Asụsụ Ticuna
| obere ụdị nke | Ticuna–Yuri  |
|---|---|
| akara ala | Duüxügu |
| mba/obodo | Brazil, Colombia, Peru |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Ticuna peoples, Amazonas, Amazonas Department, Loreto Department |
| ụdị asụsụ | subject–verb–object, language isolate |
| Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO | 3 definitely endangered |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 5 Na-etolite |
| WikiProject na-elekọta ya | Obelepédia |
| ngalaba maka ihe nkiri n'asụsụ a | Q32881043 |
Ticuna, Tikuna, Tucuna ma ọ bụ Tukuna bụ asụsụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 50,000 na-asụ na Amazon Basin, gụnyere mba Brazil, Peru, na Colombia . Ọ bụ asụsụ obodo nke ndị Ticuna, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka "kwụsiri ike" site na ethnologue. [1] A na-ekewa Ticuna n'ozuzu dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, mana ọ nwere ike jikọta ya na asụsụ Yuri na-ekpochapụ (lee Tïcuna-Yuri ) na enweela nchọpụta ụfọdụ na-egosi myirịta dị n'etiti Ticuna na Carabayo . [2] [3] Ọ bụ asụsụ ụda, ya mere ihe okwu nwere otu fọnịm pụtara nwere ike ịdịgasị iche nke ukwuu site n'ịgbanwe ụda eji akpọ ha.
A makwaara Tïcuna dị ka Magta, Maguta, Tucuna/Tukuna, na Tukna.
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụfọdụ ejikọtala asụsụ Ticuna nke ọma n'ime atụmatụ nke macro-arawakano ma ọ bụ na nnukwu akụ macro-tukano, n'agbanyeghị na nhazi ọkwa ndị a bụ nnukwu ntule n'ihi enweghị ihe akaebe. Echiche na-adịbeghị anya ejikọtala Yuri-Ticuna na asụsụ Saliban na Hoti na ngwaahịa Duho . Otú ọ dị, nkwekọrịta asụsụ bụ na Ticuna nwere ike na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ọnọdụ ya ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ na Yuri anwụọla.
Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Brazil
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ticuna bụ asụsụ ụmụ amaala a kacha asụ na Brazil. [4]
N'agbanyeghị ịbụ ebe obibi nke ihe karịrị 50% nke Ticunas, Brazil ka malitere itinye ego na agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ obodo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ticunas Brazil nwere ugbu a akwụkwọ e dere ede na agụmakwụkwọ nke Brazil National Foundation for the Indian (FUNAI) na Ministry of Education nyere. Ndị nkuzi obodo a zụrụ na Portuguese ma Ticuna na-eji akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na Ticuna akụziri ụmụaka asụsụ ahụ. Otu nnukwu oru ngo a na-edekọ akụkọ ọdịnala ma na-ede ha iji nye ndị Ticunas gụrụ akwụkwọ ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ha ga-eji na-eme ya.
Agụmakwụkwọ Ticuna abụghị ihe ùgwù, kama ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ sara mbara nke gọọmentị Brazil na-arụ iji nye ndị niile pere mpe mmụta mmụta n'asụsụ nke ha.
Na 2012, gọọmenti Brazil malitere mkpọsa izi ihe maka igbochi ọrịa AIDS na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, mkpọsa mbụ dị otú ahụ na Brazil e mere n'asụsụ ụmụ amaala. [5]
Peru
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ticunas dị na Peru enweela agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ obodo opekata mpe kemgbe 1960. Ha na-eji usoro ihe odide nke bụ, o doro anya, bụ ntọala maka mmepe nke Brazil. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị Peruvian Ticunas nwere nwere akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ndị a ma ama.
Colombia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-akụzi Ticuna Colombia n'asụsụ Spanish, mgbe ha nwere ohere ịga akwụkwọ ma ọlị. Kemgbe e hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ Ticuna na Brazil ụfọdụ agbaala mbọ ịga ha .
Ozi Ndị Kraịst
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọtụtụ ozi Ndị Kraịst erutela ndị Ticuna. Ministri ndị a atụgharịwo Bible gaa n'asụsụ Ticuna, nweekwa ihe ngosi redio ụbọchị izu nke ndị Ministri Latịn America (LAM) na-agbasa na Ticuna, Portuguese na Spanish. [6]
mmuta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E wezụga iji ya eme ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Ticuna, asụsụ ahụ nwere akwụkwọ iri na abụọ a na-ebipụta kwa afọ, ma na Brazil na Peru. Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na-eji usoro ederede ụda olu a haziri ahazi na-eji mgbakọ ndị yiri nke a na-achọta n'asụsụ Portuguese (ma e wezụga K kama C na akwụkwọ ozi Ñ kama NH) kama nrịbama sayensị dị mgbagwoju anya a chọtara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ebe ngosi nka asụsụ .
N'ụlọ akwụkwọ, a na-akụzi Ticuna n'ụzọ nkịtị. A na-akụziri ụmụaka ndị nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na mpaghara ndị ozi ala ọzọ Katọlik ma ọ bụ Portuguese ma ọ bụ Spanish. [7]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụdaume bụ /a e i ɨ u o/ . Enwere ike ịgbanye ụdaume imi na/ma ọ bụ gosi ụda na-adịghị mma, nke a na-ewetu ụda n'okpuru. Enwere diphthongs /ai̯/ na /au̯/ nke na-ebu otu ụda, na-emegide usoro ụdaume /ai/ na /au/ nke na-ebu ụda abụọ.
Udaume isii ahụ nwere ike ịbụ imi ma ọ bụ laryngealized. A na-asụpe ụdaume nke isii ü .
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | ||
| Mechie | plain | i | ĩ | ɨ | ɨ̃ | u | ũ |
| creaky | ḭ | ḭ̃ | ɨ̰ | ɨ̰̃ | ṵ | ṵ̃ | |
| N'etiti | plain | e | ẽ | o | õ | ||
| creaky | ḛ | ḛ̃ | o̰ | õ̰ | |||
| Mepee | plain | a | ã | ||||
| creaky | a̰ | ã̰ | |||||
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ticuna bụ asụsụ ụda na-adịghị ahụkebe maka South America, nwere ihe karịrị ụda 10 na-abụkarị contour. Ticuna nwere otu n'ime ihe nrụpụta ụda kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nwere ụda ụda 8–12 dabere na olumba. A na-egosipụta ụda naanị n'ụdị ederede, yana ụda olu, mgbe enwere ike [ ] anya.
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants nke Ticuna nwere fọnịm ndị a:
| Bilabial | eze | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na-egbu egbu / Mmekọrịta |
voiceless | p | t | ( ɟ ) | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | ||
| imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Mmiri mmiri | ɾ | |||||
| Mmanya | w | j | ||||
N'obodo, Ticuna enweghị mpụta ma ọ bụ uvular consonants, ọ bụ ezie na /l/ dị na ụfọdụ okwu mgbazinye Spanish.
Njikọ ahụ /dʒ/ Enwere ike ịkpọ (speedi "y") dị ka /ɟ/, [8] na kwa /j/, ma ọ bụ naanị tupu ụdaume /a/ . A Central /ɨ/ Enwere ike ịkpọ ụda ụdaume dị ka azụ [ɯ] ụda. Ụda ndị ọzọ, /f s x l/ dị na Spanish mgbazinye ego.
Consonants nwekwara ike glottalized. A na-asụpe nkwụsị Glottal x.
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ticuna bụ asụsụ na-ekewapụ onwe ya n'ụzọ morphological, nke pụtara na ọtụtụ okwu nwere naanị otu morpheme. Agbanyeghị, okwu Ticuna na-enwekarị ihe karịrị otu nkeji okwu, n'adịghị ka asụsụ kewapụrụ iche dị ka Vietnamese . N'ụdị, usoro okwu Ticuna bụ isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe (SVO), n'agbanyeghị na nke a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'asụsụ a.
Nnyocha egosila na asụsụ ụda dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere ụda dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ike ime na mpaghara oke iru mmiri yana oke okpomoku dị elu n'ihi na ekwenyere na mpịaji olu nwere ike iwepụta ụda na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na oyi na-ekpo ọkụ. Ticuna bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ndị e lekwasịrị anya n'ihe ọmụmụ a n'ihi oke ya - yana mgbagwoju anya - nke ụda. [9]
Syntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ticuna na-egosiputa nhazi aha/nkwudo, ya na mmadụ, nọmba, klaasị aha, na ụdị nkebiokwu edepụtara na ngwaa site na proclitics. Ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na-amasịkarị isiokwu- (Ihe) - usoro okwu ngwaa, ebe ngwaa na-enweghị ebubo na-egosi mmasị maka usoro okwu ngwaa-isiokwu. [4]
Okwu nkịtị [10]
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Okwu Ticuna | Pụtara |
|---|---|
| Wụxi | Otu |
| Ụtụ isi | Abụọ |
| Tomaxixpü | Atọ |
| Ãgụmücü | Anọ |
| Ngwa mixepüx | Ise |
| Naixmixwa rü wüxi | Isii |
| Naixmixwa rü taxre | Asaa |
| Naixmixwa rü tomaxixpü | Asato |
| Naixmixwa rü ãgümücü | Itoolu |
| Guxmixepüx | Iri |
| Chatü | Nwoke |
| Ngexüi | Nwanyị |
| Airu | Nkịta |
| Yake | Anyanwụ |
| Ememe | Ọnwa |
| Dexá | Mmiri |
Okwu ọnụ na Ticuna na-egosi usoro ngụkọ isi ise dịka okwu ise bụ nchikota nke "otu ise". Isii rue itoolu nwere otu mmalite "naixmixwa rü" wee tinye ụkpụrụ maka otu site na anọ n'otu n'otu (nke ahụ bụ "naixmixwa rü" na "wüxi" pụtara otu). [10]
Ọmụmaatụ nke asụsụ asụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ike ịchọta ihe atụ nke Ticuna a na-ekwu okwu ebe a . [11]
| Akpaokwu [12] | Pụtara |
|---|---|
| Nuxmaxē pa corix | ekele izugbe a gwara nwoke ("sir") |
| Nuxmaxē pa chiurax | ekele izugbe a gwara nwanyị ("madam") |
| Nuxmaxē pa yimax | ekele izugbe a gwara nwoke (“onye ibe”) |
| Nuxmaxē pa woxrecü | ekele izugbe a gwara nwanyị ("nwa agbọghọ") |
| Nuxmaxē pa pcüx | ekele izugbe a gwara otu nwa agbọghọ ("miss") |
| Nuxmaxē pa chomücüx | ekele izugbe gwara enyi ya |
| Nuxmax | ekele izugbe gwara onye ọbịbịa |
| Kedu ihe kpatara ya? | Ebee ka ị na-aga? (kwuru otu onye) |
| Gịnị mere? | Ebee ka ị na-aga? (gwara otu ìgwè) |
| Ngexta ne cuxū? | Ebee ka i si bia? (kwuru otu onye) |
| Ngexta ne pexī? | Ebee ka i si bia? (gwara otu ìgwè) |
Okwu (Loukotka 1968)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị a bụ isi okwu. [13]
| kenkowaputa | Tucuna |
|---|---|
| otu | woi |
| abuo | tadi |
| atọ | mmapo |
| isi | na-eró |
| nti | na-chin |
| eze | ná-puita |
| nwoke | yáte |
| ọkụ | ọo |
| anyanwụ | ọke |
| ụwa | nka |
| ọka | chawue |
| tapir | nka |
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Size and vitality of Ticuna (en). Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2022-11-28.
- ↑ Linking Isolated Languages: Linguistic Relationships of the Carabayo (28 April 2014).
- ↑ Seifart (2014-04-16). "Evidence for the Identification of Carabayo, the Language of an Uncontacted People of the Colombian Amazon, as Belonging to the Tikuna-Yurí Linguistic Family". PLOS ONE 9 (4): e94814. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0094814. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 24739948.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Skilton (2021). "Ticuna (tca) language documentation: A guide to materials in the California Language Archive" (in en-US). Language Documentation & Conservation 15: 153–189. ISSN 1934-5275.
- ↑ Associated Press. "Brazilian government uses indigenous language for the first time in anti-AIDS campaign", The Washington Post, 2012-10-11. Retrieved on 2012-10-21.
- ↑ Latin American Ministries – Project Ticuna.
- ↑ Ticuna Indigenous Trive in Brazil and Colombia. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved on 2025-03-03.
- ↑ Montes Rodríguez (2004). Lengua ticuna: resultados de fonología y sintaxis.
- ↑ Everett (February 3, 2015). "Climate, vocal folds, and tonal languages: Connecting the physiological and geographic dots". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (5): 1322–7. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1417413112. PMID 25605876.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Vocabularin in Native American Languages: Ticuna Words. Native Languages."Vocabularin in Native American Languages: Ticuna Words". Native Languages.
- ↑ Global Recordings – Ticuna Language.
- ↑ Greetings in more than 3000 languages.
- ↑ Loukotka (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- "Tikuna mkparịta ụka" - Ticuna N'ezie na ụtọ asụsụ na Summer Institute of Linguistics
- Akwụkwọ Ticuna maka nbudata
- Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Ticuna
- Akwụkwọ asụsụ Ticuna (tca): Ntuziaka maka ihe dị na ebe nchekwa Asụsụ California (Skilton 2021)