Asụsụ Timbira

Timbira bụ olumba continuum nke otu asụsụ Northern Jê nke asụsụ Jê ̣( Macro-Jê ) a na-asụ na Brazil . Olumba dị iche iche dị iche iche nke na a na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche mgbe ụfọdụ. Ụdị ndị bụ isi, Krahô / ˈkrɑː h oʊ / [ (Craó), na Canela / kæ ˈ n ɛlə / [ ^[1] (Kanela), nwere ndị na-asụ 2000 n'otu n'otu, ole na ole n'ime ha na-asụ Portuguese. Pará Gavião nwere ndị ọkà okwu 600–700. Otú ọ dị, Krẽje fọrọ nke nta ka ọ laa n'iyi, na-enwe nanị ndị ọkà okwu 30 na 1995.

Timibir enweela mmekọrịta chiri anya n'asụsụ Tupi-Guarani dị iche iche nke mpaghara Tocantin - Mearim dị ala, dị ka Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, na Urubú-Ka'apour . Ararandewára, Turiwára, Tupinamba, na Nheengatu e kwuwokwa okwu na mpaghara ahụ. Ụfọdụ ndị bi n’ebe ahụ na-echetakwa Anambé na Amanajé .

Ụdị dị iche iche

Ụdị asụsụ Timbira gụnyere:

Canela (nke e kewara n’ime Apanjêkra na Mẽmõrtũmre (aka Ràmkôkãmẽkra)), ndị ọkà okwu 2,500 na Maranhão.
Krahô, 2,000 na-ekwu okwu na Tocantins
Krĩkatí, nke a na-asụ na Terra Indígena Krikati, Maranhão
Pykobjê, ndị na-ekwu okwu 600 na Terra Indígena Governador nke dị nso na Amarante, Maranhão
Parkatêjê, ndị ọkà okwu 12 na Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará
Kỳikatêjê, Ndị na-ekwu okwu 9 na Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará
Krẽje, n'okpuru 30 ọkà okwu na Maranhão na Pará

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) kewara ebo Timbira ụzọ abụọ, Timbirá ( Canela ) na Krao . ^[2] Ọtụtụ ndị gụnyere n'okpuru Timbira:

Timbira ( Canela )

Mehin, Tajé (Timbirá)
Kreapimkatajé (Krepúnkateye)
Krenjé ( Krẽyé )
Remkokamekran (Remako-Kamékrere, Merrime)
Aponegicran (Apáñekra)
Krenkatajé (Canella, Kenkateye)
Sakamekran (Chacamecran, Mateiros)
Purekamkran, Makamekran (Pepuxi)
Apinagé, Karaho (Carauau)
Menren (Gaviões, Augutjé – naanị okwu ole na ole mara)
Meitajé

Krao

Ramirez et al. (2015)

Ramirez et al. (2015) na-ewere Timbira-Kayapó ka ọ bụrụ olumba continuum, dị ka ndị a:

Canela-Krahô ↔ Gavião-Krĩkati ↔ Apinajé ↔ Kayapó ↔ Suyá-Tapayuna ↔ Panará-Kayapó do Sul

Ewezuga Kapiekran, ndị ISO ghọtara ụdị Krao niile. N'okpuru otu Timbira, Loukotka gụnyere ọtụtụ asụsụ a na-ekwu na ọ dịghị ihe e dekọrọ maka ya: Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé (Ñurukwayé). Poncatagê (Põkateye) bụkwa ihe a na-apụghị ịmata.

Mgbakọ ọzọ a na-ahụkarị maka nkewa, ọ bụ ezie na mpaghara ala karịa asụsụ, bụ Western Timbira (Apinayé naanị) vs Eastern Timbira (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, na ndị ọzọ).

Gurupy bụ osimiri, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ezo aka na Krenye .

Nikulin (2020)

Ntụaka

iche iche nke mpaghara Tocantin - Mearim dị ala, dị ka Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, na Urubú-

↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
↑ Loukotka (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

[Bauer-1] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

[Loukotka-2] Loukotka (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

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