DOI:10.1017/S0041977X00072475.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- "Prothetic H-" in Khotanese and the Reconstruction of Proto-Iranic (en). Martin Kümmel. Script and Reconstruction in Linguistic History―Univerzita Karlova v Praze, March 2020.
- Bailey (1979). Dictionary of Khotan Saka (in en). Cambridge University Press.
- Iranian Languages (en). Encyclopædia Iranica.
- Emmerick (1993). A Chinese text in Central Asian Brahmi script: new evidence for the pronunciation of Late Middle Chinese and Khotanese (in en). Roma: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. (On connections between Chinese and Khotanese, such as loan words and pronunciations)
- Maggi (2022). "Some remarks on the history of the Khotanese orthography and the Brāhmī script in Khotan" (in en). Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 25: 149–172.