Asụsụ Sakao

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Sakao (nakwa Nkep ma ọ bụ Nekep ) bụ asụsụ Oceanic a na-asụ na mpi ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu .

Aha

Sakao bụ aha asụsụ ndị mba ọzọ na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-eji. Aha ya bụ Sakao Island, agwaetiti dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Espiritu Santo, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Port-Olry. (Na mberede, nke a abụghị aha obodo nke agwaetiti ahụ, nke ndị na-asụ Sakao na-akpọ Laðhi . Aha sakau < Proto-Oceanic *sakaRu pụtara 'coral reef' n'asụsụ dị iche iche nke Vanuatu, ma a maghị kpọmkwem onye nyere aha ya n'àgwàetiti ahụ.)

Olumba

Sakao enweela mgbanwe ụda olu na ihe ọhụrụ, nke mere ka ndị agbata obi Espiritu Santo nwere njikọ chiri anya ghọta ya. Otú ọ dị, ihe àmà sitere na olumba abụọ ahụ na-egosi na ihe ọhụrụ ahụ mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ikekwe n'ime narị afọ gara aga. Ya mere dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji okwu ndị a na-atụnyere cognates ha na onye ikwu ya Tolomako :

	Sakao	Tolomako	Ụdị proto
"Louse"	nnð	na ɣutu	* na ɣutu
"ọkụkọ"	nɔð	na toa	* na taa
"anọ"	jeð	βati	*βati
"ịfụ"	hi	suβi	* suβi

Isi olumba Sakao bụ Northern, ma ọ bụ Port-Olry olumba, na Southern, ma ọ bụ Hog-Harbour. Olumba ndịda bụ nke na-echekwa nchekwube. Ihe e ji mara ya bụ mfu nke ọtụtụ ụdaume pretonic na posttonic, na-ebute ụyọkọ consonant pụrụ iche maka asụsụ Oceanic. A na-eji olumba ugwu jiri ọtụtụ ụdaume epenthetic eme ihe, bụ ndị nwetagoro ọkwa ụda olu, na-ebute ihe dị ka nkwekọrita ụdaume n'elu; mfu nke mbụ *n- nke aha, ma e wezụga na monosyllabic nouns (nke a *n- abụ a reflex nke nkịtị Austronesian isiokwu * na, fused na nouns na Sakao); na ntughari nke ụfọdụ mkpụrụokwu-ụdaume ikpeazụ.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ Port-Olry nwere /œmœɣœɛ/ "fog, alụlụ" ebe Hog-Harbour nwere /nmɣœ/ .

Ọ gwụla ma egosiputara n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọmụmaatụ ndị e nyere ebe a dị na Northern, Port-Olry, olumba.

fonology

Udaume Sakao (akụkụ akụkụ)
	N'ihu Agbaghị gburugburu	N'ihu<br id="mwVQ"><br><br><br> Gburugburu	Azu Gburugburu
Mechie	i	y	u
N'etiti etiti	e	ø	o
Oghere-etiti	ɛ	œ	ɔ
Mepee	a		ɒ

Na mgbakwunye, Sakao nwere ụdaume nso /ɨ/ nke a na-akọwapụtaghị maka ịgbachitere ma ọ bụ agbachighị ya, n'ihu ma ọ bụ azụ, ma na-enweghi nrụgide mgbe niile. O nwekwara diphthong abụọ /œɛ, ɒɔ/, ebe Tolomako enweghị nke ọ bụla.

Sakao consonants
	Labial	eze	Alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
imi	m		n	ŋ
Plosive	p		t	k
Nke na-ese okwu	β	ð	s	ɣ	h
Odika	w		l	j
Kpatụ			ɾ
Trill			r̥

Na mgbakwunye, consonants Sakao nwere ike ịdị ogologo ma ọ bụ mkpụmkpụ: /œβe/ "ịgba", /œββe/ "akwa"

O doghị anya ma Sakao nwere ọbụna mkpụrụ edemede; ya bụ, ma ịgbalị ikewa okwu Sakao ka ọ bụrụ nkeji okwu bara uru ọ ga-ekwe omume. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ, syllable Sakao ga-adị ka V (ụdaume ma ọ bụ diphthong) nke ọnụ ọgụgụ consonants ọ bụla gbara ya gburugburu: V /i/ "Ị", CCVCCCC (?) /mhɛrtpr/ "Ị bụrụ abụ, kwụsịkwa ịbụ abụ, ị gbachiri nkịtị" [ m- 2nd pers., hɛrt "ịbụ", -p zuru oke, -r na-aga n'ihu].

Ụtọ asụsụ

Nọmba

Dị ka Tolomako, Sakao na-amata ọnụọgụ anọ maka nnọchiaha onwe ya. Agbanyeghị, ha abụghị otu, abụọ, nnwale, ọtụtụ, mana otu, dual, paucal, plural. Sakao paucal na-enweta site na ikpe Tolomako, yabụ Tolomako i ɣire-tolu "ha atọ", Sakao jørðœl "ha, site na atọ ruo iri" ( jør na ðœl bụ mgbe nile derivable si i ɣire < *i ɣira na *tolu ). Otu kwuru na Sakao jørðœl løn < *i ɣira-tolu lima "Ise n'ime ha" nke bụ, etymologically, "ha atọ, ise."

A naghị atụgharị ihe nrịbama maka ọnụọgụgụ, ma e wezụga okwu ikwu nke na-amata otu na ọtụtụ: ðjœɣ "nne m/nwanne m," rðjœɣ "nne nne m;" walðyɣ "Nwa m," raalðyɣ "ụmụ m." N'otu aka ahụ niile ngosi (nkpọaha, adjectives, even locatives): wa "Nke a," warɨr "Ndị a;" aðœŋœn mam "onye a," aðœŋœn mamɨr "Ndị a;" ðað "ebe a," ðaðɨr "n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ebe a."

Deixis

Sakao nwere ogo asaa nke deixis .

Aha aha

Sakao nwere aha na-enweghị atụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-emegharị oge niile:

Sakao	Bekee
œsɨŋœ-ɣ	"ọnụ m"
œsɨŋœ-m	"ọnụ gị"
ɔsɨŋɔ-n	"ọnụ ya"
œŋ-...	"ọnụ..."

Sakao	Bekee
uly-ɣ	"Ntutu m"
uli-m	"Ntutu gi"
ulœ-n	"Ntutu isi ya"
nnoo-...	"Ntutu"

N'ebe a "ọnụ" dị iche iche œsɨŋœ-, ɔsɨŋɔ-, œsœŋ- na "ntutu" variably uly-, ulœ-, nøl- .

Syntax

Sakao nwere suffix -ɨn nke na-abawanye valence nke ngwaa (dakọtara na suffixes applicative n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ): ọ na-eme ka ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ngwaa transitive ditransitive. Ya ikpe ikpeazụ, otu arụmụka nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpọmkwem na nke ọzọ bụ ngwá ọrụ; usoro okwu nke arụmụka ahụ bụ n'efu, na-ahapụ ọnọdụ iji mebie nke bụ:

Usoro Sakao gụnyere syntax polysynthetic, n'adịghị ka nkewapụ syntax nke onye agbata obi ya Tolomako . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike itinye okwu 'ezi' n'elu n'ime ngwaa ahụ, na-ahapụ otu arụmụka mpụga: aða "Ụta" bụ arụmụka ngwá ọrụ nke sɔn "ịgba", na ɛðɛ "Oké osimiri" bụ ihe kpọmkwem nke hoβ "Iso", nke ebe ọ bụ na ejikọtara ha n'otu ngwaa, ejiri akara suffix -ɨn akara dị ka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. . sɔn "ịgba" nwere ihe incorporated nɛs "azụ", nke mbụ consonant geminates maka ssɔn ; ssɔn-nɛs , ịbụ akụkụ nke otu okwu, wee belata na ssɔnɛs .

Asụsụ Tolomako, maka myirịta na nke dị n'elu n'asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya mana n'ụzọ dị mfe ụtọ

Ntụaka

Guy (1977). "On the origins of the Sakao vowel system (New Hebrides)". The Journal of the Polynesian Society 86 (1): 97–103.

Njikọ mpụga

Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke olumba N'kep nke Sakao (north Vanuatu): Nhazi na mgbanwe
Paradisec nwere nchịkọta abụọ nke Arthur Cappell ( AC1, AC2 ) nke gụnyere ihe asụsụ Sakao