Asụsụ Sherpa
Sherpa (nakwa Sharpa, Sherwa, ma ọ bụ Xiaerba ) bụ asụsụ Tibetic a na-asụ na Nepal na steeti Sikkim nke India, nke Sherpa kacha asụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Sherpa bi na mpaghara Khumbu nke Nepal, si n'ókè China (Tibet) dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo Osimiri Bhotekosi dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. [1] Ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 127,000 bi na Nepal (ọnụọgụ 2021), ihe dị ka 16,000 na Sikkim, India (2011), na ụfọdụ 800 na Tibet Autonomous Region (1994). Sherpa bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa (SOV) asụsụ . Sherpa bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji script Devanagari ma ọ bụ Tibetan dee ya mgbe ụfọdụ. [1]
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Sherpa bụ ngalaba Tibetic nke ezinụlọ Tibeto-Burman . O nwere njikọ chiri anya na Central Tibetan, Jirel, Humla, Mugom, Dolpo, Lo-ke, Nubri, Tsum, Langtang, Kyirong, Yolmo, Gyalsumdo, Kagate, Lhomi, Walung, na Tokpe Gola. Agụ akwụkwọ Tibet LT - na-aghọ /lh/ na SR- aghọ /ʈ/. Enwere olumba ise nwere njikọ chiri anya, ndị a bụ Solu, Khumbu, Pharak, Dram, na Sikkimese Sherpa.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Sherpa bụ asụsụ tonal . [2] [3] Sherpa nwere consonants ndị a: [4]
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Kwụsị ụda /p, t̪, ʈ, k/ enwere ike ewepụtaghị [ p̚, t̪̚, ʈ̚, k̚ ] n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ.
- Palatal na-ada ụda /c cʰ ɟ/ nwere ike neutralize ka velar ụda [k kʰ ɡ] mgbe mbụ /i, e, ɛ/ .
- /n/ nwere ike ịghọ imi retroflex [ ɳ ] mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu nkwụsị retroflex.
- /p/ nwere ike inwe allophone nke [ ɸ ] mgbe ọ na-eme na okwu ngwa ngwa.
- /l/ na /r/ na-ewepụta na njedebe nke okwu ma ọ bụ n'ihu consonant.
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Azu | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ọnụ | imi | ọnụ | imi | |
| Elu | i | ĩ | u | ũ |
| Ọkara-elu | e | ẽ | o | õ |
| Ọkara-ala | ɛ | ɛ̃ | ɔ | ɔ̃ |
| Dị ala | a | ã | ʌ | ʌ̃ |
- Udaume na-ada /i, u/ nwere allophones [ɪ, ʊ] mgbe n'etiti consonants na na mkpuruokwu mechiri emechi. [2]
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ụda anọ dị iche iche; elu /v́/, elu ọdịda /v̂/, obere /v̀/, na obere ịrị elu /v̌/ . N'agbanyeghị ụda okwu a na-adị mgbe niile, syllable ikpeazụ nke ajụjụ bụ ka a ga-eji ụda na-arị elu kpọpụta.
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-agbanwe mkpụrụ okwu ngwaa maka akụkụ na ọnọdụ. Akụkụ ndị na-ezughị okè na nke zuru oke na ọchịchọ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe e bu n'obi mee ihe), enweghị njedebe, mgbagwoju anya, na mkpa (iwu) ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Na ngwaa suffixes, infinitive, disjunct (omume na-abụghị e bu n'obi ma ọ bụ na-amaghị na e bu n'obi), gara aga observational, mirative (ọkà okwu ịtụnanya), volitional, augmentative (oke ike), participle, durative (omume na-ewe site na ogologo oge), mgbochi (ọtụtụ dị mkpa), dictative, escent akụkọ, ihe dị iche iche na-ekwu okwu. Okwu ngwaa nwere ike were ihe ruru suffixes atọ. A na-ewerekarị akụkụ ndị zuru oke na ndị na-ezughị okè dị ka oge gara aga na nke na-abụghị oge gara aga, n'otu n'otu. Akara aha "locative" na "ablative" anaghị ezo aka n'ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ kama ọ bụ okwu homomorphous dị ka clitic nke otu aha ahụ. Sherpa bụ ngwaa-ikpeazụ.
| Ụdị | Suffix |
|---|---|
| Enweghị ngwụcha | -u/-p |
| Ọgba aghara/Na-egbu mgbu | (k) i |
| Nlebanya gara aga | -nsun |
| Mirative | -nọk |
| Nke afọ ofufo | -ĩ |
| Augmentative | (s) a |
| nsonye | -CṼ (C) ,-n |
| Ogologo oge | -i |
| Nkwuwa okwu | -si |
| Ablative | -ne |
| Ebe | -la |
Infinitive na-akakwa akara ngwaa nke ahịrịokwu ikwu na ihe omume izugbe na-enweghị isiokwu akọwapụtara. Akara ablative na-egosi omume na-aga n'ihu nwere njikọ ụfọdụ kpatara. Akara ebe a na-egosi mgbe emere ihe omume dị na nkebi ahịrịokwu maka ebumnuche imezu ihe omume ahụ n'ahịrịokwu ebe. A na-eji copula (Enweghị mma hín, zuru oke hot̪u ) maka ịdị adị, ọnọdụ, njirimara, na amụma amụma. Ihe ahụ pụtara ìhè bụ́ pụtara na njedebe nke nkebi ahịrịokwu iji gosi omume nke ọkà okwu gbara akaebe. A na-eji ihe na-adịghị mma má na ngwaa zuru oke.
Aha aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere okwu ikpe anọ dị na Sherpa: nominative, genitive, locative, and ablative . Enwere ike iji ndị a akara arụmụka nke ngwaa. Enwere usoro nkewa-ergative dabere na akụkụ; nominative-na-ebo ebubo n'ime ezughị okè na onye nkwutọ-na-eme ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke.
Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nnọchiaha onwe onye na Sherpa na-atụgharị maka ọnụọgụ na ikpe. Enwere ike iji nnochiaha mmadụ nke atọ dị ka ihe ngosi, na onye nke atọ n'otu n'otu na-ejekwa ozi dị ka akara nrịbama postnominal.
| Onye | Otu | Ọtụtụ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nhọpụta | Genitive | Ebe | Nhọpụta | Genitive | Ebe | |
| 1 (gụnyere) | -- | -- | -- | d̪ʌkpu | d̪ʌkp | d̪ʌkpula |
| 1 (Ewezuga) | ŋʌ | ɲɛ | ʌla | ɲirʌŋ | ɲire | ɲirʌŋla |
| 2 | cʰuruŋ | cʰore | cʰuruŋla | cʰírʌŋ | cʰíre | cʰírʌŋla |
| 3 | t̪í | t̪íki | t̪íla | t̪iwɔ́ | t̪íwi | t̪iwɔ́la |
Enwere akụkọ abụọ, nke na-eme nkebiokwu-n'ikpeazụ. A na-eji enclitic gosi ụdị ahụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ - i na njedebe nke okwu okwu.
Adjectives
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro n'ozuzu okwu n'ime aha-nkebiokwu bụ Noun-Adjective. Quantifiers na ọnụọgụ na-esokwa aha ha na-agbanwe. Ọnụọgụ nwere ike were suffix -pa iji gosi ordinary ma ọ bụ -kʌr iji gosi mkpokọta.
| Gloss | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| otu | čìk | iri na otu | čučik |
| abuo | ɲì | iri na abuo | čìŋɲi |
| atọ | sụm | iri na ato | gbupsum |
| anọ | ǰi | iri abụọ | kʰʌlǰik |
| ise | ŋà | iri abụọ na otu | kʰʌlǰik |
| isii | t̪úk | iri atọ | kʰʌlsum |
| Asaa | d̪ n'ime | iri ise | kʰʌlŋa |
| asatọ | jɛ́ | iri asaa | kʰʌld n'ime |
| itoolu | gu | iri itoolu | kʰʌlgu |
| iri | čìt̪ʰʌmba | otu narị | kʰʌl čìt̪ʰʌmba |
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tebụlụ na-esonụ depụtara ụbọchị nke izu, nke sitere na asụsụ Tibet ("Pur-gae").
| Bekee | Sherpa |
|---|---|
| Sọnde | ihema |
| Monday | Dawa |
| Tuzdee | Miŋma |
| Wenezde | Lakpa |
| Tọzdee | Phurba |
| Fraịde | Pasaŋ |
| Satọde | Pemba |
Ihe atụ Ederede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nke a bụ ihe atụ ederede na Sherpa nke edemede 1 nke nkwupụta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ikike mmadụ :
Sherpa na edemede Devanagari
- 1. Ọ bụ ya mere o ji dị mkpa. गङ्ग नम्ज्योद दङ् शेस्रब् फर्छुर च्यिग्गि-Fi
Sherpa na edemede Tibet
- མ Ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. Nkeji ihe merenụ. Amụma nke ọma . Ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. Ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. ihe ང། ཕ Okpukpe dị elu Ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ.
Sherpa na ntụgharị asụsụ IAST
- Mi rig te ri raꞌvāꞌ daꞌ cithoꞌ gi thopthaꞌ ɗaḍaï thog kyeu yin. Gaṅ ga namjyod daṅ śesrab lhankye su oddub yin caṅ, pharchur cyiggi-cyigla pungyi duśes jyoggogyi.
Sherpa na ntụgharị asụsụ Wylie
- Mi rigs te ri rang dbang dang rtsi thong gi thob thang 'dra 'dra'i thog skyeu yin. Gang ga rnam dpyod dang shes rab lhan skyes su 'od dub yin tsang, phar tshur gcig gis gcig la spun gyi 'du shes 'jog dgos kyi.
Ntụgharị asụsụ
- Nkeji edemede 1: A mụrụ mmadụ niile n'ohere na nha anya ugwu na ikike. Enyere ha uche na akọ na uche ma kwesị ịkpakọrịta ibe ha n'ime mmụọ nke ụmụnna.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sherpa | History & Culture (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 28 February 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Graves (2007). The Phonetics and Phonology of the Sherpa Language. Graves, Thomas E. (2007).
- ↑ Sherpa. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 30 August 2019.
- ↑ (November 2008) "Nepalese Linguistics". Journal of the Linguistic Society of Nepal 23: 371–380. Retrieved on 8 October 2021.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Himali Sherpa: Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Culture Sherpa
- Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Sherpa-Bekee na Bekee-Sherpa
- Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Sherpa Archived Bipụta mbipụta
- Asụsụ Sherpa Omniglot