Asụsụ Sirayaic
Asụsụ Sirayaic bụ otu n'ime obere alaka nke alaka Formosan, n'okpuru ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian. Ma Blust (1999) na Li (2010) na-ewere na Proto-Siraya bụ asụsụ East Formosan, yana asụsụ Kavalanic na Amis.[1][2]
Asụsụ Proto-Siraya bụ nna ochie nke alaka Siraiyac e wughachiri ọhụrụ. Asụsụ Proto-Siraya nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala asụsụ atọ: Siraya, Taivoan, na Makatao. Li kwuru na Proto-Siraya nwere ike kewapụrụ onwe ya na asụsụ East Formosan ndị ọzọ ihe dị ka afọ 3,500 gara aga, ma malitekwa itolite taa Siraya, Taivoan, na Makatao afọ 3,000 gara aga[2]
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Raleigh Farrell (1971) kwenyere na e nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ amaala ise na ala dị larịị nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Taiwan n'oge ahụ: [3]
| Osisi dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ọhụrụ phonological | Osisi dabere na usoro oge nke mgbanwe ụda |
|---|---|
Ihe owuwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Adelaar bipụtara nrụzigharị ya nke Proto-Siraya phonology na 2014: [4]
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nkwụsị a na-ekwughị | p | t | k | |||||||
| Nkwụsị olu | b | d | ||||||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Spirants na-enweghị olu | s | h | ||||||||
| Spirants a na-ekwupụta | v | ð | ɣ | |||||||
| N'akụkụ | r, ł | |||||||||
| Ọkara ụdaume | w | na | ||||||||
| Ogologo | N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i | u | |||||
| N'etiti | ə | ||||||
| Emeghe | a |
Mgbanwe ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dabere na ntụnyere nke corpora ndị dịnụ, Adelaar (2014) tụrụ aro nchịkọta nke nkwekọrịta dị mma n'etiti Proto-Austronesian na Proto-Siraya, [4] jikọtara ya na Siraya ma ọ bụ Taivoan na narị afọ nke iri na asaa, ya na asụsụ atọ ndị ọzọ nke East Formosan, Basay, Kavalan, na Amis, nke Li (2004) tụrụ aro: [5]
| Ndị Ọstrelia Mbụ | Proto-Siraya | Siraya (UM) | Siraya ma ọ bụ Taivoan (Oziọma) | Basay | Kavalan | Ndị enyi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *p | *p | p | p | p | p | p |
| *t, *C | *t | t | t | t | t | t |
| *c | -- | |||||
| *k | *k | k | k | k, h /_a | k, q | k |
| *q | Ø | Ø | Ø | Q | ||
| *b | *b | b/v | b/v | b | b | f |
| *d | *ọ bụ | s/d, -s-, -s | d/r, -r-, -r/d | |||
| *-D | -- | r, l | z | d | ||
| *z | *d | d | d | r, l | z | d |
| *j | *n | n | n | n | n | n |
| *g | -- | |||||
| *m | *m | m | m | m | m | m |
| *n | *n | n | n | n | n | n |
| *ñ | ? *n | n | n | n | n | d |
| *ŋ | *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
| *h | Ø | Ø | Ø | h, ? | ||
| *S | *s | Ø, -s- | Ø, -h- | s | s | s |
| *s | *s | s/h-, -s/h/x-, -x | s/h-, -s/h/x-, -Ø | c | s | c |
| *R | *x | x | h/Ø-, -h/Ø-,-x | r, l | r, l, R | l |
| *l | *r | r | r | c | r, l, R | l |
| *r | -- | |||||
| *N | *ł | l | l | n | n | d |
| *w | *w, *u | w | w | w | w | v |
| *y | *y | na | na | na | na | na |
| *a | *a | a | a | a | a, m / *q | a |
| *ə | *ə | Ø | Ø | |||
| *i | *i | i, -i/e | i, -i/e | i | i | i |
| *u | *u | u | u/aw-, -u-, -u/aw | u | u | u |
Chaatị ntụnyere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'okpuru ebe a bụ chaatị na-atụle ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ 1-10 n'asụsụ Sirayaic, gụnyere asụsụ dị iche iche nke Siraya, Taivoan, na asụsụ Makatao, nke a na-asụ site na Tainan ruo Pingtung na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Taiwan, na site na Hualien ruo Taitung n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Taiwan: [6]
| Ndepụta nke Ọnụ Ọgụgụ 1-10 | Asụsụ | Aha onwe onye | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ndị Ọstrelia Mbụ | *əsa
*isa |
*duSa | *təlu | *Səpat | *Oké mmiri | *ənəm | *pitu | *kwụsị | *Siwa | * (sa-) puluq | |||
| Proto-Siraya | *Sat | *ezu | *turu | *ụmụatị | *rǐma | *nəm | *pitu | *kuixpa | *ma-tuda | *saat ki tian | |||
| Narị afọ nke 17 | Siraya | Utrecht[ihe odide ala peeji 1] | -- | saat | sa-soa | gị-obi | pa-xpat | ri-rima | ni-nam | pi-pito | kuxipat | matuda | Kekeang |
| Siraya (ma eleghị anya) | Oziọma [ihe odide ala ala peeji ] | -- | saat | ruha | Oge a na-akpọ | xpat | Rima | aha | Smurf | kuixpa | matuda | Sinan | |
| Narị afọ nke 20 | Siraya | Kongana | Siraiya | sasaat | Doji | Oge a na-akpọ | Tapat | tu-rima | tu-num | Smurf | Pipe | kuda | keteng |
| Siraya (ma eleghị anya) | Moatao | Siraiya | nke a | Rọshịa | Tao | usipat | hima | lomu | Smurf | Ọpụpụ | siva | Mee | |
| Taivoan | Suannsamna | -- | ya | zua | to'o | Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga na-abụ na
gaspa |
urima | urumu | upitu | uwaru | hsiya | -- | |
| Taivoan | Siaolin | Taiwan | tsaha
saka |
ruha
luha |
Ọgba aghara | Macha
limta |
hima | Loman
lanlan |
kito | kipa | matuha
matsuha |
Onye Kaị nke Saịpụ
Kaitian | |
| Taivoan | Dazhuang | Taivoan
Taiburan |
tsatsa'a | Rakarị | tato'o | Tapat | ikpo okwu | tanum | tyausen | rapako | ravasen | kaiten | |
| Makatao | [Ihe odide ala peeji] | Makatao | saka | bailung | kutung | lumta | Rima | langalan | kimseng | kalasin | kabaitya | kaiten | |
| Makatao | Kanapo[ihe odide ala peeji ] | -- | na-saad | ra-ruha | ra-ruma | ra-sipat | ra-lima | ra-hurum | ra-pito | ra-haru | ra-siwa | Ra-Kaitian | |
| Makatao | Bankim[ihe odide ala peeji ] | -- | saat | Julaị | Taturu | akpụkpọ ụkwụ | lalima | N'otu | papaịl | -- | tuda | saatitin | |
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Blust, Robert (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives. 26: 46067.
- 1 2 Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2010). 珍惜台灣南島語言. Taipei: 前衛出版. ISBN 978-957-801-635-4.Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2010). 珍惜台灣南島語言. Taipei: 前衛出版. ISBN 978-957-801-635-4.
- ↑ Ferrell, Raleigh (1971). "Aboriginal peoples of the Southwestern Taiwan plains". Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology. 32: 217–235.
- 1 2 Adelaar, Alexander (2014). Proto Siraya Phonology: A Reconstruction. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale.
- ↑ Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2004). Origins of the East Formosans: Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
- ↑ Tsuchida, Shigeru (1991). Linguistic materials of the Formosan sinicized populations I: Siraya and Basai. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo, Department of Linguistics.