Asụsụ Sora

Sora ; 𑃐𑃚𑃝, ସଉରା
:
Spoken in:	India
Total speakers:	409,549, 61% of ethnic population
Language family:	Tustrusyawit; Munda; South; Sora-Gorum; SoraTempleeti:Infobox Language/script
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	srb
	Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Sora bụ asụsụ Munda ndịda nke asụsụ Austroasiatic nke ndị Sora, otu agbụrụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ India, ọkachasị na steeti Odisha na Andhra Pradesh . Sora nwere obere akwụkwọ nkịtị mana o nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịnala na ọdịnala. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọmụma na-esi n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ na-ebufe site n'ọnụ. Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ India, UNESCO depụtara Sora dị ka 'enweghị ike ikpochapụ'. ^[1] Ndị na-ekwu okwu Sora gbadoro ụkwụ na Odisha na Andhra Pradesh. Asụsụ a nọ n'ihe egwu dịka International Mother Language Institute (IMLI) siri kwuo. ^[2]

Nkesa

A na-etinyekarị ndị na-ekwu okwu na Ganjam District, Gajapati District (gụnyere Central Gumma Hills region (Gumma Block), na Rayagada District, a na-ahụkwa ya na mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ dịka Koraput na Phulbani district; obodo ndị ọzọ dị na ugwu Andhra Pradesh ( Vizianagaram District, Parvatipuram Manyam District na).

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Asụsụ Sora echewo usoro eji eme ihe dị ka ebili mmiri ihu—ya bụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Sora rịgoro n'ike n'ike ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ tupu ọ daa. N'ezie, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Sora sitere na 157 puku na 1901 ruo 166 puku na 1911. ^[3] Na 1921, ọnụ ọgụgụ a ji ntakịrị ihe ruru puku 168 ma nọgide na-arị elu. ^[3] Na 1931, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu wụliri ruo 194 puku, ma na 1951, oge uto dị ukwuu mere, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-awụlikwa elu ruo 256 puku. ^[3] na 1961, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu ruru puku 265 tupu ha daa na 1971 mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu gbadara azụ ruo 221 puku. ^[3]

Omenala

Ndị Sora na-asụ Sora, ndị bụ akụkụ nke Adivasi, ma ọ bụ ndị agbụrụ, na India, na-eme Sora ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ Adivasi. ^[4] A na-ahụ Sora na nso ndị na-asụ Odia na Telugu nke mere na ọtụtụ ndị Sora na-asụ asụsụ abụọ. ^[4] Sora nwere obere akwụkwọ ewezuga egwu ole na ole na akụkọ ọdịnala nke a na-ebukarị n'ọnụ. ^[4]

fonology

N'otu aka ahụ, nghọta anyị gbasara phonology Sora nwere oke na kacha mma mana enwere ụfọdụ nkọwapụta nke enwere ike ịme. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụokwu bụ nke Consonant, Vowel, Consonant form na morphemes na-enwekarị otu mkpụrụokwu atọ. ^[5] Enwere consonants iri na asatọ na-adaba n'ọtụtụ ebe ntọala ụda siri pụta. Consonants ise sitere na palate ebe naanị otu consonant sitere na glottis. Akụkụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke consonants Sora bụ na ha nwere ụdaume ebumpụta ụwa. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike ịkpọ ụdaume dị iche iche, enwere naanị ụdaume isii na Sora. Enweghị ụda olu na ọchịchọ dịgasị iche dabere na ọkà okwu. ^[6] O yikarịrị ka mmetụta Bekee, Odia, na Telugu metụtakwara ịkpọpụta ụdaume n'oge Sora na-eji ya. Mkpọ okwu na-agbanwekwa na prevocalic (na-eme tupu ụdaume) na gburugburu ndị na-abụghị prevocalic. ^[6]

Consonants

		Bilabial	eze	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Kwụsị	enweghị olu	p	t		tʃ	k	ʔ
Kwụsị	kwuputara	b	d		dʒ	ɡ
Nke na-ese okwu			s
imi		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Mpịakọta			r	ɽ
Odika			l		j
Glides					y

Udaume

Morphonology

Consonants Sora na ụdaume nwere ike nweta usoro ngbanwe ụda na ọkwa prosodic dabere na ngbanwe nrụgide na morphosyntactic a na-eme n'oge nke consonants na ụdaume na-ejikọta ya na ụda nke bu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-esote azuokokoosisi, ma ọ bụ imi ikpeazụ nwere ihe mgbochi mbụ nke okwu na-esonụ. Site n'ime nke a, ụfọdụ suffixes ga-ejikọta ya na ngwaa ya na ụda olu na okwu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ allomorphs dabere na njirimara morphological nke morpheme initials na codas nke emepụtara n'oge okwu nkịtị ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa. ^[7]

Ụtọ asụsụ

Nchịkọta

Sora bụ polysynthetic na ntinye aha. ^[8] Otu mkpụrụokwu Sora nwere ike ibupụta mpụtara nkebiokwu dum. Agbanyeghị, ebe ndị nyocha na-ewere mkpụrụokwu Sora ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu n'otu n'otu, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Sora na-aghọta ha dị ka nkebiokwu ma na-agbaji ha n'usoro nke okwu iambic nwere njiri elu.

	Nke dị nso	Ebe dị anya
'nke a / na'	kəni/kun	- ị / kun
'dị ka nke a /'	ɛʔne	ɛʔte
'dị ka otu a / otu a'	ɛʔnegɔj	ɛʔtegɔj
'nke a / obere ahụ'	dịrị	dakiyte
'nke a / buru ibu'	kụʔne	kụʔte
'ebea/ebe'	teʔne	teʔte
'gburugburu ebe a'	arɛʔne	-
'n'oge ahụ'	-	səlɛʔte

Ikpe

Nkanye ikpe na Sora na-enwekarị nkụja. Enweghị ihe nrịbama na-egosi ndakọrịta syntactic n'etiti isiokwu na ihe, ntụgharị nhọpụta-na-ebo ebubo ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma-absolutive . Ọnụọgụ ihe owuwu nke ụtọasụsụ nwere ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịkọwapụta n'ụdị ọdịdị n'ime arụmụka isi ihe dị ndụ nke ngwaa ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ. akara oblique-dative - dɔ[ʔɔ]ŋ - nwere ike igosipụta na standalone morpheme dị ka adɔŋ .

Nke zuru oke ? – Ọnụ -n
Dative – Oblique -dɔ[ʔɔ]ŋ-
Ihe dị mkpa -
Nwere a- na -a
Allative - ban
Ebe - enweghị isi - Illative -leŋ-ən na -leŋ

okike & klaasị

Edebanyeghị asụsụ okike okike ma ọ bụ klaasị na Sora morphosyntax. Iji gosi ihe nwoke / nwanyị, ndị na-ekwu okwu Sora na-eji njedebe njedebe ụmụ amaala = mar (nwoke, mmadụ) na = boj (nwanyị) mgbe ha na-ejikwa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-adịkarịghị, suffixes nwoke na nwanyị gbaziri site na Indo-Aryan dị ka -a na -i .

Adjectives

Ọtụtụ nkọwapụta nke Sora bụ mkpokọta aha, ya bụ okwu-okwu, na tupu aha nwere ọrụ mgbanwe.

Adpositions

Okwu okwu

Mgbasa ozi anaghị emetụta. Ụfọdụ adverbs Sora bụ: tiki 'after', tikki 'afterwards', mailen 'together', dɔ 'so', əntɚpsɛlɛ 'ya mere', biɲdɔ 'but', bɔibɔi 'very', annɚŋ 'oge', nam 'now', aŋaːnʼaŋaːn'yed'm mgbe ụfọdụ, mori mgbe ụfọdụ . 'na nso nso a', wdg.

Ụdị okwu ọnụ

Ụdị okwu ọnụ nke Sora na-eji prefixes, infixes, na suffixes kwa nkeji ụtọasụsụ. N'ụdị sịntetik nke Munda, okwu ngwaa dị na Sora bụ isi-ikpeazụ isiokwu-object-ngwaa SOV . Agbanyeghị, Sora ewepụtala sistemu ntinye aha na-arụpụta ihe nke dị ka ọ sitere na mpụta mbụ nke proto-Munda . Ntinye aha ya na-akọwapụta nke ọma ụdị n'efu yana ụdị aha lexical agbakwunyere. Na polysynthetic morphosyntax, Sora ngwaa nkebi ahịrịokwu na-egosiputa usoro SVO siri ike isi-mbụ dị ka nke a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ ndị na-abụghị Munda Austroasiatic . Ihe kacha akpali mmasị nke Sora syntactic noun incorporation bụ transitive isiokwu incorporation, na-akọwa na asụsụ na-enye ohere transitive ngwaa ka incorporate (absorb) ya transitive isiokwu / onye nnọchiteanya na ngwaa stems fọdụrụ transitive na ihe indexing na-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ ọbụna mgbe e debanyere. ^[9]

Syntax

Na Sora, usoro ihe mejupụtara klausal bụ SOV.

Okwu okwu

Tụnyere asụsụ Munda ndị ọzọ dị ka Kharia onye a na-akọ na okwu ya nwere pasentị 40 nke okwu agbaziri n'aka Indo-Aryan, Sora nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ okwu mbinye ego mba ofesi ole na ole. Sora nwekwara efu ekwentị mba ofesi. ^[10] (Donegan & Stampe, 2004) Sora na-enweta okwu site na asụsụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu dịka Telugu na Oriya. ^[11] Ihe atụ nke okwu e nwetara site na Oriya bụ kɘ'ra'ñja' nke bụ aha osisi. ^[11] Site na Telugu mu'nu', nke pụtara gram ojii, ka agbaziri. ^[11] Ọzọkwa, n'ime ezinụlọ Munda n'onwe ya, ọtụtụ okwu na-egosi na ha na-aghọta nke ọma n'ihi obere ọdịiche dị na ịkpọ okwu na phonology. Kharia na Korku, asụsụ Munda abụọ ọzọ, na Sora na-ekerịta okwu nwere nghọta. ^[12] Dị ka ihe atụ, nọmba 11 na Kharia bụ ghol moŋ, na Korku bụ gel ɗo miya, na Sora bụ gelmuy. ^[12] 11 nke ọ bụla n'asụsụ ọ bụla na-ele anya ma na-ada n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na nke iri na otu ndị ọzọ. Ọbụghị naanị na ihe dị n'ime ihe a bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mana kama ọ bụ ọtụtụ okwu nwere nghọta n'etiti asụsụ Munda. N'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọmụma karịa gbasara okwu Sora. Ezinụlọ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke gụnyere asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ezinụlọ Munda. Nke ahụ pụtara na ụfọdụ mkpụrụokwu achọtara na Sora sitere na proto-Austroasiatic ma na-ekerịta myirịta n'ezinaụlọ ndị ọzọ ewepụtara na Austroasiatic. ^[13] Okwu ndị metụtara ahụ, ezinaụlọ, ụlọ, ubi, yana nnochiaha, ngosi na ọnụọgụgụ bụ ndị nwere oke ọnụ. ^[13]

Ọnụọgụ

Usoro ọnụọgụgụ Sora na-eji ntọala 12, nke naanị asụsụ ole na ole ndị ọzọ n'ụwa na-eme. Ekari, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eji usoro 60 isi. ^[14] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-eche 39 na mgbakọ na mwepụ Sora dị ka (1 * 20) + 12 + 7. Nke a bụ ọnụọgụgụ iri na abụọ mbụ n'asụsụ Sora : ^[14]

Igbo: otu abụọ atọ anọ ise isii asaa asatọ itoolu iri iri na otu iri na abụọ

Sora: aboy bago yagi unji monloy tudru gulji t ^h amji tinji gelji gelmuy migel

Yiri ka bekee si eji suffix si na ọnụọgụ iri gachara iri na abụọ (dị ka iri na atọ, iri na anọ, wdg), Sora na-ejikwa ihe nrụgide na ọnụọgụgụ gachara 12 na tupu 20. Iri na ato na Sora ka akọwara dị ka migelboy (12+1), iri na anọ ka migelbagu (12+2), wdg. ^[14] N'etiti ọnụọgụgụ 20 na 99, Sora na-agbakwunye suffix kuri na mpaghara mbụ nke ọnụọgụgụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ekwuru 31 dị ka bokuri gelmuy na 90 dị ka unjikuri gelji . ^[14]

E gosipụtara usoro ọnụọgụ Sora na mgbagwoju anya site na Lera Boroditsky, nke a chọtara na ngalaba More Resources jikọtara ya na "TED talk" .

Usoro edemede

A na-eji ọtụtụ sistemụ dee asụsụ Sora. Mangei Gomango mepụtara script Sora Sompeng n'afọ 1936 dị ka usoro odide ala nna emepụtara maka asụsụ Sora.

Edere Sora n'edemede Latịn, na mkpụrụedemede Odia na Odisha, na n'edemede Telugu na Andhra Pradesh.

Ihe atụ ederede

Ihe odide na-esonụ si n'Abụ Ọma 23 nke Bible Sora ewepụtara na KJV .

Mkpuchi mgbasa ozi

Sora bụ otu n'ime isiokwu nke Ironbound Films '2008 ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ American The Linguists, nke ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abụọ nwara idetu ọtụtụ asụsụ na-enweghị isi . ^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ed. (2016). "Sora" . Glottolog 2.7 . Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Ramamurti, RS (1931). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke asụsụ Sora (Savara). Delhi: mbipụta Mittal.
Veṅkaṭarāmamūrti, G. (1986). Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Sora–Bekee . Delhi: mbipụta Mittal.
Anderson, Gregory DS (ed). 2008. Asụsụ Munda . Usoro Ezinụlọ Asụsụ Routledge 3. New York: Routledge. .

Ntụaka

↑ Sora (en). UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2018-03-18.
↑ দেশোয়ারা. "হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সৌরা ভাষা", The Daily Star Bangla, 21 February 2022. Retrieved on 21 February 2022. (in en)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Mahapatra (1991). "Munda Languages in Census". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 51/52: 329–336.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Chatterji (1971). "'Adivasi' Literatures of India: The Uncultivated 'Adivasi' Languages". Indian Literature 14 (3): 5–42.
↑ Stampe (1965). "Recent Work in Munda Linguistics I". International Journal of American Linguistics 31 (4): 332–341. DOI:10.1086/464864.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
↑ Anderson (2008). "Sora", The Munda Languages. New York: Routledge, 299–380. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
↑ (2021) "Prosody and Morphosyntax in Sora: A Preliminary Study". Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages: 51-55. DOI:10.21437/TAI.2021-11.
↑ Anderson (2017). "Polysynthesis in Sora (Munda) with Special Reference to Noun Incorporation", in Fortescue: The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. Oxford University Press, 930–947. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.50.
↑ Donegan (2004). "Rhythm and the Synthetic Drift of Munda", in Singh: The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton, 3–36.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Zide (1976). Nominal Combining Forms in Sora and Gorum, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press, 1259–1294.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Starosta (1976). "Case Forms and Case Relations in Sora", in Jenner: Austroasiatic Studies, Part 2, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University Press of Hawaii, 1069–1107. ISBN 978-0-8248-0280-6. OCLC 6015240755.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Donegan & Stampe 2002
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 Mohan (2012). "Numeral Expressions in Kharia Korku, and Sora: A Comparative Account". Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 72/73: 367–374. Mohan, Shailendra (2012). "Numeral Expressions in Kharia Korku, and Sora: A Comparative Account". Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. 72/73: 367–374. JSTOR 43610713. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mohan2012" defined multiple times with different content

Njikọ mpụga

Asụsụ Austroasiatic: Munda na Mon–Khmer

[UNESCO-1] Sora (en). UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2018-03-18.

[2] দেশোয়ারা. "হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সৌরা ভাষা", The Daily Star Bangla, 21 February 2022. Retrieved on 21 February 2022. (in en)

[Mahapatra1991-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Mahapatra (1991). "Munda Languages in Census". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 51/52: 329–336.

[Chatterji1971-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Chatterji (1971). "'Adivasi' Literatures of India: The Uncultivated 'Adivasi' Languages". Indian Literature 14 (3): 5–42.

[Stampe1965-5] Stampe (1965). "Recent Work in Munda Linguistics I". International Journal of American Linguistics 31 (4): 332–341. DOI:10.1086/464864.

[:3-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3

[Sora-7] Anderson (2008). "Sora", The Munda Languages. New York: Routledge, 299–380. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

[8] (2021) "Prosody and Morphosyntax in Sora: A Preliminary Study". Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages: 51-55. DOI:10.21437/TAI.2021-11.

[OUP_TOHP_43-9] Anderson (2017). "Polysynthesis in Sora (Munda) with Special Reference to Noun Incorporation", in Fortescue: The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. Oxford University Press, 930–947. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.50.

[10] Donegan (2004). "Rhythm and the Synthetic Drift of Munda", in Singh: The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton, 3–36.

[Zide1976-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Zide (1976). Nominal Combining Forms in Sora and Gorum, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press, 1259–1294.

[Starosta1976-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Starosta (1976). "Case Forms and Case Relations in Sora", in Jenner: Austroasiatic Studies, Part 2, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University Press of Hawaii, 1069–1107. ISBN 978-0-8248-0280-6. OCLC 6015240755.

[Donegan_&_Stampe_2002-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Donegan & Stampe 2002

[Mohan2012-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 Mohan (2012). "Numeral Expressions in Kharia Korku, and Sora: A Comparative Account". Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 72/73: 367–374. Mohan, Shailendra (2012). "Numeral Expressions in Kharia Korku, and Sora: A Comparative Account". Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. 72/73: 367–374. JSTOR 43610713. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mohan2012" defined multiple times with different content

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