Asụsụ Torricelli
Torricelli, Anamagi ma ọ bụ Lou, bụ asụsụ Torricelli nke mpaghara East Sepik, Papua New Guinea . Drinfield na-akọwa ya dị ka nke nwere asụsụ atọ dị iche iche, mana nke metụtara ya: Mukweym, Orok, na Aro.
Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-asụ obodo na-akpọkarị asụsụ Aro dị ka anjəŋ aro, ya na anjəŋ pụtara 'okwu' ma ọ bụ 'okwu' na aro pụtara 'mba'. Ọ na-abụkarị asụsụ ndị dị na mpaghara Sepik na-akpọ onwe ha aha maka 'mba' n'asụsụ ha. A na-akpọ olumba a na-asụ n'obodo nta nke Eze na Kolembi, anjəŋ arowe, dịka arowe bụ okwu 'no' n'olumba ahụ. E nwere isi olumba abụọ nke Aro: anjəŋ səlep ' asụsụ nke ndị Selep', nke a na-asụ n'ime obodo Selep, Brau, Mup, Fatundu, Wisamol, Afua, na Riworip, na anjəŋ mæləŋ 'asụsụ Meleng', nke a na-asụ na Eze na Kolembi.
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aro, Mukweym, na Orok bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Torricelli. Ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na ruo n'ókè ha na-aghọta nke ọma, ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-ewere ha dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche. Drinfield na-eche na ha bụ akụkụ nke ngalaba Kombioic nke ngalaba Kombio-Arapeshan, yana Eitiep, Aruek, na Kombio .
Ọnọdụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ndị okenye n'obodo Aro na-ama nke ọma n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo itoolu. Otú ọ dị, n'ịbụ ndị Tok Pisin na Bekee na-achị na mba ahụ, ọtụtụ asụsụ ebelatala ma ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-eto eto na-asụ Tok Pisin kama Aro. Ihe dị ka 15-30% nke ndị nwoke Aro na 3-6% ụmụ nwanyị na-asụ Bekee nke ọma. A na-ekewa asụsụ ahụ dị ka ihe egwu.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aro nwere consonants iri na asatọ na ụdaume itoolu.
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime consonants, e nwere ụzọ anọ dị iche n'ebe a na-ekwu okwu (labial, alveolar, palatal, and velar) na ụzọ abụọ dị iche na ụda olu. A na-edobe plosive ụda olu mgbe ọ bụla ma ọ naghị eme n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p b | t d | c ɟ <j> | k g |
| Ọnụ imi | m | n | ɲ <ñ> | ŋ |
| Fricatives | f | s | ||
| Trills | r | |||
| Ihe dị n'akụkụ | l | |||
| Glides | w | j <y> |
Enwere ike ịghọta palatal plosive /c/ na-enweghị olu na-enweghị ụda dị ka onye na-enweghị ụda olu na-enweghị mmasị na palatal afficate [c͡ç]. Imi palatal na-apụtakarị na syllable mmalite, imi velar na-apụtakarịkwa na syllable codas. /f/ na-emekarị na mmalite nkeji okwu.
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aro nwere fọnịm udaume itoolu. Udaume ọ bụla nwere ogologo ebumpụta ụwa, nke na-emetụta ntinye nrụgide. /ɨ/ na /ə/, bụ ndị dị mkpụmkpụ, /a/ /i/ na /u/ bụ ndị na-ajụkarị, na /æ/, /e/, na /ā/ dị ogologo n'ime okike.
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elu | i | ɨ | u |
| N'etiti | e [ ɛː ] | ə | o [ ɔː ] |
| Dị ala | æ [æː] | a [ ɐ ], ā [aː] |
Diphthong nile dị na Aro ga-enwerịrị /i/ ma ọ bụ /u/ ka ụdaume nke abụọ ha, yana udaume ọ bụla ma e wezụga /u/ ma ọ bụ /ā/ dị ka ụdaume nke mbụ.
Ụdị ụda olu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro mkpụrụokwu nke Aro bụ (CC)V(CC). Mgbagwoju anya mmalite na codas ga-ekwe omume, mana ọ na-eme naanị site na ekwentị ekwentị ole na ole ahọpụtara. A na-eji ngbanwegharị mgbe ụfọdụ gosi ọtụtụ ngwaa.
Nchegbu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nchegbu na-egosi oke ụda na ọkwa dị elu. Mkpụrụokwu nwere ike inwe ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ịdị arọ anọ dị iche iche n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ site n'otu ruo anọ, nke otu bụ nke kasị dị mfe. A na-ekenye otu arọ nke otu n'ime mkpụrụokwu nwere obere udaume nucleus na enweghị mkpọkọ coda. A na-ekenye ibu nke abụọ ka ọ bụrụ syllable nwere obere udaume nucleus na consonant coda. A na-ekenye ibu nke atọ na nuclei nwere ụdaume dị ogologo oge ma ọ bụ diphthong nke ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ na-ejedebe na mmịpụ. N'ikpeazụ, a na-etinye ihe dị arọ anọ na nuclei nwere ụdaume ogologo ma ọ bụ diphthong nke nwere udaume ọkara ma ọ bụ ogologo na glide.
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aro nwere aha isii nke onwe na nke nwe:
| Nkeonwe | Nwere | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG | PL | SG | PL | |
| 1 | æ | akpa | ihe | |
| 2 | ik | ip | dịk | ihe |
| 3 | ɨl | fru | kili | fɨkwar |
Nnokwa nnọchite anya nwere na-eme n'azụ aha.
Ọnụọgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere naanị ọnụọgụ atọ na Aro: latən 'otu', wiyeu 'abụọ' na awɨyāl 'atọ'. Ọnụọgụ ndị bụ ọnụọgụgụ nke ise ka e ji okwu ədal wobuk 'akụkụ aka' ma bụrụ wobuk 'akụkụ ụkwụ' ma ọ bụ site n'imegharị ọnụọgụgụ ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, asaa bụ ədal wobuk wobuk wiyeu 'hand side side two'. Ọnụọgụ n'ozuzu na-apụta bipute aha n'aha na n'ihu adjective.
Ihe ngosi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngosipụta na Aro nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọ pụtara: nke nwa oge, mpaghara, nnochite ọnụ, na ndị ọchịchị. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, ụfọdụ nwere ihe ọ pụtara. Enwere ọdịiche dị ụzọ atọ: proximal, medial na distal.
Ntụkwasị obi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere prepositions ise: ka, yiri nke bekee 'nke' ma na-egosi inwe, ki 'from', kap/kæp/kep 'yiri', nābət 'with', na paləu / pəlau ' banyere, maka'.
| Okwu | Gloss | Ihe na-abụghị nke ajuju pụtara |
|---|---|---|
| mənaŋ | WHO | onye |
| mon | Kedu | ihe |
| palu mon | mere (lit. 'n'ihi gịnị') | |
| agba / a | kedu/ebe | ebe |
| kap awəl / kep awəl / kap a / kep a | kedu (ọkụ 'dị ka gịnị') | |
| awan | ole | ụfọdụ/ọtụtụ |
| kawəna / kiwɨna | mgbe ole |
Enwere ike ịkpalite nkọwa ndị na-abụghị ajụjụ site na mgbakwunye nke urughuru əm ma ọ bụ aŋ .
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asụsụ Torricelli
- Kombio
- Papua New Guinea
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]