Asụsụ Southern Qiang
| Southern Qiang | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Sichuan Province | |
| Total speakers: | Templeeti:Sigfig | |
| Language family: | Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Qiangic Qiang Southern Qiang | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | qxs
| |
Southern Qiang bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke ngalaba Qiangic nke ihe ruru mmadụ 81,300 na-asụ n'akụkụ Minjiang ( Chinese ) osimiri dị na Sichuan Province, China .
Olumba ndịda Qiang na-echekwa mgbanwe aha aha mgbe ochie, ebe ha na-apụ n'anya na Northern Qiang. [1] N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya na Northern Qiang, Southern Qiang bụ asụsụ ụda olu .
Olumba ndịda Qiang
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụ Southern Qiang na mpaghara Li (na TaopingLua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 474: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value)., wdg), Wenchuan County (na LongxiLua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 474: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value)., LuobozhaiLua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 474: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value)., MiansiLua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 474: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value)., wdg), na akụkụ nke Mao County . Ọ nwere olumba asaa: Dajishan, Taoping, Longxi, Mianchi, Heihu, Sanlong, na Jiaochang, ndị dị nnọọ iche na enweghị nghọta.
Aha ndị a hụrụ n'akwụkwọ ochie maka asụsụ ndịda Qiang gụnyere Lofuchai ( Lophuchai, Lopu Chai ) maka Luobozhai (Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 474: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). ); Wagsod ( Wa-gsod, Waszu ) maka Wasi (Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 474: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value).) na Heping nke oge a (Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 474: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value).); [2] na Outside/Out Mantse ( Man-tzŭ ), nwere ike sitere na okwu maka "ndị na-eme ihe ike", sitere na Chinese ma Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 474: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value). bụ sitere na Tibet ( Wylie : sman tse ). [3] [4]
Asụsụ ndịda Qiang nke obodo Puxi ka edepụtala nke ọma site na Huang (2007). [5] Liu (1998) gbakwụnye Sānlóng ( Chinese ) na Jiàocháng (較場) dị ka obere olumba ndịda. [6]
Sims (2016) na-akọwa Southern Qiang dị ka otu ndị mepụtara iji suffixes nkwekọrịta n'akụkụ zuru oke, ebe Northern Qiang na-ejigide prefixes nghazi dị ka akara. [7] Mgbakwunye ndị a nyekwara ntọala maka ịkewa olumba onye ọ bụla, dị ka akọwara n'okpuru n'akwụkwọ edemede .
- Ndịda Qiang
- 'n'ime' *ji innovation subgroup
- North Wenchuan : Longxi龙溪乡
- South Wenchuan : Miansi绵虒镇
- 'ala' *ɚ obere otu ọhụrụ ọhụrụ
- Western Lixian : Puxi蒲溪乡, Xuecheng薛城镇, Muka木卡乡, Jiuzi九子村
- Eastern Lixian : Taoping桃坪乡, Tonghua通化乡
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E gosipụtara consonants nke Southern Qiang na tebụl n'okpuru: [8]
- /χ ʁ/ are heard as velar [x ɣ] before front vowels.
- /f/ is also heard as a bilabial [ɸ].
E gosipụtara ụdaume nke Southern Qiang na tebụl n'okpuru: [8]
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i y | u | |
| N'etiti | e | ə ə˞ | o |
| Mepee | a | ɑ | |
| syllabic | ɹ̩ |
- Udaume /e u/ nwekwara ike ịnụ ka [ɛ ʉ] .
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba ndịda Qiang nwere ụda dịgasị iche iche. Ụda a na-abawanye ụba ma dị iche ka olumba si na mpaghara ugwu. Evans (2001) depụtara usoro ụda olu ndị a: [9]
Mkpebi Qiang
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba nke Taoping nwere ụda isii. Liu (1998) na-akọ ndị na-ekwu okwu 4,900. N'ime mkpụrụokwu 1,754 nyochachara, a na-ekesa ụda dị ka ndị a:
- (33/ etiti): 43.6%
- (55/Elu): 28.2%
- (31/Ọkara ọdịda): 19.2%
- (241 / Obere-ebili-ada): 5.4%; na-apụta naanị na mkpịrịsị ụda olu
- (13/Na-ebili elu): 2.5%; na-eme naanị na okwu mbinye Mandarin (site na ụda nke anọ, ghọtara dị ka 25 na mpaghara) yana na nkwekọrịta.
- (51/Elu-ada): 1.2%; na-eme naanị na okwu mbinye Mandarin (site na ụda nke atọ, ghọtara dị ka 53 na mpaghara)
Longxi Qiang
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba nke Longxi nwere ụda ise, nke ụda abụọ "isi" mejupụtara 98.9% nke syllable 6,150 nyochara. Liu (1998) na-akọ ndị na-ekwu okwu 3,300. A na-ekesa ụda ndị a dị ka ndị a na nkeji okwu nyochara:
- (33 ~ 31 / etiti ~ etiti ọdịda): 63.61%
- (55/Elu): 35.33%
- (13 ~ 213 / ala (-ada) na-ebili): 0.70%; na-apụta naanị na mkpịrịsị ụda olu
- (35 / etiti-ebili): 0.31%; na-apụta naanị na mkpụrụokwu mbinye ego yana n'ime mkpụrụokwu ekpokọtara ọnụ
- (51/ Elu-ada): 0.05%; na-apụta naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu ekpokọtara ọnụ, mkpụrụ okwu mbinye ego, yana n'usoro mmalite mmalite.
Mianchi Qiang
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba nke Mianchi nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu 15,700 dịka Liu (1998) siri kwuo. A na-agbakwunye ụda olu ya na usoro ụda olu dị elu na nke dị ala (-ọdịda), ebe okwu obodo nwere ike ịnwe naanị otu mkpọmkpọ okwu. Okwu ụda olu nwere ike ịpụta ụda olu ma ọ bụ enweghị ụda olu, ma ụda olu nwere ike na-apụtakarị n'asụsụ ọ bụla. N'ime syllable 6,369 tụlere, ihe karịrị 95% na-agbaso usoro a; ole na ole fọdụrụ nwere otu n'ime ụda contour atọ:
- (31/Enwechaghị): 67.3%
- (55/Agbanye): 27.9%
- (13 ~ 213/ Ala (-ada) na-ebili): 3.5%
- (51/Ọrịa dị elu): 1.2%
- (35 / etiti-ebili): 0.01%; na-apụta naanị na mkpụrụokwu mbinye ego na nkeji okwu ekpokọtara ọnụ
Olumba ndị ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba ndị dị n'ókè mpaghara Northern Qiang, dị ka nke Heihu, Mao County, na-eji ụda naanị iji mata ọdịiche nke okwu obodo na okwu mbinye ego.
Wen (1950) na-akọ na olumba Jiuziying na-eji usoro ụda ụda olu, na-ekwu na "naanị mgbe mkpụrụokwu abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-emekọrịta ihe bụ ụda olu a chọrọ n'ezie, karịsịa maka homophones ." N'okpuru bụ tebụl na-atụnyere ụfọdụ okwu nke olumba Jiuziying, Taoping, Longxi, na Mianchi.
| Gloss | Jiuziying | Ịtụ aka | Longxi | Mianchi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| afọ gara aga | nɤ́ pɤ́ | 31 pǝ 33 | nne pú | né pú |
| afọ abụọ | nɤ̀ pɤ̀ | |||
| fiizant | í dzú | I 31 dʑy 241 | ỳ-zo | |
| enyi | ị dzụ | ìzù ~ ỳ zù | ị dụọ | |
| n'ime | kọkọ | nke 55 nke 33 | kú kú | kpo kpo |
| nwanne nwoke | kọkọ | a kọ | kpo kpo | |
| nwanne nna | pá pá | nke 33 nke 33 | á pá | |
| nna | pá pá | 55 pɑ 33 |
Ọnọdụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Qiangic, Southern Qiang na-adịwanye egwu. N'ihi na usoro agụmakwụkwọ na-ejikarị ọkọlọtọ Chinese eme ihe dị ka ntụziaka maka ndị Qiang, yana n'ihi ohere zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ịga akwụkwọ na telivishọn, ọtụtụ ụmụaka Qiang na-asụ asụsụ Chinese nke ọma ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-asụ otu asụsụ ebe pasent na-arịwanye elu enweghị ike ịsụ Qiang. [10]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndị mmadụ Qiang
- Asụsụ Qiangic
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Guillaume (2007). "A shared suppletive pattern in the pronominal systems of Chang Naga and Southern Qiang". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 36 (1).
- ↑ (1986) in McCoy: Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (in en). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 40, 65. ISBN 90-04-07850-9.
- ↑ Sun (1992). "Review of Zangmianyu Yuyin He Cihui "Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon"" (in en). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 15 (2): 76–77.
- ↑ Yule (1884). Memoir of Captain W. Gill, R.E. ; and, Introductory essay, as prefixed to the new edition of the 'River of golden sand'. London: J. Murray, 125–128. Retrieved on 24 January 2025.
- ↑ Huang (2007). Púxī Qiāngyǔ yánjiū (in zh). Beijing shi: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-08977-2.
- ↑ Liu (1998). Máwō Qiāngyǔ yánjiū (in zh). Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe. ISBN 7-5409-2116-1.
- ↑ Sims (2016). "Towards a More Comprehensive Understanding of Qiang Dialectology" (in en). Language and Linguistics 17 (3): 351–381. DOI:10.1177/1606822X15586685.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sun (1981). Qiāngyǔ jiǎnzhì (in zh). Minzu chubanshe. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Evans (2001). Contact-Induced Tonogenesis in Southern Qiang. Michigan State University and Oakland University, 65–67.
- ↑ LaPolla (2003). A Grammar of Qiang: With Annotated Texts and Glossary, with Chenglong Huan (in en), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017829-X.