Asụsụ Upper Chinook
| Upper Chinook | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | United States | |
| Region: | Columbia River | |
| Total speakers: | — | |
| Language family: | penutian Upper Chinook | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | wac | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Upper Chinook, endonym Kiksht, [1] makwaara dị ka Columbia Chinook, na Wasco-Wishram ka ọ gachara olumba ikpeazụ ya dị ndụ, bụ asụsụ ekpochapụla nso nso a nke US Pacific Northwest . O nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu 69 na 1990, nke 7 bụ otu asụsụ: ise Wasco na Wishram abụọ. Na 2001, e nwere ndị ọkà okwu ise fọdụrụ na Wasco. [2]
Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ nke Kiksht zuru oke nke ọma, Gladys Thompson, nwụrụ na Julaị 2012. [3] Ndị omebe iwu Oregon kwanyere ya ugwu maka ọrụ ya na 2007. [4] [5] Ndị ọkà okwu ọhụrụ abụọ na-akụzi Kiksht na Warm Springs Indian Reservation na 2006. [6] Ụlọ ọrụ Northwest Indian Language Institute nke Mahadum Oregon hiwere mmekorita iji kuziere Kiksht na Numu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Warm Springs. [7] [8] Faịlụ ọdịyo na vidiyo nke Kiksht dị na ebe nchekwa asụsụ dị n'ihe egwu. [9]
Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ nke asụsụ Wasco-Wishram bụ Madeline Brunoe McInturff, ọ nwụrụ na 11 Julaị 2006 mgbe ọ dị afọ 91. [10]
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Multnomah, otu oge a na-ekwu okwu na Sauvie Island na na mpaghara Portland na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Oregon
- Kiksht
- Watlala ma ọ bụ Watlalla, nke a makwaara dị ka Cascades, ugbu a kpochapụ (otu abụọ, otu n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke Osimiri Columbia; a na-akpọ òtù Oregon Gahlawaihih [Curtis]).
- Osimiri Hood, nke ekpochapụla ugbu a (nke Hood River Band nke Hood River Wasco na Oregon na-ekwu, nke a makwaara dị ka Ninuhltidih [Curtis] ma ọ bụ Kwikwulit [Mooney])
- Salmon White, ekpochapụla ugbu a (nke White Salmon River Band nke Wishram kwuru na Washington)
- Wasco-Wishram (Wishram bi n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Columbia na Washington na ndị ikwu Wasco bi na ndịda nke otu osimiri ahụ na Oregon)
- Clackamas, nke ekpochapụla ugbu a, ka a na-asụ na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Oregon n'akụkụ osimiri Clackamas na Sandy .
Nkewala Kathlamet dịka olumba ọzọ; ọ bụghị ihe ha na-aghọta nke ọma .
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||||
| Nasal | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink |
| <small id="mwsg">ejective</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||
| <small id="mwyA">voiced</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||||
| Continuant | <small id="mw2w">voiceless</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||
| <small id="mw8Q">voiced</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||||
Udaume na Kiksht bụ otu a: /uai ɛ ə/.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Leonard, Wesley Y. (December 2010). "Making "collaboration" collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research". Language Documentation & Conservation. 4: 269–293. ISSN 1934-5275.
- ↑ "Lewis & Clark—Tribes—Wasco Indians". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 22, 2002. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ↑ Kristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17). "Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ↑ "Honors Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs elder Gladys Miller Thompson for her contribution to preserving Native languages of Oregon". 74th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2007 Regular Session. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ↑ "Zelma Smith, 1926-2010". Spilyay Tymoo, Coyote News, the Newspaper of the Warm Springs Reservation. Archived from the original on 2013-12-08. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ↑ Keith Chu (2006-07-30). "New speakers try to save language". The Bulletin. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ↑ Joanne B. Mulcahy (2005). "Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures" (Oregon History Project). Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ↑ Aaron Clark. "USA: Tribes Strive to Save Native Tongues". GALDU, Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ↑ Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ↑ "Holy road: Speaker of Wasco language dead at 91 - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com (in Bekee ndị America). Retrieved 2017-05-24.
- Sapir, Edward (1909). Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths. E.J. Brill. ASIN: B000855RIW.
- Dyk, Walter (1933). A Grammar of Wishram. New Haven: Yale University: Yale University Press.
- Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- Kiksht - Washco Wishram - Upper Chinook videos, YouTube
- Wasco-Wishram Indian Language (Upper Chinook, Kiksht, Clackamas) at native-languages.org
- Digital Kiksht, video about digitizing Kiksht language materials
- Audio of spoken Kiksht