Asụsụ Udmurt

Udmurt ; Удмурт кыл Udmurt kyl
Spoken in:	Russia
Region:	Udmurtia
Total speakers:	Templeeti:Sigfig
Language family:	Turalt; Permic; UdmurtTempleeti:Infobox Language/scriptTempleeti:Infobox Language/official
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	udm
ISO 639-3:	udm
	5.2-Udmurt.png Templeeti:Infobox Language/IPA

Udmurt (/ʊdˈmʊərt/; Cyrillic: Удмурт) bụ asụsụ Permic nke Ndị Udmurt bụ ndị obodo Udmurtia na-asụ. Dị ka asụsụ Uralic, ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị dị ka Finnish, Estonian, Mansi, Khanty, na Hungarian. Asụsụ Udmurt na Russian na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ime Udmurtia.

A na-ede ya site na iji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Cyrillic na mgbakwunye nke mkpụrụedemede ise a na-ejighị mee ihe na mkpụrụedemede Russian: ː́́́́, ː́, na ː́. Ya na asụsụ Komi na Permyak, ọ mejupụtara otu Permic nke ezinụlọ Uralic. Asụsụ Udmurt na onye ikwu ya kacha nso, asụsụ Komi, nwere usoro aglutinative yiri nke ahụ.^[1] N'etiti ndị si n'èzí, a na-akpọkarị ya aha Russian ya, Votyak. Udmurt gbaziri okwu site n'asụsụ ndị agbata obi, ọkachasị site na Tatar na Russian.

N'afọ 2010, dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Russia si kwuo, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ 324,000 na mba ahụ, n'ime ndị agbụrụ dị ihe dị ka 554,000.^[2] Ethnologue mere atụmatụ na e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ 550,000 (77%) n'ime ndị agbụrụ 750,000 na SFSR nke Russia (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 1989), mbelata nke ihe dịka 41% n'ime afọ 21.

Asụsụ

Enwere ike ịhazi ụdị Udmurt n'ime ìgwè atọ sara mbara:

Northern Udmurt, nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Cheptsa
Southern Udmurt
Besermyan, nke Ndị Besermyans nwere ike ịsụ

A na-achọta asụsụ dị n'etiti Northern na Southern Udmurt, na Udmurt edemede gụnyere atụmatụ sitere na mpaghara abụọ ahụ. Besermyan dị iche iche karịa. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ^{[citation needed]}

Ihe dị iche n'etiti olumba ndị a abụghị nke ukwu, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'okwu, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ihi mmetụta siri ike nke Tatar na nsọtụ ndịda nke mpaghara ndị na-asụ Udmurt. Enwere obere ọdịiche dị na morphology na phonology; dịka ọmụmaatụ:

Southern Udmurt nwere njedebe -ыз /-ɨz/, dị iche na -ты /-t/ nke ugwu.
Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Udmurt na-eme ka ụdaume nke asatọ /ʉ/ dị iche.
Besermyan nwere /e/ n'ọnọdụ ọkọlọtọ Udmurt /ə/ (ya mere na-eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị naanị ụdaume isii), na /ɵ/ n'ebe ọkọlọtọ udmurt /ɨ/.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

N'adịghị ka asụsụ Uralic ndị ọzọ dị ka Finnish na Hungarian, Udmurt anaghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume ogologo na mkpirikpi ma ọ nweghị nkwekọrịta ụdaume.

Mkpụrụ okwu

		Akpụkpọ ahụ	Alveolar	Post-alveolar<br id="mwbw">	(Alveolo-) ire ụtọ	Velar
Ụgbọ imi		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	enweghị olu	p	t		tʲ	k
Plosive	kwuru okwu	b	d		dʲ	ɡ
Africate	enweghị olu		(t͡s)	t͡ʃ	t͡ɕ
Africate	kwuru okwu		(d͡z)	d͡ʒ	d͡ʑ
Ihe na-esiri ike	enweghị olu	(f)	s	ʃ	ɕ	(x)
Ihe na-esiri ike	kwuru okwu	v	z	ʒ	ʑ
Ihe atụ					j
N'akụkụ			l		ʎ
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ			r

A na-ejedebe ụdaume /f x t͡s/ na okwu ndị a gbazitere agbazitere, a na-ejikwa /p k t͡ɕ/ dochie ya. Dị ka ọ dị na Hungarian, Udmurt na-egosipụta ụda olu na-agbadata na ntinye aka (ihe ikpeazụ na-ekpebi njikọta), mana na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ (karịsịa iji mee ka ndị dị obere abụọ dị iche iche dị iche iche site na ikwupụta). ^[3]

Mkpụrụedemede

	N'ihu	Central	Ịlaghachi azụ
	Enweghị gburugburu		Mgbasa
N'akụkụ	i	ɨ	u
N'etiti	e	ə	o
Emeghe	a

Orthography

A na-ede Udmurt site na iji nsụgharị gbanwere nke mkpụrụedemede Cyrillic nke Russia:

Cyrillic	Latin	IPA	Letter name	Notes
А а	A a	[a]	а
Б б	B b	[b]	бэ
В в	V v	[v]	вэ
Г г	G g	[ɡ]	гэ
Д д	D d Ď ď	[d] [dʲ~ɟ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь	дэ
Е е	JE je E e	[je] [ʲe] after coronals д, т, з, с, л, н	е
Ё ё	JO jo O o	[jo] [ʲo] after д, т, з, с, л, н	ё
Ж ж	Ž ž	[ʒ]	жэ
Ӝ ӝ	DŽ dž	[d͡ʒ]	ӝэ	Д + Ж
З з	Z z Ź ź	[z] [ʑ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь	зэ
Ӟ ӟ	DŹ dź	[d͡ʑ]	ӟе	Дь + Зь
И и	I i	[i] [ʲi] after д, т, з, с, л, н	и
Ӥ ӥ	I i	[i] when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, н	точкаен и, точкаосын и ("dotted i")	Like Komi і. Non-palatalizing form of и.
Й й	J j	[j]	вакчи и ("short i")
К к	K k	[k]	ка
Л л	Ł ł L l	[ɫ] [ʎ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь	эл
М м	M m	[m]	эм
Н н	N n Ň ň	[n] [ɲ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь	эн
О о	O o	[o]	о
Ӧ ӧ	Õ õ	[ɜ]~[ə]	ӧ
П п	P p	[p]	пэ
Р р	R r	[r]	эр
С с	S s Ś ś	[s] [ɕ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь	эс
Т т	T t Ť ť	[t] [tʲ~c] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь	тэ
У у	U u	[u]	у
Ф ф	F f	[f]	эф	In loanwords.
Х х	H h	[x]	ха	In loanwords.
Ц ц	C c	[t͡s]	цэ	In loanwords.
Ч ч	Ć ć	[t͡ɕ]	чэ	Ть + Сь
Ӵ ӵ	Č č	[t͡ʃ]	ӵэ	Т + Ш
Ш ш	Š š	[ʃ]	ша
Щ щ	ŠČ šč	[ɕ(ː)]	ща	In loanwords.
Ъ ъ	–	–	чурыт пус ("hard sign")	Distinguishes palatalized consonants (/dʲ/ /tʲ/ /zʲ/ /sʲ/ /lʲ/ /n/) from unpalatalized consonants followed by /j/ if followed by vowel; for example, /zʲo/ and /zjo/ are written зё (źo) and зъё (zjo), respectively.
Ы ы	Y y	[ɨ]~[ɯ]	ы
Ь ь	–	[ʲ]	небыт пус ("soft sign")
Э э	E e	[e]	э
Ю ю	JU ju	[ju] [ʲu] after д, т, з, с, л, н	ю
Я я	JA ja	[ja] [ʲa] after д, т, з, с, л, н	я

Asụsụ

Udmurt bụ asụsụ na-agbakọta ọnụ. Ọ na-eji affixes iji gosipụta ihe onwunwe, ịkọwa ọnọdụ, oge, na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Enweghị ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na aha ma ọ bụ nnọchiaha onwe onye.

Ikpe

Udmurt nwere ikpe iri na ise: ikpe asatọ nke asụsụ na ikpe asaa nke ebe obibi.

Enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti adjectives na aha na ahịrịokwu aha Udmurt na-anọpụ iche; n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ nweghị adjective declension dị ka na ahịrị okwu inessive badī Gurтын ("n'ime nnukwu obodo"; cf. ahịrịokwu inessive Finnish iso kyl jim, nke a na-agbanwe "nnukwu" dịka aha isi).

Ọnọdụ Udmurt
Ihe omuma	Suffix	Ihe Nlereanya	Nsụgharị
Asụsụ
aha	-	гурт /gurt/	Obodo nta
mkpụrụ ndụ	-En	Gurthlan / Gurthyan/	nke obodo / obodo
ebubo	-эз/-ез/-ты/-ыз /ez/jez/tɨ/ɨz/	Gurтэз /gurtez/	obodo (dị ka ihe)
ablative	-A na-ekwu okwu /	Gurtлэсь /gurtšh/	site n'obodo nta
dative	-s na-acha	/gurtɫɨ/	gaa n'obodo nta
ngwá ọrụ	-эн/-ен/-ын /en/jen/ɨn/	гуртэн /gurten/	site n'obodo nta
Abessive	-tek/	Gurttek /gurtːek/	na-enweghị obodo
adverbial	-m /jɑ/	Gurhtya /gurtjɑ/	n'ụzọ obodo
Ọnọdụ ndị dị n'ebe ahụ*
inessive	-nwa /ɨn/	гуртын /gurtɨn/	n'ime obodo
illative	-э/-е/-ы /e/je/ɨ/	Gurтэ /gurte/	n'ime obodo (ma ọ bụ ụlọ)
eletrik	-sui /ɨɕ/	Gurtiсь /gurtɨɕ/	site n'obodo nta
na-agwụ agwụ	-ысен /ɨɕen/	гуртысен /gurtɨɕen/	malite n'obodo
okwu nkwụsị	-oz /oz/	/gurtoʑ/ / Gurtozi/	mechie n'ime obodo
prolative	__ibo____ibo__ -Eti/jeti/ɨti/ti/	Gurtiʹa / Gurtiʹ	n'akụkụ obodo
nwa ara	-Anyaụ /	Gurthlanh /gurtlanh	gaa n'obodo nta

*N'ime okwu mpaghara niile, nnọchiaha onwe onye nwere ike ịgbanwe naanị na allative (a na-akpọkwa ihe dị ka nso).

Ọtụtụ

E nwere ụdị ọnụọgụ abụọ na Udmurt. Otu bụ ọnụọgụ maka aha -ос/-ëс na nke ọzọ bụ ọnụọụọgụ maka adjectives -эсь/-есь.

Nchịkọta aha

Aha ahụ na-adịkarị n'ọtụtụ. N'ọtụtụ ahịrịokwu, a chọghị ka adjective dị n'ọtụtụ:

Nkọwapụta
Udmurt	Ntụgharị	Bekee
[чебер(есь) нылъёс] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	ćeber (eś) nyljosnyljosJọshịa	(ụmụ agbọghọ mara mma)

Ihe ịrịba ama nke ọtụtụ na-abịa mgbe niile n'ihu njedebe ndị ọzọ (ya bụ, ikpe na nsonaazụ possessive) na nhazi ọdịdị nke ọtụtụ aha.

Usoro ọdịdị
Udmurt	Ntụgharị	Bekee
нылъёслы	nyljosly	nye ụmụ agbọghọ
гуртъёсазы	gurtjosazy	gaa/n'ime obodo ha

Ọtụtụ n'ime

Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Hungarian na Mordvinic, ọ bụrụ na isiokwu ahụ bụ ọtụtụ, adjective ahụ bụ ọtụtụ mgbe niile mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka predicative nke ahịrịokwu ahụ:

Nkọwapụta
Udmurt	Ntụgharị	Bekee
[нылъёс чебересь] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	nyljos ćebereś	ụmụ agbọghọ mara mma
[толъёс кузесь] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	toljos kuźeś	oge oyi dị ogologoogologo oge

A na-agbanwe nnọchiaha Udmurt n'otu ụzọ ahụ aha ha na-ezo aka. Otú ọ dị, a na-agbanwe nnọchiaha onwe onye naanị n'ọnọdụ ụtọ asụsụ ma enweghị ike ịgbanwe ya n'ọnọdụ locative.

Aha nnọchiaha

A na-eji nn<i id="mwA-Y">ọ</i> onwe onye Udmurt eme ihe iji zoo aka na mmadụ naanị. Otú ọ dị, a pụrụ ịkpọ onye nke atọ dị ka ya. A na-edepụta okwu nnọchiaha onwe onye na tebụl na-esonụ:

Aha nnọchiaha
	otu	ọtụtụ
Onye nke mbụ	Mon / Mon/	m /mi/
Onye nke abụọ	ton /ton/	Nke a bụ /ti/
Onye nke atọ	na /so/	соос /soːs/

Nkọwa ndị ọzọ:

E nwere ụdị ndị na-eme ka onwe ha sie ike: 'M] onwe m', 'ị] onwe gị', 'ị/ya/ya/onwe ya', 'ị' onwe anyị', 'ị" onwe gị', "ị" onwe unu', 'ị', 'ị bụ onwe gị'.[you][we]^[4]

Onye nke mbụ nwere ụdị abụọ dịka clusivity si dị: asсьмеос bụ "gụnyere anyị" na "mi" bụ "naanị anyị". Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-eto eto yiri ka ha na-akwado mgbe niile iji "mi" (ma eleghị anya n'okpuru mmetụta nke Russian 'my' maka "anyị"), nke mere na maka ọgbọ ndị okenye amaokwu sitere na abụ a ma ama "Ойдо, нылаш ми тонэн пумиськом!" na-ada ụda: ihe ọ pụtara bụ "Hey nwa agbọghọ, ka anyị zute!", ebe na ntụgharị ọdịnala ọ na-agụ "Hey nwa nwanyị, ka anyị niile zute gị!" Okwu kwesịrị ekwesị a tụrụ anya ga-abụ: "Ойд, нылаш пусьмеськом" na "m" bụ okwu m - okwu "by you!" na "my-okwu m" bụ okwu Russian^[4]

Ndị nnọchiaha na-ajụ ajụjụ

Ndị nnọchiaha na-ajụ ajụjụ na Udmurt na-agbanwe n'ọnọdụ niile. Otú ọ dị, nnọchiaha ajụjụ ndị na-adịghị ndụ 'ihe' n'okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị nwere ụdị isi ҡыт-. A na-edepụta okwu nnọchiaha ajụjụ na tebụl na-esonụ:

Ndị nnọchiaha na-ajụ ajụjụ (nkọwa aha)
Udmurt	Bekee
Otu
ma /mɑ/	ihe
kin/</kin/ about="#mwt234" data-ve-ignore="" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Udmurt-language_text" id="mwBDo" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>	onye
Ọtụtụ
Maos /mɑos/	ihe
kinъëс /kinjos/	onye

Ngwaa

A na-ekewa ngwaa Udmurt n'ime ìgwè abụọ, ha abụọ nwere akara -na.

E nwere ọnọdụ okwu atọ na Udmurt: ihe ngosi, ihe gbasara ọnọdụ na ihe dị mkpa. E nwekwara ọnọdụ nhọrọ nke ejiri mee ihe n'asụsụ ụfọdụ. Ọnọdụ ihe ngosi nwere oge anọ: ugbu a, ọdịnihu, na oge gara aga abụọ. Na mgbakwunye, e nwere usoro oge anọ gara aga nke gụnyere ngwaa enyemaka. A na-eji ngwaa na-adịghị mma nke na-ejikọta ya na njedebe nkeonwe agbagha ngwaa.

Ihe ịrịba ama ndị bụ isi na Udmurt bụ (ma e wezụga ụfọdụ):

Njedebe nke ngwaa
Onye	Njedebe
Otu
Nke Mbụ	-Ø
Nke abụọ	-d
Nke atọ	-z
Ọtụtụ
Nke Mbụ	-m
Nke abụọ	-da
Nke atọ	-Zee

Ihe atụ nke ijikọ: tọn (ijikọ I)
Onye	Udmurt	Ntụgharị	Bekee
Otu
Nke Mbụ	Ọdịdị dị nro*	todIśko*	Amaara m
Nke abụọ	Ọdịda Anyanwụ*	todiśkod*	ị maara
Nke atọ	тодэ	todena	ọ maara
Ọtụtụ
Nke Mbụ	тодӥськомы	todiśkomy	anyị maara
Nke abụọ	тодӥськоды	todIśkody	ị maara
Nke atọ	тодо	ihe niileo	ha maara

*A na-eji - ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]) сько-/- (и) сько-.

Nchịkọta okwu

Udmurt bụ Asụsụ SOV.

Akwụkwọ Nsọ

Dabere n'ụdị okwu ahụ, ihe dị ka pasentị iri ruo iri atọ nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Udmurt nwere okwu mgbazinye ego. Ọtụtụ okwu mgbazinye ego sitere na asụsụ Tatar, nke metụtakwara usoro ụda olu Udmurt na nhazi okwu nke ukwuu.

Ihe ịrịba ama asụsụ abụọ na Izhevsk na-akpọsa "na-anabata" na Russian ("nwere obi ụtọ") na Udmurt ("гажаса ➜")

Asụsụ Udmurt, tinyere asụsụ Tatar, metụtara asụsụ nke Ndị Juu Udmurt.

Mgbasa ozi

Ndị na-esote Eurovision bụ Buranovskiye Babushki, otu egwu pop nke nne ochie Udmurt mejupụtara, na-abụkarị abụ na Udmurt.^[5]

Ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke ịhụnanya Berry-Strawberry, nke Polish-Udmurt jikọtara ọnụ, dị n'asụsụ Udmurt.

N'afọ 2013, ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri "Inwis kinopottonni" mepụtara ihe nkiri n'asụsụ Udmurt a na-akpọ Puzkar ("ụlọ").

A sụgharịrị Bible ahụ kpamkpam n'asụsụ Udmurt na 2013. ^[6]

Akwụkwọ

Csúcs (1998). "Udmurt", in Abondolo: The Uralic Languages. London: Routledge, 276–304.
Kel'makov (2008). Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia, 2nd (in fi), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 978-952-5150-34-6.
Moreau (2009). Parlons Oudmourte. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-07951-9.

Edensibia

↑ Edygarova (2022). "The Udmurt language between 1920 and 1950". Finnisch-ugrische Mitteilungen. 46: 91–139.
↑ Udmurt. Endangered Languages Project. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved on 29 January 2022.
↑ 2. Фонетика.. Удмуртология. Retrieved on 3 April 2022.
1 2 К проблеме категории инклюзивности местоимений в удмуртском языке. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved on 2023-12-09. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "asm" defined multiple times with different content.
↑ Omelyanchuk (7 March 2012). Buranovskiye Babushki to represent Russia in Baku. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
↑ First Bible in Udmurt – arrives this week!. United Bible Societies. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015.

Njikọ mpụga

Udmurtology: Asụsụ Udmurt, Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme na Ọdịbendị (n'asụsụ Russian)
Akwụkwọ
The First Udmurt Forum Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine (n'asụsụ Russian)
Mahadum Udmurt State (nwere Udmurt Language Program maka ndị na-asụ Bekee)
Asụsụ Udmurt, mkpụrụ akwụkwọ na ịkpọpụta
Vladimir Napolskikh Nnyocha nke Eberhard Winkler, Udmurt, München 2001 (Asụsụ nke Ụwa. Materials 212)
Udmurt - Finnish/Komi Zyrian dictionary E debere Wayback Machine (ọgwụgwụ siri ike, oghere)
Ịmụta okwu Udmurt
BGN/PCGN Romanization ngwá ọrụ maka Udmurt

[1] Edygarova (2022). "The Udmurt language between 1920 and 1950". Finnisch-ugrische Mitteilungen. 46: 91–139.

[Endangered_Languages-2] Udmurt. Endangered Languages Project. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved on 29 January 2022.

[3] 2. Фонетика.. Удмуртология. Retrieved on 3 April 2022.

[asm-4] 1 2 К проблеме категории инклюзивности местоимений в удмуртском языке. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved on 2023-12-09. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "asm" defined multiple times with different content.

[5] Omelyanchuk (7 March 2012). Buranovskiye Babushki to represent Russia in Baku. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.

[6] First Bible in Udmurt – arrives this week!. United Bible Societies. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015.

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