Asụsụ Thao

natural language, dead language, extinct language, modern language
obere ụdị nke	Formosan
akara ala	Thao, Thaw a lalawa
mba/obodo	中華民國
ụmụ amaala ka	南投縣
Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO	5 critically endangered
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	9 Dormant
Wikimedia Incubator URL	https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ssf
Koodu asụsụ Wikimedia	ssf

Thao ( /θ aʊ / thow ; Thao: Thau a lalaw ), nke a makwaara dị ka Sao, ^[1] bụ asụsụ ndị Thao fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ, ^[2] bụ ụmụ amaala Taiwan si mpaghara Sun Moon Lake dị na etiti Taiwan . Ọ bụ asụsụ Formosan nke ezinụlọ Austronesia ; ^[3] Barawbaw na Shtafari bụ olumba. ^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Aha

Aha Thao pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "onye", sitere na Proto-Austronesia * Cau . Ya mere ọ na-ejikọta ya na aha Tsou .

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

A mara Thao ikwu okwu n'okpuru ọchịchị Japan nke Taiwan na mgbe e mesịrị ọchịchị Kuomintang, na-enye aka na ọnọdụ ya dị egwu taa. ^[4]

Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Thao-English nke Robert A. Blust bipụtara na 2003 site na Academia Sinica 's Institute of Linguistics. ^[5]

Na 2014, e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu L1 anọ na onye na-ekwu okwu L2 nke ọma bi na Ita Thaw (伊達邵) obodo (nke a na-akpọ Barawbaw), ha niile ma otu n'ime ha karịrị afọ iri isii. Ndị ọkà okwu ^{[ merela ]} nwụrụ na Disemba nke afọ ahụ, gụnyere onye isi Tarma (袁明智), afọ 75. A kọrọ na ndị ọkà okwu L1 ndị agadi anọ na ụfọdụ ndị na ^{- ] [} na 2021.

fonology

Consonants

**Ndepụta nke consonant**
	Labial		eze		Alveolar		Mkpesa-<br id="mwWw"><br><br><br> Alveolar		Velar		Uvula	Glottal
Plosive	p	b			t	d			k		q	ʔ
Nke na-ese okwu	f	( v )	θ	ð	s		ʃ					h
Mkpesa n'akụkụ					ɬ
Kpatụ ma ọ bụ kpatụ						ɾ
imi		m				n				ŋ
Odika		w				l		j

ndetu orthographic :

/θ ð ʃ/ are written ⟨th z sh⟩. However, /θ/ is written ⟨c⟩ in Blust's dictionary.
/ɬ/ is written ⟨lh⟩.
/ŋ/ is written ⟨ng⟩. However, /ŋ/ is written ⟨g⟩ in Blust's dictionary.
/ʔ/ is written ⟨'⟩.

ndetu :

Ihe nkiri /j w/ ewepụtara site na ụdaume ala /i u/ iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ na syllable ga-enwe consonants mmalite na igosi ndobe nrụgide nke ọma.
[v] bụ allophone nke /w/ na-eme intervocalically.

Udaume

**Ndepụta ụdaume**
	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Elu	i		u
Elu	( e )		( o )
Dị ala		a

ndetu :

Nchegbu bụ penultimate, ma ọ bụghị nwere ike dee ⟨ á í ú ⟩ dị ka na "dadú", ma ugboro abụọ ⟨ aa ii uu ⟩ na-ejikarị eme ihe, dị ka na "daduu".
[e] na [o] na-eme dị ka allophones nke /i/ na /u/, otu ọ bụla, mgbe buru ụzọ ma ọ bụ soro ya /q/ ma ọ bụ /r/ .

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

Thao nwere usoro abụọ ma ọ bụ nke a na-arụrịta ụka na atọ nke mmụgharị : Ca-reduplication, ntughari zuru oke, na ngbanwe ziri ezi (nke a na-ewere mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ngbanwe zuru ezu).

Ngwa ngwa Thao nwere ụdị mgbado anya ndị a (Blust 2003:239).

Onye na-eme ihe nkiri: -um- (ugbu a), ma- (ọdịnihu)
Onye ọrịa: -na, -na-
Ebe: -an

Syntax

Usoro okwu Thao nwere ike ịbụ ma SVO na VSO, ọ bụ ezie na nke mbụ sitere na Taiwanese Hokkien (Blust 2003: 228).

Ihe nrịbama onwe nke Thao bụ "ti" (Blust 2003: 228). Ihe ọjọọ gụnyere "ani" na "antu"; A na-eji "ata tu" eme ihe n'ewu ụlọ "emela". Akara nke zuru oke bụ "iza", gara aga site na infix obere mmalite mmalite mmalite "-in-" yana ọdịnihu site na nganiihu "a-". A na-eji "-í" akara na ihe ndị dị nro dị nro ma ọ bụ arịrịọ ndị a sụgharịrị nke ọma dị ka "biko" site na "-uan" mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụpe "-wan" nke nwere ike imekọ ọnụ na "-í".

Nkpọaha

Mkpọaha aha nke Thao dị n'okpuru sitere na Blust (2003:207). Rịba ama na e nwere naanị 1 ụdị nke ọ bụla maka "anyị (naanị)," "gị (ọtụtụ)" na "ha."

Aha aha nke Thao
Ụdị nke Aha aha	Nhọpụta	ebubo	Genitive	Onye nnọchi anya	Onye ọrịa
1s.	yaku	yakin	nha
2s.	ihu	ihu-n	m-ihu	ahuhu	ahuhu-n
3s.	ya mere	nke-n	nke ahụ
1p. (gụnyere)	ita	ita-n	m-ita
1p. (Ewezuga)	yamin	yamin	yamin
2p.	manụ	manụ	manụ
3p.	thaythuy	thaythuy	thaythuy

Okwu nnọchiaha ndị ọzọ gụnyere:

Mgbakwunye

E sitere na Blust (2003:92-188) nweta nkwudo ndị a ma gbanwee ka ọ dị na mkpope ọgbara ọhụrụ.

Ihe ndetu

↑ Zui (2021-11-20). Languages of Taiwan — Thao (Thau a lalawa, Sao) (en). The Language Closet. Retrieved on 2023-10-28.
↑ Did you know Thao is critically endangered? (en). Endangered Languages. Retrieved on 2023-10-28.
↑ Chang (December 1998). "Thao Reduplication". Oceanic Linguistics 37 (2): 277–297. DOI:10.2307/3623411.
↑ Davidson (2021-06-09). Healing words: Taiwan’s tribes fight to save their disappearing languages. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2024-04-27.
↑ Thao language rouses foreign interest. Taiwan Today. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2008-12-04). Retrieved on 2024-03-27.

Ntụaka

Njikọ mpụga

Kaịpuleohone dekọrọ ihe ndekọ ọdịyo Robert Blust nke Thao
Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典(in Chinese) - ibe ọchụchọ Thao na "akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ịntanetị" nke weebụsaịtị nyocha na mmepe asụsụ ụmụ amaala.
Ihe nkuzi na nkwado Thao nke Council of Indigenous People of Taiwan (in Chinese) bipụtara.
Ntụgharị Thao nke mgbaghara Onye isi ala Tsai Ing-wen 2016 nye ụmụ amaala – nke e bipụtara na webụsaịtị ụlọ ọrụ onye isi ala.

[1] Zui (2021-11-20). Languages of Taiwan — Thao (Thau a lalawa, Sao) (en). The Language Closet. Retrieved on 2023-10-28.

[2] Did you know Thao is critically endangered? (en). Endangered Languages. Retrieved on 2023-10-28.

[3] Chang (December 1998). "Thao Reduplication". Oceanic Linguistics 37 (2): 277–297. DOI:10.2307/3623411.

[Guardian-4] Davidson (2021-06-09). Healing words: Taiwan’s tribes fight to save their disappearing languages. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2024-04-27.

[5] Thao language rouses foreign interest. Taiwan Today. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2008-12-04). Retrieved on 2024-03-27.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]