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Asụsụ Sinitic

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Asụsụ Sinitic [ a ] ( simplified Chinese ), nke na-asụkarị asụsụ China, bụ otu asụsụ nyocha nke East Asia nke mebere ngalaba bụ isi nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Sino-Tibet . A na-atụkarị aro na enwere nkewa bụ isi n'etiti asụsụ Sinitic na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ ( asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ). Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta jụrụ echiche a [ 4 ] mana ọ chọtara nkwado phylogenetic n'etiti ndị ọzọ. [1] [ 6 ] Asụsụ Macro-Bai, nke nhazi ya siri ike, nwere ike bụrụ mpụ nke Chinese ochie wee si otú ahụ Sinitic; bụghị ya, Sinitic na-akọwa naanị site n'ọtụtụ ụdị China dị n'otu site na ndabere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "Sinitic" nwere ike igosipụta echiche asụsụ na Chinese bụ ezinụlọ nwere asụsụ dị iche iche, kama ịbụ ụdị dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ. [ b ]

Ndị mmadụ

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Ihe karịrị 91% nke ndị China na-asụ asụsụ Sinitic. Ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 1.52 bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Chinese, ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ime ha na-asụ ụdị Mandarin. Atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-ekwu okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke alaka Sinitic dị ka nke 2018-2019, ma ndị obodo ma ndị na-abụghị ndị obodo, ka edepụtara n'okpuru: [2]

Alaka Ndị na-ekwu okwu pct.
Mandarin 1,118,584,040  
Yue 85,576,570  
Wu 81,817,790  
Min 75,633,810  
Jin 47,100,000  
Haka 44,065,190  
Xiang 37,400,000  
Gan 22,200,000  
Huizhou 5,380,000  
Pinghua 4,130,000  
Dungan 56,300  
Mkpokọta 1,521,943,700 100%

Asụsụ

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Ndị na-asụ Chinese L1 na asụsụ Sino-Tibet ndị ọzọ dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo

Ọkà mmụta olumba Jerry Norman mere atụmatụ na e nwere ọtụtụ narị asụsụ Sinitic a na-apụghị ịghọta nke ọma. [ 11 ] Ha na-etolite n'olumba continuum nke ndịiche na-apụtakarị karịa ka anya na-abawanye, n'agbanyeghị na enwekwara oke oke. [ 12 ] Enwere ike ikewa asụsụ Sinitic ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ Macro-Bai na asụsụ Chinese, nke a bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụzọ enwere ike isi kewaa asụsụ ndị a. Ụfọdụ ụdị, dị ka Shaozhou Tuhua, siri ike ịkewa ma yabụ etinyeghị ya na mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a.

Asụsụ Macro-Bai

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Nke a bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke mbụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Zhengzhang Shangfang tụpụtara, [3] wee gbasaa ka ọ tinye Longjia na Luren. [4] [5] O yikarịrị ka ọ kewapụrụ na ndị ọzọ nke Sinitic n'oge oge ochie Chinese . [6] Asụsụ ndị agụnyere ka a na-ewere na ọ bụ obere asụsụ na China ma na-asụ ya na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ . [7] [8] Asụsụ ndị a bụ:

Chinese

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A na-ekewa alaka ezinụlọ nke China n'ime opekata mpe ezinụlọ asaa. A na-ekewa ezinụlọ ndị a dabere n'ụkpụrụ evolushọn ise bụ isi:

  1. Mbido nke akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru oke (全浊;全濁; ) mkpịrịsị
  2. Nkesa rimes n'ofe àgwà ụda anọ ahụ, dị ka a kwadoro site na ụda olu na ọchịchọ nke mkpịrịsị
  3. Mmelite nke otu ụda enyocha (入; ).
  4. Ọnwụ ma ọ bụ njide nke ọnọdụ coda plosives na imi
  5. The palatalisation nke jiàn mmalite (見母; ) n'ihu ụdaume dị elu

Ụdị dị iche iche dị n'otu ezinụlọ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe nghọta n'etiti ibe ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Wenzhunese na Ningbonese anaghị aghọta nke ọma. Asụsụ Atlas nke China na-akọwapụta otu iri: [9]

  • Mandarin
  • Jin
  • Yue
  • Haka
  • Min
  • Wu
  • Hui
  • Gan
  • Xiang
  • Pinghua na Tuhua

A na-eji ụdị Mandarin dị iche iche na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, Southwest, Huguang, Mongolia Inner, Central Plains na Northeast, [9] site na ihe dịka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị na-asụ Sinitic. [2] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụdị ugwu dị iche iche na-abụkarị Mandarin, nke a ka na-egosipụta taa na Standard Chinese . [10] Chinese Standard ugbu a bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of China, Republic of China, Singapore na United Nations . Mgbalị imegharị mmadụ, dị ka nke usoro ndị eze Qing na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-etinye aka na ndị na-asụ Mandarin. [11] Nhazi nke lects Mandarin enweela ọtụtụ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge a, a na-ekewa ya dị ka nke a, dabere na nkesa nke ụda akụkọ ihe mere eme enyocha: [9]

Ndị nhazi ọkwa

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Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia dị ka Japanese na Korean, asụsụ Sinitic nwere usoro nhazi ọkwa, Otú ọ dị, ojiji nke nhazi ọkwa dịgasị iche iche dị iche iche na njirimara dị ka nkọwa . [10] Na Cantonese, dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji ha mee akara akara, nke dị ụkọ na Sinitic ebe a na-ahụkarị na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.   個 and 隻 bụ ndị na-agụkarị mkpụrụ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ cross-linguistically.[1] Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, asụsụ Mandarinic na-enwekarị ọkwa ọkwa ole na ole ebe ndịda na-abụghị ndị Mandarin na-enwekarị.e.[10]

Ihe ngosi

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Asụsụ Sinitic nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'usoro ihe ngosi ha. [10] Standard Mandarin na ụdị ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nwere usoro ụzọ abụọ:這; (proximal) na那; (distal), ma nke a abụghị nanị usoro a na-ahụ n'asụsụ Sinitic.

Wuhannese nwere ngosipụta na-anọpụ iche, nke enwere ike iji n'agbanyeghị ebe dị anya na etiti deictic. [12] [13] A na-ahụ usoro ndị yiri ya na Northern Wu lects dị ka Suzhunese na Ningbonese . [14] [10]   N'ahịrịokwu dị n'elu, /nɤ³⁵/ enwere ike ịtụgharị ya dịka 'nke a' na 'nke ahụ'. Ọ bụ ezie na Wuhannese nwere usoro a nke sistemu na-anọpụ iche nke otu oge, ọ nwekwara sistemu nso nso ụzọ abụọ. Nke a bụ otu ihe ahụ maka ọtụtụ nkuzi ndị ọzọ nwere usoro otu okwu.

Ọbụlagodi n'ime usoro ụzọ abụọ, nke bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị, okwu nwere ike ịpụtapụta ebe dị anya site na etiti deitic. 嗰 (distal) na Shanghainese搿; (proximal) sitere na個, dịka ọmụmaatụ. [15] [16]

Ọtụtụ asụsụ Sinitic nwere usoro ụzọ atọ, mana anya atọ anaghị abụ otu mgbe niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe Guangshan Mandarin nwere sistemu dị nso, etiti na nke dị anya, Xinyu Gan nwere usoro dị nso, nke dị nso na nke dị anya. Gan nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere usoro ụzọ atọ, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ejikwa ụda na ụdaume akara karịa naanị ịgbanwe okwu eji. [10] [17]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ụdị nwere ọbụna usoro ngosipụta nke anọ ma ọ bụ ise. Were ihe atụ ndị a: [10]

Dongxiang Zhangshu
Mechie ꜀ko kọ꜆
Nke dị nso ꜁ko ko꜆
Ebe dị anya ꜀e ꜃hɛ
Ọzọ ꜁e ꜃hɛ̣

Okwu nkuzi abụọ a na-eji mgbanwe ụda na ogologo ụdaume dị iche iche iji mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ngosi anọ ahụ.

Ihe ndetu

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Ntụaka

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Nkọwapụta

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  1. ↑ Zhang (2019). "Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic". Nature 569 (7754): 112–115. DOI:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31019300. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Chinese. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ethnologue china" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Zhengzhang (2010). "{{{title}}}" (2): 389–400. 
  4. ↑ 貴州省民族識別工作隊語言組 (1984). {{{title}}}. 
  5. ↑ 貴州省民族識別工作隊 (1984). 南龍人（南京-龍家）族別問題調查報告. 
  6. ↑ Gong (6 November 2015). "How Old is the Chinese in Bái?". 
  7. ↑ (2002) 貴州省志 民族志. Guiyang: 貴州民族出版社. 
  8. ↑ Xu (1984). {{{title}}}. 民族印刷廠. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Li (2012). 中國語言地圖集. Li, Rong (2012). 中國語言地圖集. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "atlas" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Chappell (2015). Diversity in Sinitic Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198723790. Chappell, Hilary M. (2015). Diversity in Sinitic Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198723790. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "diversity" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Tsung (2014). Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China. Bloomsbury Publishing. 
  12. ↑ Zhu (1992). 武漢方言研究. 
  13. ↑ Zhu (May 1995). 武漢方言詞典. 江蘇教育出版社. ISBN 7534323290. 
  14. ↑ Ye (1993). 蘇州方言詞典. 江蘇教育出版社. 
  15. ↑ Bai (1998). 廣州方言詞典. 江蘇教育出版社出版. ISBN 9787534334344. 
  16. ↑ Qian (2007). 上海話大詞典. 上海教育出版社. 
  17. ↑ Wei (1995). 黎川方言詞典. 江蘇教育出版社. 
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