Asụsụ Tuareg
| Obere ụdị nke | Berber languages  |
|---|---|
| Mba/obodo | Mali, Niger, Algeria, Libya, Burkina Faso |
| Usoro ederede | Latin script, Tifinagh, Arabic alphabet |
| Òtù na-achịkwa asụsụ | Direction Nationale de l'Alphabétisation Fonctionnelle et de la Linguistique Appliquée |
| Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO | 2 vulnerable |
Tuareg asụsụ bụ otu asụsụ na olumba Berber nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ndị Tuareg Berber na-asụ ha n'akụkụ buru ibu nke Mali, Niger,Algeria, Libya, na Burkina Faso, nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu ole na ole, ndị Kinnin, na Chad.[1]
Nkọwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba Tuareg so na South Berber na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ewere ya dị ka otu asụsụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ site na Karl-Gottfried Prasse ). A na-eji mgbanwe ụda ole na ole mara ha nke ọma (karịsịa na-emetụta mkpọpụta z na h mbụ). Ụdị ndị Tuareg bụ ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ; ha na-ejigide ụdaume abụọ dị mkpụmkpụ ebe asụsụ Northern-Berber nwere otu ma ọ bụ nke ọ bụla, ma nwee oke nrịanrịa nke okwu mgbazinye Arabic karịa ọtụtụ asụsụ Berber. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]
A na-edekarị asụsụ Tuareg n'ụdị mkpụrụedemede Tifinagh . Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikarị edemede Arabic eme ihe na mpaghara ụfọdụ (ma ọ dị kemgbe oge ochie), ebe script Latin bụ ọrụ na Mali na Niger . [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]
Nkewa nke ntakiri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-ekwu okwu Tin Sert (Tetserret) na-akọwapụta dị ka Tuareg, mana asụsụ a bụ Western Berber .
Ọkpụkpụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ike iji script Tifinagh (Libyco-Berber) oge ochie dee asụsụ Tuareg, script Latin ma ọ bụ nke Arabic . Mmemme mmuta nke mba Mali DNAFLA ewepụtala ụkpụrụ maka mkpụrụedemede Latịn, nke a na-eji emezigharị na Prasse's Lexique na mmemme mmuta gọọmentị na Burkina, ebe na Niger ejiri usoro dị iche. Enwekwara ụfọdụ mgbanwe na Tifinagh na n'edemede Arabic. [ 5 ]
Achọtala ojiji mbụ nke edemede Tifinagh na nka nkume na n'ili dị iche iche. N'ime ndị a bụ ili ncheta afọ 1,500 nke Tuareg matriarch Tin Hinan, bụ ebe a chọtara ihe odide Tifinagh n'otu mgbidi ya. [1]
Amachibidoro ojiji Tifinagh ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ ịde usoro anwansi, na-ede n'ọbụ aka mgbe achọrọ ịgbachi nkịtị, yana n'edemede leta. [2] Ndị ebo na-etinye aka na mmụta islam na-ejikarị eme ihe n'asụsụ Arabik, mana amachaghị maka mgbakọ ya. [3]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro ụdaume gụnyere ụdaume ogologo ise, /a, e, i, o, u/ na ụdaume abụọ dị mkpụmkpụ, /ə, ă/ (na ibe a, /ă/ a na-eji anọchi anya IPA [æ] ). Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdaume ahụ nwere ụda olu mepere emepe nke na-eme ozugbo tupu consonants na-ekwusi ike, dabere na mgbanwe olumba. Allphones ndị a gụnyere [ɛ] maka /e/ na /i/ (n'agbanyeghị /i/ nwere ike ghara imeghe), [ɔ] maka /o/ na /u/ (n'agbanyeghị /u/ nwere ike ghara imeghe), na [ă] maka /ə/ . [ 17 ] Karl Prasse rụrụ ụka na /e/ na-alaghachi na Proto-Berber, ebe /o/ sitere na /u/. Ihe akaebe atụnyere na-egosi na /ə/ na-enweta site na njikọta nke Proto-Berber */ĭ/ na */ŭ/.
Sudlow na-eji ụdaume were were klaasị "semivowels" /w, j/, wee detuo diphthongs ndị a nwere ike ime: /əw/ (> [u]), /ăw/, /aw/, /ew/, /iw/, /ow/, /uw/, /iw/, /ow/, /uw/, /əj/ (> [i]), /j /j/ij/, /aj/, /e, /j. [ 19 ]
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndepụta nke consonant yiri nke ukwuu nke Arabic: ụda olu dị iche; uvulars, pharyngeal (nke a na-akpọkarị emphatics) /tˤ/, /lˤ/, /sˤ/, /dˤ/, /zˤ/ ; na-achọ ka akwara pharynx gbakọọ ma na-emetụta ịkpọpụta ụdaume na-esote, na enweghị olu bilabial plosive . [ 22 ]
Nkwụsị glottal abụghị ụda ụda. Ọ na-apụta na mmalite nke ụdaume-mbụ okwu iji mejupụta ebe consonant mbụ dị n'usoro mkpụrụokwu (lee n'okpuru), ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụrụ na okwu a na-ebute ụzọ na okwu na-agwụ na consonant, ọ na-eme njikọ kama. Nkebiokwu-ikpeazụ /a/ na-esotekwa ụda ụda glottal nkwụsị . [ 23 ]
Gemination dị iche. [ 24 ] Dịkarịa /ɣɣ/ na-aghọ [qː], /ww/ na-aghọ [ɡː], na /dˤdˤ/ na-aghọ [tˤː] . [ 24 ] /q/ na /tˤ/ na-karịsịa geminate. Na mgbakwunye, na Tadɣaq /ɡ/ na-abụkarị geminate, mana na Tudalt singleton /ɡ/ nwere ike ime. [ 24 ]
Nkwekọrịta olu na-eme, yana consonant nke mbụ na-ewere olu nke abụọ (dịka /edˤkăr/ > [etˤkăr] ). [ 25 ]
Mbelata ụyọkọ tụgharịrị okwu/morpheme-ikpeazụ /-ɣt, -ɣk/ banye [-qː] na /-kt, -ɟt, -ɡt/ banye [-kː] (dịka /tămaʃăɣt/ > [tămaʃăq] 'Tamasheq' [ ndetu 2 ] ). [ 26 ]
phonotactics
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nhazi mkpụrụokwu bụ CV(C)(C), gụnyere glotal stops (lee n'elu). [ 23 ]
Suprasegmentals
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nchegbu na-emegiderịta onwe ya nwere ike ime na akụkụ nke ngwaa. [ 17 ]
Ndịiche olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba dị iche iche nwere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịza ajụjụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndịiche ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Proto-Berber *h na-efukarị na Ayer Tuareg, ebe a na-echekwa ya n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla na Mali Tuareg. Olumba Iwellemmeden na Ahaggar Tuareg dị n'etiti ọnọdụ ndị a. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Consonant Proto-Berber *z na-apụta n'ụzọ dị iche na olumba dị iche iche, mmepe nke na-egosipụta ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'aha olumba. Achọpụtara ya dị ka h na Tamahaq (Tahaggart), dị ka š na Tamasheq na dị ka z dị mfe na olumba Tamajaq Tawallammat na Tayart. Na abụọ ikpeazụ, * z na-aghọta dị ka ž n'ihu palatal ụdaume, na-akọwa ụdị Tamajaq . Na Tawallammat na karịsịa Tayart, ụdị palatalization a anaghị ejide onwe ya na z . N'olumba ndị a, eze n'ozuzu na-ada ụda tupu /i/ na /j/ . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ tidət [tidʲət] na Tayart.
Ndịiche ndị ọzọ nwere ike ị nwetaghachi n'ụzọ dị mfe na ibiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, agbaziwo pharyngeal Arabic ħ na ` yana okwu mbinye ego Arab site n'olumba ndị ọkachamara na mmụta Islam ( Maraboutic ). Olumba ndị ọzọ na-eji x na ɣ dochie ħ na ʻotu n'otu.
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro usoro okwu bụ isi na Tuareg bụ ngwaa–isiokwu–ihe . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ngwaa n'ime klaasị morphological iri na itoolu; Enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ n'ime klaasị ndị a n'usoro n'usoro. Ngwaa na-ebu ozi gbasara isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu n'ụdị akara aha. Ọ dịghị mfe adjectives dị na Tuareg asụsụ; A na-akọwapụta echiche adjentival site n'iji ngwa ngwa ikwu na-akpọkarị 'participle'. Asụsụ Tuareg emetụtala asụsụ Northern Songhay dị ka Sawaq, ndị na-asụ ya bụ omenala Tuareg mana na-asụ Songhay; mmetụta a na-agụnye isi okwu phonology na mgbe ụfọdụ ụtọ asụsụ yana ọtụtụ okwu mgbazinye ego.
Syntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tamasheq na-ahọrọ usoro VSO; otu o sila dị o nwere nhazi okwu-okwu (dị ka n'asụsụ ogbi nke America, Hibru ọgbara ọhụrụ, Japanese na Russian), na-enye ohere ka ebu ụzọ tinye echiche ahụ e mesiri ike, ma ọ bụ isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe, nke ikpeazụ na-enye mmetụta dị ka nke Bekee. [ 30 ] Sudlow na-eji ihe atụ ndị a, ihe niile na-egosipụta echiche bụ "Ndị ikom anaghị esi nri porridge" (e na-egosi Sudlow's schwa):
| meddăn wăr sekediwăn ăsink | SVO |
| wăr sekediwăn meddăn ăsink | VSO |
| ăsinkwăr ti-sekediwăn meddăn | 'Porridge, men don't cook it.' |
| wădde meddăn a isakădawăn ăsink | 'It isn't men who cook porridge.' |
| meddăn a wăren isekediw ăsink | 'Men are not those who cook porridge.' |
Ọzọ dị ka Japanese, a na-eji "pronoun/particle 'a' na nkebi ahịrịokwu na-esonụ iji weta aha na nkebiokwu na mmalite maka imesi ike," ihe owuwu nke a pụrụ iji mesie ọbụna ihe nke prepositions. [ 31 ] Ihe atụ Sudlow (s na-egosi palato-alveolar fricative na-enweghị olu):
| essensăɣ enăle | 'I bought millet.' |
| enăle a essensăɣ | 'It was millet that I bought.' |
Ihe nrịbama ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè na-ewere ụdị i/y na Tudalt na e/y na Tadɣaq. [ 32 ]
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na ụkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ asụsụ templaịt, mgbọrọgwụ atọ n'otu n'otu (base consonant bases) bụ nke a na-ahụkarị na Tamasheq. Niels na Regula Christiansen na-eji mgbọrọgwụ ktb (ide) iji gosipụta njikọ akụkụ emechara gara aga:
| otu | otutu | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Onye mbụ | ...-ăɣ | n-... | |
| Onye nke abụọ | t-...-ăd | t-...-ăm | |
| Onye nke atọ | M | y-... | t-...-măt |
| F | t-... | ...-ăn | |
| Ụdị nsonye, ya bu "onye..." |
M | y-...-ăn | ...-năt |
| F | t-...-ăt | ...-nen | |
| Person | Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Templeeti:Interlinear | Templeeti:Interlinear | |
| 2nd | (m) | Templeeti:Interlinear | Templeeti:Interlinear |
| (f) | Templeeti:Interlinear | ||
| 3rd | (m) | Templeeti:Interlinear | Templeeti:Interlinear |
| (f) | Templeeti:Interlinear | Templeeti:Interlinear | |
Nkwekọrịta ọnụ na ojiji nke akụkụ; Tamasheq na-eji anọ, dịka Sudlow depụtara:
- Zuru oke: omume zuru oke
- Stative: "State na-adịgide adịgide dị ka nsonaazụ na-aga n'ihu nke mmemme emechara."
- Ezughị okè: omume n'ọdịnihu ma ọ bụ omume nwere ike ime, "a na-ejikarị ngwaa na-egosipụta mmetụta, mkpebi ma ọ bụ echiche," enwere ike iji "'ad'" (akpụkpọ ya na "'a-'" na prepositions).
- Cursive: omume na-aga n'ihu, na-emekarị ihe.
| Ngwaa | Zuru oke/dị mfe zuru oke | Stative/na-akpa ike zuru oke | Na-ezughị okè/dị mfe zuru oke | ezughị okè nke cursive/na-akpa ike |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| zgr | izgr | izgr | ||
| 'Ọ pụrụ' | 'Ọ pụọ' | |||
| bdd | ibd | ibd | ||
| 'O biliri' | 'O biliri (ya mere o guzoro ọtọ)' | |||
| ekkeɣ hebu | ekkêɣ hebu | |||
| 'Agara m ahịa' | 'Aga m aga ahịa' | |||
| lmd | ad elmedăɣ Tămasăq | lammădăɣ Tămasăq | ||
| 'M ga-amụ Tamasheq' | 'Ana m amụ Tamasheq' | |||
| a-dd-as aseka | ||||
| 'Ọ ga-abịarute (ebe a) echi' | ||||
| iwan tattănăt alemmoZ | ||||
| 'Ehi na-eri ahịhịa' | ||||
| ăru tasăɣalăɣ siha | ||||
| 'M na-arụbu ọrụ n'ebe ahụ' |
A na-egosipụta iwu na ọnọdụ dị mkpa, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nke akụkụ ahụ na-ezughị okè, ọ gwụla ma a ga-emeghachi omume ahụ ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ gaa n'ihu, na nke a na-ahọrọ akụkụ nke cursive. [ 35 ]
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bouchiche, Lamara. (1997) Langues et litteratures berberes des sitere na nos jours. Bibliographie internationale et systematique. Paris: Ibis Press.
- Chaker, Salem, ed. (1988) Etudes touaregues. Bilan des recherches en Sciences sociales. Travaux et Documents de iREMAM no. 5. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM/LAPMO.
- Leupen, AHA (1978) Akwụkwọ akụkọ des populations touaregues: Sahara et Soudan centraux. Leiden: Afrika Studiecentrum .
Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Charles de Foucauld (1951–1952) Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu touareg–francais . 4 vol. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de France. [mbipụta facsimile mgbe anwụchara (onye edemede dec. 1916); olumba nke Hoggar, ndịda Algeria]
- Jeffrey Heath (2006) Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu tamachek–anglais–Français . Paris: Karthala. [na-ekpuchi olumba nke ugwu Mali]
- Motylinski, A. (1908). Grammaire, dialogues et dictionnaire touaregs . Alger: P. Fontana.
- Karl-G Prasse, Ghoubeid Alojaly na Ghabdouane Mohamed, (2003) Dictionnaire touareg–francais (Niger) . Edegharịrị mbipụta nke abụọ; 2 vol. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, Mahadum nke Copenhagen. [1st mbipụta 1998; na-ekpuchi olumba abụọ nke Northern Republic of Niger]
Asụsụ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Christiansen, Niels, na Regula. "Ụfọdụ njirimara ngwaa morphology nke Tadaksahak." Akwụkwọ ọrụ SIL Electronic. 2002. Ụlọ ọrụ SIL International. Disemba 2, 2007 < .
- Hanoteau, A. (1896) Essai de grammaire de la langue tamachek' : refermant les principes du langage parlé par les Imouchar' ou Touareg . Alger: A. Jourdan.
- Galand, Lionel. (1974) 'Mmalite grammaticale'. Na: Petites Soeurs de Jesus, Contes touaregs de l'Air (Paris: SELAF), p. 15–41.
- Heath, Jeffrey. 2005. Grammar nke Tamashek (Tuareg nke Mali) . (Mouton Grammar Series.) na Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Prasse, Karl G. (1973) Manuel de grammaire touaregue (tahaggart) . 4 vol. Copenhagen.
Ederede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ag Erless, Mohamed (1999) "Il n'y a qu'un soleil sur terre". Contes, ilu na devinettes des Touaregs Kel-Adagh. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM.
- Aghali-Zakara, Mohamed & Jeannine Drouin (1979) Omenala touarègues nigériennes. Paris: Harmattan.
- Albaka, Moussa & Dominique Casajus (1992) Poésies et chant touaregs de l'Ayr. Tandis qu'ils dorment tous, je dis mon chant d'amour . Paris: Harmattan.
- Alojaly, Ghoubeïd (1975) Ǎttarikh ən-Kəl-Dənnəg – Histoire des Kel-Denneg. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
- Casajus, Dominique (1985) Peau d'Âne et autres contes touaregs . Paris: Harmattan.
- Chaker, Salem & Hélène Claudot & Marceau Gast, eds. (1984) Ederede touaregs en prose de Charles de Foucauld et. A. de Calassanto-Motylinski. Aix-en-Provence: Édisud.
- Na-egwu touaregs. Recueillis na traduits nke Charles de Foucauld. Paris, Albin Michel, 1997
- Foucauld, Charles de (1925) Poésies touarègues. Olumba de l'Ahaggar. Paris: Leroux.
- Lettres ma ọ bụ marabout. Ozi touaregs ma ọ bụ Père de Foucauld . Paris, Belin, 1999
- Heath, Jeffrey (2005) Tamashek Ederede sitere na Timbuktu na Kidal . Usoro asụsụ Berber. Cologne: Koeppe Verlag
- Louali-Raynal, Naïma & Nadine Decourt & Ramada Elghamis (1997) Littérature orale touarègue. Contes na ilu. Paris: Harmattan.
- Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (1989) Poèmes touarègues de l'Ayr. 2 vol. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
- Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (2003) əlqissǎt ən-təməddurt-in – Le récit de ma vie. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
- Nicolaisen, Johannes, na Ida Nicolaisen. The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture, and Society. Vol. 1,2. New York: Thames na Hudson, Inc, 1997. 2 mpịakọta.
- Nicolas, Francis (1944) Folklore Twareg. Poésies et Chansons de l'Azawarh. BIFAN VI, 1–4, p. 1–463.
Isiokwu asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Cohen, David (1993) 'Racines'. Na: Drouin & Roth, ed. À la croisée des études libyco-berbères. Mélanges na-enye Paulette Galand-Pernet na Lionel Galand (Paris: Geuthner), 161–175.
- Kossmann, Maarten (1999) Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère . Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
- Prasse, Karl G. (1969) A propos de l'origine de h touareg (tahaggart) . Copenhagen.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Briggs (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man 56: 20–23. DOI:10.2307/2793877.
- ↑ Penchoen (1973). Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir. Los Angeles: Undena Publications.
- ↑ Orthography in a plurigraphic society: the case of Tuareg in Niger. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008.
- ↑ Christiansen & Christiansen 2002, p. 5.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]