Asụsụ Wayana
| Wayana | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil | |
| Total speakers: | Templeeti:Sigfig | |
| Language family: | Cariban Guianan Carib Wayana–Apalaí? Wayana | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | —
| |
| ISO 639-3: | way
| |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Wayana (a na-akpọkwa Ojana, Ajana, Aiana, Ouyana, Uajana, Upurui, Oepoeroei, Roucouyen, Oreocoyana, Orkokoyana, Urucuiana, Urukuyana, na Alucuyana n'akwụkwọ) bụ asụsụ ezinụlọ Cariban, nke ndị Wayana na- asụ, ndị bi n'obodo French na mpaghara Guana . [1]
Na Brazil, ha na-ebi n'akụkụ osimiri Paru na Jari, na Suriname, n'akụkụ osimiri Tapanahoni na Paloemeu, na French Guiana, n'akụkụ ugwu Maroni River na n'akụkụ ya. [1]
Achọpụtaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ Wayana kpọmkwem. Okwu a gbagwojuru anya n'ihi na a na-agbakọ ọnụ na mba ọ bụla. Ethnologue depụtara ndị ọrụ asụsụ 1,700 dị ka nke 2012 na 1,900 agbụrụ Wayana na mba niile, na-eji ọnụọgụ sitere na 2006 na 2012. Instituto Socioambental, otu NGO nke Brazil, depụtara agbụrụ 1,629 Wayana, na-eji ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na 2002 na 2014. [1] Ọnụọgụ nke agbụrụ ndị Wayana na-esiwanye ike n'ihi njikọ chiri anya nke Wayana na ndị agbụrụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ, karịsịa ndị Aparai na Brazil, ruo n'ókè nke na a na-ewere ha dị ka otu, Wayana-Aparai. [2]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ewere Wayana dị ka njikọ nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị nta, ebe ha chịchara Upurui, Kukuyana, Opagwana na Kumarawana, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ha na ndị Aparai nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya nke ukwuu, bụ ndị ha na ha bi ma lụọ di ma ọ dịkarịa ala 100 afọ na Brazil, ọ bụ ezie na ma Aparai na Wayana na-ewere onwe ha agbụrụ dị iche iche, na-ekewa onwe ha n'asụsụ asụsụ na site na omume omenala. [2] Enwere Aparai ole na ole na mpaghara Wayana na mpụga Brazil.
Ọnọdụ a pụrụ iche sitere na kọntaktị ndị Europe na esemokwu agbụrụ na narị afọ anọ gara aga. Ọrịa manyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke obere agbụrụ na-ebelata ka ha na ndị Wayana jikọtara ọnụ na narị afọ nke 18 maka nlanarị abawanyela. Nakwa na narị afọ nke 18, n'ihe dị ka oge nke mbata Europe na ime ime Brazil, Wayana, nke a na-ewere na mpaghara mbụ ya dị ka Northern Brazil, malitere ịkwaga Suriname na French Guiana n'ihi esemokwu ndị na-esi na ya pụta n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. [3] N'ihi ya, e nwere mpaghara Wayana atọ dị iche iche taa. Wayana fọdụrụ na Brazil mebere mmekọrịta ya na ndị Aparai, bụ ndị kwagara n'ókèala ha, ma na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mmekọrịta ikwu na azụmahịa na Wayana na Suriname na French Guiana. [4]
Ndị Wayana (na Aparai) tinyere aka na azụmahịa, ọkachasị ndị meikolo (Black Maroons), yana ndị ahịa Brazil na Surinamese ruo na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19. Na narị afọ nke 20, Wayana malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'ịwepụta rọba, ma malite ibi n'ime obodo, na-akwụsị ụzọ ndụ ha na-esi ebi ndụ. Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ, ndị ozi ala ọzọ (gụnyere ọrụ SIL sitere na 1962 ruo 1992) na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị malitere ịbanye na mpaghara Wayana-Aparai Brazil, na-emejuputa ọrụ ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị. FUNAI ejirila akwụkwọ ozi, ma nyekwa aka na mpaghara ebe 1973. [5]
Ezinụlọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Cariban—nke Wayana bụ nke ya—na-ekesa na North South America, na Northern Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, na Suriname, yana ndị na-asụ ya na Colombia na Central Brazil . E nwere ihe dị ka asụsụ 25 fọdụrụnụ nke Cariban, na-ekwu maka ihe karịrị 100 n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ Caribbean ndị e zoro aka na ya n'akwụkwọ, na ndị ọzọ ndị Europe amaghị, apụọla n'iyi n'ihi kọntaktị ndị Europe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Cariban niile bụ 60,000 ruo 100,000, n'agbanyeghị na ihe karịrị ọkara na-asụ asụsụ Carib nke ọma, Makushi, Pemong, ma ọ bụ Kapong (3 ikpeazụ nwere njikọ chiri anya). Ọtụtụ asụsụ Caribbean nwere ndị na-asụ 100 ruo 3,000.
Ndekọ nke ma asụsụ ndị ekpochapụworo na nke fọdụrụ dị ntakịrị n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, nwere ndepụta okwu nwere ndegharị ụda olu na-ezighi ezi na nkọwapụta ụtọ dị nta. Nkewa nke asụsụ Caribbean n'ime alaka siri ike, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha nkọwa na nso nso a na-edozi enweghị data ziri ezi nke asụsụ ndị Cariban dị ndụ. Kaufman na-ewere Wayana (1994, dị ka Gildea zoro aka na ya, 2003) ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke ngalaba etiti ya chọrọ, mana nhazi ọkwa na nso nso a (Gildea, 2005) [6] na-ewere ya ka ọ na-achọ alaka.
Nnyocha na Wayana
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Wayana, atụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọgbọ ya nke Cariban, akọwara nke ọma. Ọrụ mbụ na Wayana bụ ndepụta okwu site na Crevaux (1882, dị ka Tavares, 2005 kwuru), Coudreau (1892), [7] na De Goeje (1909, dị ka Tavares kwuru, 2005). [8] De Goeje ebipụtakwara ụtọ ụtọ na-ezughị ezu na-akọwa ụfọdụ akụkụ morphological nke Wayana na 1946 (dị ka Tavares si kwuo, 2005). [8] Walter Jackson's 1972 "A Wayana Grammar" na-ewuli na ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ a wee kọwapụta ụfọdụ ntụpọ dị na nkọwa De Goeje banyere morphology na phonology, mana ọ ka na-ahapụ ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'ụdị morphological na syntactic.
Tesis Kenneth Howell nke 1982 MA na-akọwa otu akụkụ nke Wayana syntax - usoro ihe mejupụtara. [7] Ọrụ kachasị na Wayana bụ 2005 PhD dessertation nke Petronila Tavares, "A Grammar of Wayana", nke bụ nkọwa ụtọ ụtọ nke Wayana phonology, morphology, na syntax. Wayana bara ọgaranya n'ọdịdị ya, ya mere, a na-emesi ike na morphology. Ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ ahụ na-enye ntakịrị nkọwa nkọwa, "na-atụ anya na ndị nyocha ga-emeju oghere a" (Tavares, 2005, p. 6). [8]
Eliane Camargo, onye malitere ọrụ ubi n'etiti Wayana n'otu oge ahụ dị ka Tavares, nyekwara aka nke ukwuu n'ịmụ asụsụ Wayana, na-enwe ọtụtụ nkọwa nke njirimara dị iche iche nke Wayana, dị ka ntinye aha, ntinye akwụkwọ, usoro okwu, na akara nrịbama. [7] O dere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Wayana-Portuguese na 1997, [8] yana akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Wayana-French na 2010. [9] N'ikpeazụ, o deela ọtụtụ ọrụ gbasara mmụta gbasara asụsụ, gbasara asụsụ abụọ/multi-lingualism n'etiti ndị Wayana. [8] [7]
Emeela ọtụtụ ọrụ gbasara mmadụ gbasara Wayana. Ọmụmụ ethnographic mmalite gụnyere de Goeje [7] na Huralt, [7] n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Mmekọrịta Wayana na ndị Aparai ewepụtakwala ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gbasara agbụrụ na isiokwu dịka asụsụ abụọ ha (Camargo 1997), ọbụbụenyi ha (Koehn 1975) [7] na usoro mgbanwe ha (Barbosa 2007). N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Wayana-Aparai bụkwa akụkụ nke ProDocult, nke bụ mbọ gọọmentị Brazil na-agba iji depụta omenala ụmụ amaala, site na ịmepụta ebe nchekwa dijitalụ na ịzụ ụmụ amaala n'ime ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ na nchọpụta gbasara mmadụ. Ọrụ Wayana-Aparai lekwasịrị anya na sistemu nri na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala gbasara ahịhịa na anụmanụ. [10] N'otu aka ahụ, Karen Hough (2008) bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ MPhil na ethnolinguistics na nghọta gbasara ohere na Wayana, na-ewelite mkpali Tavares maka nkọwapụta usoro ọmụmụ nke ụtọ ụtọ Wayana.
Ọnọdụ Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ike nke asụsụ dịkwa iche na mpaghara dị iche iche. Na Brazil a na-ewere ya dị ka moribund site Ethnologue, na nne na nna ochie bụ nanị ndị ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike; Otú ọ dị, Tavares (2005) kwuru banyere ụfọdụ obodo nta dị n'akụkụ osimiri Paru ebe a na-eji asụsụ ụmụaka na ndị okenye eme ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ihe na-emekarị bụ n'ebe Aparai nwere asụsụ abụọ na nchịkwa. [8] Ọ bụ ezie na Tavares anaghị ewere na asụsụ ahụ dị mma, ọ ga-abụ na ọ gaghị anwụ ebe niile. Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, na French Guiana ọ dị ike. Na Suriname, ọ na-etolite, na ọgbọ niile na-eji ya na ụfọdụ iji akwụkwọ edebere.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E gosipụtara ndepụta ụda ụda nke consonants na ụdaume Wayana n'okpuru. Ya bụ, fọnịm niile dị iche na Wayana. A na-enweta ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ allophonically. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, /h / ghọtara dị ka [ ʃ ] n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Agbanyeghị, ndị a bụ naanị mmezu nke elu, ya mere ọ bụghị fọnịm.
Emeziri site na Tavares (2005), p. 210
Mgbakwunye na-abụghị nke gara aga, -ja nwere ike na-ezo aka na ihe omume ga-eme n'ọdịnihu, eziokwu gbasara ụwa, na ahịrịokwu na-abụghị nke gara aga nwere ike ịdekọ akụkụ, dị ka àgwà na-ezughị okè ma ọ bụ akụkụ na-aga n'ihu. N'ihe atụ ndị dị n'okpuru ebe a, anyị na-ahụ ka e si egosi ihe omume omenala site na morpheme ọzọ (15.), Olee otú nso ma ọ bụ dị anya ga-esi akara site na gburugburu (na-ekwu "na nkeji" na "afọ ọzọ") (16a., 16b.). Anyị na-ahụkwa na 17. na, ebe ọ bụ na akọwaghị akụkụ nke zuru oke n'ụzọ doro anya, ndị na-abụghị ndị gara aga nwere ike ịghọta ma ọ bụ na-ezughị okè ma na-aga n'ihu ("Ana m eme achịcha"), ma ọ bụ zuru okè ("M ga-eme achịcha"), dabere na okwu okwu. Data sitere na Tavares (2005), p. 212–213
Mkpebi ikpeazụ gara aga, -ø, na-ezo aka na "ihe omume ndị mere n'ime awa iri abụọ na anọ gara aga", gụnyere "ihe omume ndị merelarị", "ihe ndị mere ọtụtụ awa gara aga, na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị gara aga" (Tavares 2005, p. 215). 11) na 12) nye ihe atụ maka oge a: Data sitere na Tavares (2005), p. 215
Oge gara aga gara aga (na-ekwu maka mmemme mere ihe karịrị awa iri abụọ na anọ tupu okwu) bụ akara abụọ dị iche iche, -ne na kun -. Nkesa ha dabere na onye arụmụka ngwaa ahụ. -ne na-apụta mgbe otu ma ọ bụ abụọ n'ime arụmụka ngwaa bụ SAP, ma ọ bụ mgbe enwere ihe efu (pro) aha tupu ngwaa na nhazi 3A3O. Kun - "na-eme n'ebe ọzọ" na akara onye nke atọ yana n'oge gara aga. 20. na-enye ihe atụ nke oge gara aga, na-eji – ne suffix (dị ka e nwere preverbal free noun O ), na 21 na-enye ihe atụ nke kun- . Data sitere na Tavares (2005), p. 216
Mgbakwunye niile gara aga naanị “pụtara nkọwa zuru oke” (Tavares 2005, p. 212) n'onwe ha. Agbanyeghị, suffixes abụọ ejiri mara nwere ike akara akụkụ omume n'oge gara aga. Ha bụ (j)(ë)mëhneja na -(h)e . Nke mbụ na-ewe otu prefixes nkeonwe dị ka ụdị ndị na-abụghị ndị gara aga na-eme, ebe nke ikpeazụ anaghị ewere prefixes nkeonwe, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị ka ha yitere, n'ụzọ semant - na-aka ihe omume ugboro ugboro n'oge gara aga.
22. na 23. nye ihe atụ nke -(j)(ë)mëhneja na - (h) e, n'otu n'otu. Data sitere na Tavares (2005) pp. 218,237
Mgbe edobere m ngwaa na-ama akara, tV-(h) e ngwaa enweghị morphology ime ya. Otú ọ dị, ha na-ezo aka n'ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga, ugbu a, na n'ọdịnihu, nwere akụkụ dị iche iche. Tavares emeghị ka o doo anya na ụtọ asụsụ ya ka esi ezo aka na ihe omume ndị ahụ, mana o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ site na gburugburu, na ụdị morpheme ndị ọzọ, dị ka morpheme hepï na-emekarị (site na data ewepụtara na Tavares 2005, p. 232).
[1] Nke a nwere ike ịbụ pro(aha) efu nke bụ O na ngwaa transitive. Lee (1b) maka ọmụmaatụ. Rịba ama na nhụta dị iche iche nke prefixes bụ ọnọdụ nke ụda olu ma ọ bụ dabere na ogologo (n'ihe gbasara 3A3O)
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]bụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụbụ obodo na-ekwu okwu iji gosi asụsụ ndị dị otú ah
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Introducción > Wayana. Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Instituto Socioambiental. Retrieved on 2016-12-06."Introducción > Wayana". Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Instituto Socioambiental. Retrieved 2016-12-06. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Processes of rapprochement and separation > Wayana. Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Instituto Socioambiental. Retrieved on 2016-12-06. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "pib.socioambiental.org" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:7 - ↑ Location and history of occupation > Wayana. Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Instituto Socioambiental. Retrieved on 2016-12-06.
- ↑ History and interethnic relations > Wayana. Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Instituto Socioambiental. Retrieved on 2016-12-06.
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Glottolog 2.7 - Wayana. glottolog.org. Retrieved on 2016-12-06. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:1 - ↑ Dictionnaire bilingue wayana-français. www.vjf.cnrs.fr. Retrieved on 2016-12-06.
- ↑ Medeiros. ProDocult - Projeto. prodocult.museudoindio.gov.br. Retrieved on 2016-12-07.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]