Asụsụ Tsimshianic

Asụsụ Tsimshinic bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ ndị a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ British Columbia na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Alaska na Annette Island na Ketchikan . Asụsụ Tsimshinic niile nọ n'ihe egwu, ụfọdụ nwere naanị ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ narị anọ. Naanị ihe dịka mmadụ 2,170 sitere na / Tsimshian / ˈsɪm ʃ iən / bi na Canada ka na-asụ asụsụ Tsimshian; ^[1] ihe dị ka mmadụ 50 n'ime ndị Tsimshian 1,300 bi na Alaska ka na-asụ Coast Tsimshian . Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ewere asụsụ Tsimhianic dị ka ezinụlọ asụsụ nwere onwe ha, nwere asụsụ anọ: Coast Tsimshian, Southern Tsimshian, Nisg̱a'a, na Gitksan.

Ederede Sapir tinyere asụsụ Tsimshionic n'ime echiche Penutian ya, nke a na-anabatabeghị ugbu a, ọbụlagodi n'ụdị ya zuru oke. Marie-Lucie Tarpent enyochala njikọ Penutian nke Tsimshianic, onye chọpụtara na echiche ahụ nwere ike ime, ^[2] ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ezinụlọ Tsimshianic enweghị njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ọ bụla nke North America. ^[3] ^[4]

Nkewa ezinụlọ

Tsimshionic nwere nkuzi 4: A na-asụ Coast Tsimshian n'akụkụ Osimiri Skeena nke dị na Northwestern British Columbia, na ụfọdụ àgwàetiti ndị agbata obi, na n'ebe ugwu na New Metlakatla, Alaska . A na-asụ Southern Tsimshian n'àgwàetiti dị nnọọ anya na ndịda Osimiri Skeena dị n'ime obodo Klemtu ; Otú ọ dị, ọ kwụsịrị na 2013 na ọnwụ nke ikpeazụ ọkà okwu. A na-asụ Nisga'a n'akụkụ Osimiri Nass . A na-asụ Gitksan n'akụkụ Osimiri Upper Skeena gburugburu Hazelton na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.

Nisga'a na Gitksan nwere njikọ chiri anya ma ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ewerekarị olumba nke otu asụsụ. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà okwu sitere na otu abụọ ahụ na-ewere onwe ha dị iche iche na ibe ha na ndị Tsimshian ma si otú a na-ewere Nisga'a na Gitksan dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche. Coast na Southern Tsimshian ka a na-elekwa anya dị ka olumba nke otu asụsụ.

Dịka nke 2023, nkuzi Tsimshian dị na Mahadum Alaska Southeast . ^[5]

fonology

Ndepụta consonantal nke Proto-Tsimshian:

		Labial	eze		Palatal	Velar	Labio-<br id="mwXA"><br><br><br> velar	Uvula	Labio-<br id="mwYQ"><br><br><br> uvula	Glottal
Na-adịghị aga n'ihu<br id="mwZw"><br><br><br> ihe mgbochi	mfe	*p	*t	*ts		*k	*kʷ	*q	*qʷ	ʔ, ʔʷ
Na-adịghị aga n'ihu<br id="mwZw"><br><br><br> ihe mgbochi	glottalized	*pʼ	*tʼ	*tsʼ		*kʼ	*kʷʼ	*qʼ	*qʷʼ
Nke na-ese okwu			s, ɬ			*x		*χ	*χʷ	h, hʷ
Odika	mfe		*l		*j		*w
Odika	glottalized		*lˀ		*jˀ		*wˀ
Ihu imi	mfe	*m	*n
Ihu imi	glottalized	*mˀ	*nˀ

Hụkwa

Tsimshian
Nisga'a
Gitxsan

Ihe odide ala ala peeji

ọbụlagodi n'ụdị ya zuru oke. Marie-Lucie Tarpent enyochala njikọ Penutian nke Tsimshianic, onye chọpụtara na echiche ahụ nwere ike ime, [1] ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ezinụlọ Tsimshianic enweghị njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ọ bụla nke North

↑ Statistics Canada 2006. Archived from the original on 2019-02-22. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
↑ Tarpent (1997). "Tsimshianic and Penutian: Problems, Methods, Results, and Implications". International Journal of American Linguistics 63 (1): 65–112. DOI:10.1086/466314.
↑ Bicevskis (2017). "Quantification in Gitksan", in Paperno: Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_6. ISBN 978-3-319-44328-7. “Though Tsimshianic is unmistakably part of the central northwest coastal Sprachbund (Beck 2002), no convincing evidence has been forthcoming for a genetic relationship between it and any other language family, in spite of persistent attempts to lump the family into the hypothetical Penutian stock, whose other members are found far to the south in Oregon and California (see for example Sapir 1921 and Tarpent 1997).”
↑ Brown (2010). Gitksan Phonotactics. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-89586-589-3. “While the Tsimshianic language family is considered by some to be an isolate, others have considered it to be a member of a much larger stock. In particular, Sapir (1921) classified Tsimshianic as a part of the Penutian stock. More recently, DeLancey et al. (1988) and Tarpent (1996, 1997) have re-argued this point, suggesting that Tsimshianic is indeed a Penutian language. These authors point to morphological, phonemic, and lexical correspondences to make this claim. However, the major problems that have been expressed in the literature about the Penutian stock, as well as the problems with Tsimshianic as a part of that stock (see the discussion in Rigsby 1986, as well as Campbell 1997 for a general overview) cast doubt on this relationship. I take the conservative position that the Tsimshianic family is an isolate, and not related to the Penutian stock, or any other hypothesized stocks, though nothing in this work hinges on that position.”
↑ Alaska Languages (AKL). University of Alaska Southeast Academic Catalog. Retrieved on 2023-10-03.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ

Boas, Franz. (1902). Ederede Tsimshian . Washington: Ụlọ Ọrụ nke American Ethnology. Akwụkwọ akụkọ 27.
Boas, Franz. (1911). "Tsimshian." Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke American Indian Languages Bulletin Nke 40, akụkụ I, p. 287–422.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). Asụsụ Ndị Obodo North America . Cambridge: Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk).
Tarpent, Marie-Lucie. (1997). "Tsimshianic na Penutian: Nsogbu, Ụzọ, Nsonaazụ, na Mmetụta." Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke American Linguistics 63.52-244.

Njikọ mpụga

Asụsụ Tsimshionic (YDLI)
map nke Northwest Coast First Nations (gụnyere Tsimshian na Nisga'a)
Sm'algyax - "Ezigbo Asụsụ" Archived
Dum Baal-dum
Ụlọ ọrụ Sealaska Heritage Institute
A Zimshian Version nke akụkụ nke Akwụkwọ nke ekpere nkịtị (1882) nke William Ridley sụgharịrị
Akwụkwọ edemede nke Akụrụngwa dị na Asụsụ Tsimshian Coast (YDLI)
Akwụkwọ edemede nke Akụrụngwa na Asụsụ South Tsimshian (YDLI)
Akwụkwọ edemede nke ihe onwunwe na asụsụ Gitksan (YDLI)
Akwụkwọ edemede nke Akụrụngwa na Asụsụ Nisga'a (YDLI)
Tsimshian ( Usoro ọkọwa okwu Intercontinental )

[1] Statistics Canada 2006. Archived from the original on 2019-02-22. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.

[2] Tarpent (1997). "Tsimshianic and Penutian: Problems, Methods, Results, and Implications". International Journal of American Linguistics 63 (1): 65–112. DOI:10.1086/466314.

[3] Bicevskis (2017). "Quantification in Gitksan", in Paperno: Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_6. ISBN 978-3-319-44328-7. “Though Tsimshianic is unmistakably part of the central northwest coastal Sprachbund (Beck 2002), no convincing evidence has been forthcoming for a genetic relationship between it and any other language family, in spite of persistent attempts to lump the family into the hypothetical Penutian stock, whose other members are found far to the south in Oregon and California (see for example Sapir 1921 and Tarpent 1997).”

[4] Brown (2010). Gitksan Phonotactics. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-89586-589-3. “While the Tsimshianic language family is considered by some to be an isolate, others have considered it to be a member of a much larger stock. In particular, Sapir (1921) classified Tsimshianic as a part of the Penutian stock. More recently, DeLancey et al. (1988) and Tarpent (1996, 1997) have re-argued this point, suggesting that Tsimshianic is indeed a Penutian language. These authors point to morphological, phonemic, and lexical correspondences to make this claim. However, the major problems that have been expressed in the literature about the Penutian stock, as well as the problems with Tsimshianic as a part of that stock (see the discussion in Rigsby 1986, as well as Campbell 1997 for a general overview) cast doubt on this relationship. I take the conservative position that the Tsimshianic family is an isolate, and not related to the Penutian stock, or any other hypothesized stocks, though nothing in this work hinges on that position.”

[uas-catalog-5] Alaska Languages (AKL). University of Alaska Southeast Academic Catalog. Retrieved on 2023-10-03.

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