Asụsụ Tukang Besi

Tukang Besi bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị na-asụ na Tukangbesi Islands na ndị na-eme ememme Sulawesi na Indonesia. A na-eji Tukang Besi pidgin eme ihe n'ahụ.^[1]

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Asụsụ dị n'ebe ugwu nke Tukang Besi nwere ike ise iri na ise na ụzọume ise.[1] Ọ na- egwuregwu nke na- mgbaàmà na ndị nke abụọ nke na nke ikpeazụ. Asụsụ ahụ nwere ikeume abụọ, nke a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'asụsụ ụwa. coronal plosives na /s/ nwere ndị yiri ibe ha nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka phonemes dị iche iche.

Tukang Besi (asụsụ ugwu) ụdaume^[2]
		Bilabial		Ezé / Alveolar		Velar		Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi		m		n		ŋ
Plosive	ala dị larịị	p	b	t̪	(d̪)	k	ɡ	ʔ
Plosive	tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị	mp	mb	n̪t̪	n̪d̪	ŋk	ŋɡ
Implosive			ɓ		ɗ̪
Ihe na-esiri ike	ala dị larịị		β	s	(z)			h
Ihe na-esiri ike	tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị			n̪s̪
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ				r
N'akụkụ				l̪

Ihe odide:

/b/ na-apụta naanị na okwu ndị a gbazitere agbazitere, mana ọ dị iche na /ɓ/
[d] na [z] abụghị phonemic ma na-apụta naanị dị ka allophones nke /dʒ/, nke na-apụtara naanị na okwu mgbazinye.

Orthography

Mkpụrụedemede

a - [a/ɐ]
e - [ɛ/e]
i - [i/ɪ]
o - [ma ọ bụ]
u - [ɯ/u]

Mkpụrụ okwu

b - [ɓ/ʔɓ/ʔb/β]
b̠ - [b]
c - [t͡ʃ]
d - [ɗ̪]
d̠ - [d/d͡ʒ/z]
g - [g/ Qatar/ʔ Qatar/ɣ]
h - [h/h]
j - [d͡ʒ]
k - [k/c]
l - [l̪]
m - [m]
mb - [mb]
mp - [mp]
n - [n]
nd - [n̪d̪]
ns - [n̪s̪]
nt - [n̪t̪]
ng - [ŋ]
qill - [ŋɡ]
ngk - [ŋk]
nj - [n̪d̪]
p - [p]
r - [r]
s - [s]
t - [t̪]
w - [w]
' - [ʔ]

Asụsụ

Aha

Tukang Besi okike ma ọ bụ nọmba. Ọ bụ ergative-absolutive.

Ngwaa

Tukang Besi nwere oge mgbanwe n'ọdịnihu, nke a na-egosi na prefix, mana enweghị oge gara aga.

Usoro okwu

Tukang Besi na-eji ngwaa-ihe-ihe okwu usoro, nke ndị Fiji na-ike. ka ọtụtụ nwera Austronesian, ọ prepositions, mana ọ na-etinye adjectives, genitives, nadeterminers n'azụ aha. Ebe na-egosi nke-ehi saịtị na njedebe nke ahụ. ^[3]

Ihe odide

↑ Donohue (1996). "Some trade languages of insular South-East Asia and Irian Jaya", in Wurm: Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 713–716.
↑ Donohue (1999). "Tukang Besi", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press, 151–53. ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
↑ Dryer, Matthew S. (2013). Language Tukang Besi. The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved on 27 February 2021.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

Donohue (1999). A Grammar of Tukang Besi. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110805543.
Donohue (2000). "Tukang Besi dialectology", in Grimes: Spices from the East: Papers in languages of Eastern Indonesia, Pacific Linguistics No. 503. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 55–72. DOI:10.15144/PL-503.55.

[1] Donohue (1996). "Some trade languages of insular South-East Asia and Irian Jaya", in Wurm: Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 713–716.

[Donohue_1999_phonology-2] Donohue (1999). "Tukang Besi", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press, 151–53. ISBN 0-521-65236-7.

[3] Dryer, Matthew S. (2013). Language Tukang Besi. The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved on 27 February 2021.

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