Asụsụ Wahgi

asụsụ, modern language
Obere ụdị nke	Papuan
Akụkụ nke	Trans–New Guinea
Mba/obodo	Papua New Guinea
Ụmụ amaala ka	Chimbu Province, Western Highlands Province, Western Province
Usoro ederede	Latin script
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	5 Na-etolite

Wahgi bụ asụsụ Trans–New Guinea nke alaka Chimbu–Wahgi nke ihe dị ka 100,000 mmadụ na-asụ n'ugwu Papua New Guinea . Dịka asụsụ Chimbu ndị ọzọ, Wahgi nwere consonants mpụta pụrụ iche.

fonology

Consonants

Consonants Wahgi
		Bilabial	(na-atọ ụtọ)<br id="mwIg"><br><br><br> eze	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
imi		m	n̪ ~ n̪ʲ	n		ŋ
Ihe mgbochi	oral	p	s̪ ~ ɕ̪	t		k
Ihe mgbochi	prenasalised	ᵐb	ⁿd̪z̪ ~ ⁿd̪ʑ̪	ⁿd		ᵑɡ
N'akụkụ			ɬ̪ ~ ɬ̪ʲ	ɺ		ʟ
Semivowel		w			j

A na-ekesa consonants eze, na mmechi n'ebe dị anya nke traktị olu. Nke a na-eche na ọ pụtara na ha bụ laminal, yana na consonants alveolar bụ apical . Consonants eze nwere ụda olu dị n'ụdị n'efu.

Nkọwa nke eze (palatalized) na-atụ aro na ha nwere ike ịbụ alveolo-palatal ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya. Nke a na-atụ aro ọzọ site na ụdaume mgbanwe nke /ɬ̪/ kpalitere., o doro anya na ọbụna site na allophone ya na-abụghị palatalized: /oɬ̪/ [oɪ̯ɬ̪] 'ọnwa', /ˈéɬ̪é/ [ˈéɬ̪ɪ̯è] [sic] 'ebe a'.

Akụkụ imi nke consonants prenasalized bụ syllabic ma ọ bụrụ na ejirighị ụdaume buru ya ụzọ, mana ọ na-ewere ụda dị ala na-enweghị mgbagha, ọ naghị enwekwa nrụgide: /ˈmbà/ [m̩̀ˈba] 'ma', /ˈpɪ̀ɬ̪mbé/ [ˈpɪ̀ɬ̪m̩̄bé] 'anyị maara'. A na-ahụta consonants a na-ebute ụzọ dị ka otu akụkụ okwu-na mbụ, mana dị ka imi + kwụsị okwu na etiti.

Nasals na semivowels enweghị ihe a ma ama allophony, ewezuga palatalization nhọrọ nke /n̪/ . Consonants ndị ọzọ na-adịgasị iche n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè, yana ọtụtụ ndịiche bụ ọnọdụ:

Consonantal allophones
	word-initial	word-medial	word-final	word-initial, phrase-medial	word-final, phrase-medial
/p/	p~b pʷ~bʷ^[1]	p~b	pʰ~ɸ		pʰ~ɸ~pᵊ^[2]
/mb/	ᵐp~ᵐb	mp~mb	mpʰ~mɸ		mpʰ~mɸ~mpᵊ^[2]
/s/	t̪~t̪s̪~s̪~t̪ɕ~ɕ s̪ʷ^[1]	t̪s̪~s̪~t̪ɕ~ɕ t̪^[3]	t̪s̪~s̪~t̪ɕ~ɕ		^[4]
/nz/	ⁿd̪~ⁿd̪z̪~ⁿd̪ʑ~ⁿt̪~ⁿt̪s̪~ⁿt̪ɕ	n̪d̪~n̪d̪z̪~n̪d̪ʑ~n̪t̪~n̪t̪s̪~n̪t̪ɕ	n̪t̪~n̪t̪s̪~n̪t̪ɕ~n̪s̪~n̪ɕ
/t/	t~d tʷ^[1]	ɾ~r	r̥	t~d ɾ~r	ɾ~r~r̥ t̚^[5]
/nd/	ⁿt~ⁿd	nt~nd	ntʰ		ntʰ~ntᵊ
/k/	k~ɡ kʷ~ɡʷ^[6]	k~ɡ ŋ (?)^[7]	kʰ
/ng/	ᵑk~ᵑɡ ᵑɡʷ^[1]	ŋk~ŋɡ	(does not occur)
/ɬ̪/	(do not occur)	ɬ̪ˢ̪~ɬ̪~ɮ̪	ɬ̪ˢ̪~ɬ̪
/ɺ/		ɺ̥~ɺ̥~ɺ̥tʰ~ɺ̥tr̥~ɺ̥r̥~ɺ~ɺ̥d	ɺ̥~ɺ̥~ɺ̥tʰ~ɺ̥tr̥~ɺ̥r̥
/ʟ/		ʟ~kʟ~ʟ̝~ɢ̆	ʟ~kʟ

Olumba ndịda Kuma nwere akụkụ atọ ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na alveolar bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. ( Olumba olu Danga nke ugwu nwere akụkụ abụọ, fricative eze na flap alveolar.) Akụkụ eze na velar na-ejikọta ya na [ɬ] ma ọ bụ [ɬ̪] n'ihu eze na consonants alveolar; naanị alveolar ka [ɬ] tupu consonants alveolar. N'ụdị ọnọdụ nwere suffix malite na /t/, /t/ na-apụ apụ na-eso mpụta, nke mere na n'elu Wahgi na-amata ọdịiche eze vs alveolar lateral fricatives na alveolar lateral fricatives vs flaps.

Udaume

Udaume Wahgi
	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i		u
Nso nso	ɪ
N'etiti	e		ɔ
Mepee		ä

/a/ appears as [ä] in all positions except before /k/ and /p/, where it is [ɐ]. In medial position it is in occasional free variation with [æ].

/ɔ/ appears as [ɔ] in all positions except before nasals, where it is [ɒ]. Word-finally it is in free variation with [o].

/u/ is reduced to labialization ([ʷ]) between /p t s k ng/ and stressed /i/ or /ɪ/.

Udaume niile na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [ɪ̈] n'ikpeazụ mkpịrịokwu mechiri emechi enweghị mgbakasị (na-eleghara "clitics") na-esote.

N'okwu ngwa ngwa, enweghị nchekasị /u, ɪ, e/ igbapu n'etiti mkpuruokwu mesiri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'okwu ngwa ngwa /ˈpetepˈka/ a na-akpọ [ˈpeɾpˈka] .

Ụda na nrụgide

Wahgi na-egosi na ọ nwere ụda okwu atọ karịa ụda ụda olu na syllable ọ bụla. Opekempe otu syllable ga-enwe ụda ụda olu dị elu, nke ga-enwe ụkpụrụ nke ga-esi na ya pụta dị elu, na-ebili na ịdaba n'okwu nke otu mkpuruokwu ma ọ bụ abụọ, na elu, na-ebili na ịdaba na mkpụrụokwu atọ ruo ise. Nchegbu na-egosikwa na ọ dị iche, mana nyocha siri ike.

Na ma okwu monosyllabic na disyllabic, a na-achọpụta ụda atọ ahụ dị elu, na-ebili ma na-ada: [HH], [LH] na [HL]. Ntụle nke ụda mkpụrụokwu abụọ, ELU na LOW, gbagwojuru anya site na mpụta ụda okwu atọ niile dị na monosyllables nwere codas ikpeazụ occlusive (na ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ nke ụda olu).

HIGH (H) dị elu n'ụdị ụda olu, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị oke elu na nkeji okwu nrụgide.
LOW (L) na-adaba n'ụdị ụda olu na-enweghị mgbakasị na njedebe nke akpaokwu prosodic. Ọ dị n'ụdị ụda olu etiti n'etiti ụda dị elu na ụda ọzọ dị ala (ya bụ usoro /HLL/ bụ [HML] na /LLH/ bụ [LMH]). Ọ dị ala n'ụzọ ụda olu ebe ọzọ.

Na trisyllables, a na-agbapụta ụkpụrụ LHL, HLL, na LLH. Na tetrasyllable bụ LLHL, LLLH, na LHHL (ya bụ, LMHL, LLMH, LHHL). Na pentasyllables, naanị ụkpụrụ abụọ ka ahụrụla, LLHHH na LLHHL (ya bụ, LMHHH na LMHHL).

A na-eji naanị otu ụkpụrụ agbapụta mkpụrụokwu ndị nwere mkpụrụokwu isii ruo itoolu, ụda kacha elu (LHL) n'ime mkpụrụokwu atọ nke mbụ sochiri ụda dara ada (HL) gbatịpụrụ n'elu mkpụrụokwu ndị fọdụrụ. Maka okwu nke mkpụrụokwu isii, nke a na-aghọta dị ka LHLHLL (phonetically LHLHML); maka asaa, LHLHLLL; maka asatọ, LHLHHLLL; maka itoolu LHLHHLLLL. N'ọnọdụ nke ọ bụla, a na-arụsikwa ike n'okwukwe nke abụọ (ụda dị elu nke mbụ), ma o doghị anya ma ọ bụrụ na ndị a bụ n'ezie ụda nwere elu okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ otu ụda olu nwere nrụgide bu ụzọ. Na agbanyeghị, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla nke ụda ụda.

Ụdị ụda olu

Mpịakọta nke kachasị na Wahgi bụ CVCC; obere mkpụrụokwu bụ V, nke nwere ike ịbụ ụdaume ọ bụla mana /ɪ/ . Consonant ọ bụla nwere ike ime na mmalite ma ewezuga akụkụ atọ. Consonant ọ bụla nwere ike ime na koda ma ewezuga ọkara ụdaume na /ng/. Site na ụyọkọ consonant coda, consonant mbụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị /p, t, k, l̪, ʟ/ (akụkụ abụọ a na-ahụkarị) na nke abụọ nwere ike ịbụ naanị /m, s/ .

Otu okwu nwere ike ịdị ogologo site n'otu mkpụrụokwu ruo itoolu. Okwu monosyllabic nwere ike ịbụ ụdị syllable ọ bụla mana V na ikekwe CV. ( Ogologo ụda olu na ikekwe nkesa ụda na-egosi na okwu ndị edere ka CV monosyllables nwere ike ịbụ CVV nwere ụdaume yiri ya.) N'akụkụ mkpụrụokwu-mmalite na -coda mmachi, /i, ɪ/ nwere ike ghara ime okwu-na mbụ na /ɪ/ nwere ike ghara ime okwu-ikpeazụ.

Ụyọkọ ụdaume achọpụtara n'ime okwu bụ /i.a, i.o, i.u; ɪ.i, ɪ.o; e.i, e.o, e.u; a.i, a.ɪ, a.e, a.a, a.u; o.i, o.o; u.i, u.ɪ, u.a, u.o, u.u/ . Mgbe ụfọdụ (dị ka /ɪ.i/ ) Usoro ndị a na-ebelata n'ofe morpheme, na nrụgide yiri ka ọ na-ekere òkè na mbelata ụdaume. O nwere ike ịbụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe isi ike dị n'ịtụle nchekasị nwere ike ịbụ njikọta nke usoro ụdaume n'ofe nkeji okwu nwere usoro dị n'otu mkpụrụokwu dị arọ (bimoraic CVV).

Ụyọkọ consonant achọpụtara n'ime okwu bụ ndị anabatara dị ka syllable codas, /ps, pm, tm, ks, km, l̪s, l̪m, ʟm/, plus /p.p, p.t, p.nz; mb.p, mb.t, mb.m; t.p, t.mb, t.nd, t.n̪, t.n, t.ŋ; nd.p, nd.m; k.p; s.p, s.mb, s.nd, s.k, s.nz, s.m, s.n; nz.p, nz.m; m.p, m.nz, m.m, m.ŋ; n̪.p, n̪.m; n.p, n.m, n.ŋ; ŋ.p, ŋ.mb, ŋ.s, ŋ.nz, ŋ.m, ŋ.n; l̪.p, l̪.mb, l̪.t, l̪.k, l̪ [sic], l̪.w; l.mb, l.nd; ʟ.p, ʟ.mb, ʟ.t, ʟ.nz, ʟ.n, ʟ.ŋ, ʟ.w/ /p.p, p.t, p.nz; mb.p, mb.t, mb.m; t.p, t.mb, t.nd, t.n̪, t.n, t.ŋ; nd.p, nd.m; k.p; s.p, s.mb, s.nd, s.k, s.nz, s.m, s.n; nz.p, nz.m; m.p, m.nz, m.m, m.ŋ; n̪.p, n̪.m; n.p, n.m, n.ŋ; ŋ.p, ŋ.mb, ŋ.s, ŋ.nz, ŋ.m, ŋ.n; l̪.p, l̪.mb, l̪.t, l̪.k, l̪ [sic], l̪.w; l.mb, l.nd; ʟ.p, ʟ.mb, ʟ.t, ʟ.nz, ʟ.n, ʟ.ŋ, ʟ.w/ .

N'okwu ngwa ngwa, a maara nchikota mgbakwunye ndị a: /ks.mp, ks.n, ks.m, ps.nd, lm.ŋ, tm.ŋ/ /ks.mp, ks.n, ks.m, ps.nd, lm.ŋ, tm.ŋ/ /ks.mp, ks.n, ks.m, ps.nd, lm.ŋ, tm.ŋ/ .

Evolution

N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ ntụgharị uche nke proto-Trans-New Guinea nke Pawley (2012) tụpụtara, nke sitere na Ramsey (1975): ^[8]

proto-Trans-New Guinea	Middle Wahgi
*ma- ‘NEG clitic’	ma ‘no!’
*ma(n,k,L)[a] ‘ground’	maɫ
*maŋgV ‘compact round object’	muŋ ‘fruit, nut, lump’
*mo(k,ŋg)Vm ‘joint’	mokum, mokem ‘knuckle, joint’
*mundun-maŋgV ‘heart’	mund-muŋ
*mV ‘taro’	mi
*mV(k,ŋ)V[C] + t(e,i)- ‘vomit’	mek (si-) ‘vomit’, mek ‘vomitus’
*am(a,i) ‘mother’	ama
*amu ‘breast’	am
*niman ‘louse’	numan
*n(o,u)man ‘mind, soul’	numan ‘thought, mind, will’
*kumV- ‘die’	kumb- ‘(of fire) die’
*mo(k,ŋg)Vm ‘joint’	mokum, mokem, (angeɫ) mokem ‘knuckle, joint’
*na- ‘eat’	no-
*niman ‘louse’	numan
*n(o,u)man ‘mind, soul’	numan ‘thought, mind, will’
*mundun ‘internal organs’	(?) mundun mo- ‘be pot-bellied’
*niman ‘louse’	numan
*n(o,u)man ‘mind, soul’	numan
*mundu[n]-maŋgV ‘heart’	mund-muŋ
*ŋaŋ[a] ‘baby’	ŋaŋ ‘small male child’
*ambi ‘man’	(?) amb ‘woman’, ambi- ‘wife’
*imbi ‘name’	embe(m)
*pu- ‘go’	pu
*apa ‘father’	apa- ‘maternal uncle’
*mund-mangV ‘heart’	mund-mung
*tVk- ‘cut, cut off’	tuk- ‘chop’
*maŋgV ‘compact round object’	mungum ‘kidney’
*maŋgV ‘compact round object’	muŋ ‘fruit, nut, lump’
*mundu[n]-maŋgV ‘heart’	mund-muŋ
*kakV- ‘carry on shoulder’	(?) kau- ‘carry on head or shoulder’
*tVk- ‘cut, cut off’	tuk- ‘chop’
*muk ‘blue’	muk
*mV(k,ŋ)V[C] + t(e,i)- ‘vomit’	mek (si-), mek ‘vomitus’
*ma(n,k,l)[a] ‘ground’	maɫ ‘ground, soil, world’
*nok ‘water’	noɫ
*ŋaŋ[a] ‘baby’	ŋaɫ ‘small baby’, ŋaŋa ‘male child’
*-i(t,l) ‘2DL verbal suffix’	-iɫ

Iji kwado proto-Trans-New Guinea reconstructions, Pawley (2012) na-ekwukwa ihe ndị nwere ike ime na Apali, Kalam, Kâte, Selepet, Binandere, Katei, Kiwai, Telefol, na asụsụ Asmat .

Semantics

Agba

Middle Wahgi na-ekewa okwu agba iri na anọ (site na Evelyn Ramsey 1975):

kuru 'ọcha, ndò na-acha ọcha'
nwa 'nwa'
jipiɫ na- 'ịbụ-acha anụnụ anụnụ-oji'
numb 'fọrọ nke nta ka oji; osisi eji esiji eriri agba oji '
muk 'ezigbo blue'
Manngi ɫ 'acha anụnụ anụnụ-green'
akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ; ọhụrụ; ndu; raw, esighị ya nke ọma'
balu 'ọkụ aja aja, agba ajari'
bang 'agba aja aja, ọbara ọbara, oroma, pink'
galngin 'agba aja aja'
jilni 'acha odo odo aja aja'
agba odo; agba odo sitere n'osisi' (na-ejikọta ya na gi ni- 'be odo, na-egbuke egbuke' na gispe kerem 'edo edo, odo-oroma')

Middle Wahgi nwere ụdị agba atọ dị iche.

pepe 'gbara ya'
mon punduk pandil ni pa- 'ka ahụrụ, turu agwa'
agba na sim 'dị iche iche na agba, mottled'

Oge

Middle Wahgi nwere opekata mpe okwu iri na abuo maka ụbọchị tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe emechara, na-aga karịa 'ụnyaahụ' ma ọ bụ 'echi' (site na Evelyn Ramsey 1975):

pi, opi 'taa'
gaa 'echi'
taɫ 'ụbọchị na-esote echi'
tolnge 'ụnyaahụ'
tolnge taɫ 'day before yesterday'
toi 'ụbọchị nke anọ, ya bụ ụbọchị 3 site na taa'
amb tupuɫɫ '5th day from today'
yi tupuɫ '6th day from today'
kinwaɫ '7th day from today'
manwaɫ '8th day from today'
moɫwaɫ 'Ụbọchị 9 site na taa'
kialwaɫ 'Ụbọchị iri site taa'

Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu

Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke Middle Wahgi bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ ahụike nke Church of the Nazarene Evelyn Ramsey bipụtara na 1975. ^[9] ^[10]

Ntụaka

Phillips, Donald (1976) Wahgi phonology na morphology . Pacific linguistics B, mbipụta 36

1 2 3 4 Realized as labial before a vowel sequence /uˈi/ or /uˈɪ/ (with stress on the /i/ or /ɪ/): /puˈi/ = [ˈpʷi~ˈbʷi], /suˈi/ = [ˈs̪ʷi], etc.
1 2 [(m)pᵊ] an option before an obstruent
↑ [t̪] only appears word-medially as the second member of a consonant cluster
↑ Final [s̪] appears before a following [ɾ, r]
↑ before [n]
↑ /k/ is labialized not just before /ui/ and /uɪ/, but before /o/ when that /o/ is followed by /n/ or /n̪/ (unless the nasal is then followed by /e/), or by /nd/ or /nz/ regardless of the next vowel, as in /kon/ 'bag' and /konze/ 'ball' but not /kone/ 'place'.
↑ The text says "/k/ occurs in free variation with /ŋ/ following word-initial vowel." It is unclear what this is supposed to mean. The illustrative examples show [k~ɡ] in /ˈpàkám/ [ˈpàkám, ˈpàɡám] 'forked branch' but only [ŋ] in /ˈmòkínè/ [ˈmòŋínè] 'food', neither of which match the wording for free variation with /ŋ/.
↑ Pawley (2012). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I): 88–164. ISSN 0023-1959.
↑ Reay (1 March 1977). "REVIEWS". Oceania 47 (3): 245–246. DOI:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1977.tb01291.x.
↑ Gerald H. Anderson (1999). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 557–. ISBN 978-0-8028-4680-8.

Njikọ mpụga

Data phonology ahaziri ahazi
Akwụkwọ edemede Wahgi, phonology, ndepụta okwu na akụkụ nlele Archived
Paradaịsc nwere ọtụtụ nchịkọta gụnyere ihe asụsụ Wahgi, gụnyere otu sitere na Stephen A Wurm ( SAW3 ).

[labialized-1] 1 2 3 4 Realized as labial before a vowel sequence /uˈi/ or /uˈɪ/ (with stress on the /i/ or /ɪ/): /puˈi/ = [ˈpʷi~ˈbʷi], /suˈi/ = [ˈs̪ʷi], etc.

[p@-2] 1 2 [(m)pᵊ] an option before an obstruent

[3] [t̪] only appears word-medially as the second member of a consonant cluster

[4] Final [s̪] appears before a following [ɾ, r]

[5] re [n]

[6] /k/ is labialized not just before /ui/ and /uɪ/, but before /o/ when that /o/ is followed by /n/ or /n̪/ (unless the nasal is then followed by /e/), or by /nd/ or /nz/ regardless of the next vowel, as in /kon/ 'bag' and /konze/ 'ball' but not /kone/ 'place'.

[7] The text says "/k/ occurs in free variation with /ŋ/ following word-initial vowel." It is unclear what this is supposed to mean. The illustrative examples show [k~ɡ] in /ˈpàkám/ [ˈpàkám, ˈpàɡám] 'forked branch' but only [ŋ] in /ˈmòkínè/ [ˈmòŋínè] 'food', neither of which match the wording for free variation with /ŋ/.

[Pawley-pTNG-8] Pawley (2012). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I): 88–164. ISSN 0023-1959.

[9] Reay (1 March 1977). "REVIEWS". Oceania 47 (3): 245–246. DOI:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1977.tb01291.x.

[Anderson1999-10] Gerald H. Anderson (1999). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 557–. ISBN 978-0-8028-4680-8.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]