Asụsụ Zotung
Zotung (Zobya) bụ asụsụ ndị Zotung na-asụ, na Rezua Township, Chin State, Burma . Ọ bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu nke olumba na ụda olu nwere njikọ chiri anya. Asụsụ ahụ enweghị ụdị ederede ọkọlọtọ ebe ọ bụ na o nwere olumba nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche na ịkpọ okwu ya. Kama nke ahụ, ndị na-asụ Zotung na-eji mkpụrụedemede a na-anabata nke ọma maka ide nke ha ji asụ asụsụ nke ha. Otú ọ dị, a na-eji olumba Lungngo na-ede akwụkwọ n'ihi na ọ bụ asụsụ onye mbụ depụtara ọkọlọtọ ederede, Sir Siabawi Khuamin.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Zoccaw ( Zoccaw )
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Aa AWAw Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Yy Zz
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Monophthongs | Diphthongs and triphthongs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vowel | strong form | weak form | vowel | strong form | weak form |
| -a | /a/~ | /ɔː/~/aʊː/ | -ae | /æ/~/ɛː/ | |
| -ai | /aiː/~ | /æ/ | |||
| -au | /aʊː/~ | /oʊ/ | |||
| -aw | /ɔː/~/auː/ | -awi | /ɔiː/~/oɪ/~/ʏi/ | ||
| -awe | /ʊeː/~/øː/~/œː/ | ||||
| -e | /eː/~/ɛ/~ | /œ/ | -ei | /eɪ/~/e/~/eiː/ | |
| -eu | /eʊː/~ | /œ/ | |||
| -i | /iː/ | /ɨ/ | -ia | /iːɑ/~/iɑ/~ | /ja/~/jɛ/ |
| -o | /o/~/oʊː/~ | /ə/ | -oi | /ɔiː/~/oiː/~/ʏː/ | |
| -ou | /ə/~/œː/~/ʌː/ | ||||
| -u | /uː/~ | /ʊ/ | -ua | /uaː/~ | /ʋa/~/uə/ |
| -ue | /ueː/~/ʋe/ | ||||
| -ui | /uiː/~/iː/~/ʏː/ | ||||
| -y | /ɪ/~/ɨː/~/ʏː/ | ||||
N'ihe gbasara usoro ọmụmụ, ogologo ụdaume nke /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, /ɔː/, na /uː/ agbanweela ma ọ bụ tụgharịa gaa n'ọtụtụ ụdaume ọhụrụ. Udaume dị ka /æː/, /ɔː/, /aʊː/, /ɛiː/, na /œː/ kwekọrọ n'otu ụdaume /aː/ ma ọ bụ /ɒː/ n'asụsụ Kuki-Chin na-agbanwe agbanwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe Mizo na Laizo nwere mál [maːl], râlkap [raːlkap], nâsa [naːʂaː], pakhat [paˈkʰaːt], na sazûk [saˈzuːk], ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ozi na Zotung ga-abụ mæl [mælkaw], rolkow, rolkow. [naʊːʂɔ], can-kheit [θaːn χɛiːt], na sazúk [sœˈzuːk].
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Zotung nwere consonants ndị a, nke akara nke mbụ bụ ọdịdị ọdịdị ya na nke abụọ na-anọchi anya ya na IPA :
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | GlottalTempleeti:Efn | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p Templeeti:IPAblink | t Templeeti:IPAblink | k Templeeti:IPAblink | ||||
| aspirated | ph [[[:Templeeti:IPA link]]Templeeti:IPA link] | th [[[:Templeeti:IPA link]]Templeeti:IPA link] | kh [[[:Templeeti:IPA link]]Templeeti:IPA link] | |||||
| voiced | b Templeeti:IPAblink | d Templeeti:IPAblink | g [g] | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | c [t͡s] | ||||||
| aspirated | ch [[[:Templeeti:IPA link]]] | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f Templeeti:IPAblink | c Templeeti:IPAblink | s [s] | si, se, sc, sh [ʃ] | kh, h [x] | h Templeeti:IPAblink | |
| voiced | v Templeeti:IPAblink | c Templeeti:IPAblink | z [z] | z, j [ʒ] | ||||
| Approximant | voiced | l [l] | z, j [j] | |||||
| Nasal | voiceless | hm, km [m̥] | hn, kn, gn [n̥] | |||||
| voiced | m Templeeti:IPAblink | n Templeeti:IPAblink | ni [ɲ] | ng Templeeti:IPAblink | ||||
| Trill | voiceless | hr, r [r̥] | hl, l [ɬ], [l̥] | |||||
| voiced | r Templeeti:IPAblink | |||||||
. A na-akpọ C tupu a, aw, o, u, na y dị ka eze fricative /θ/~/ð/. C na s na-agbaji tupu e na m na-ebute okwu ndị dị ka ciate [tsʲaːte] na seryn [ʃɛˈɾœn]. A naghị akpọ H n'asụsụ ụfọdụ n'okwu ụfọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ: mango thæhai [tʲæˈʔæː]. A na-emegharị T na ụfọdụ olumba na-ebute okwu ndị dị ka khate [kʰatɛ] na tukiaccu [tˠuˈkʲeðu] na-akpọ [kʰaˈɾɛ] na [təˈkeirʊ]. Z nwere oke ịkpọ okwu sara mbara. Enwere ike ịkpọ ya dị ka fricative akpọpụtara /ʒ/ /z/ /j/ ma ọ bụ Bekee /dʒ/ .
Digraphs
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mpempe akwụkwọ dị na Zotung bụ ch-, kh-, ph-, hr-, rh- na th-.
Ch- anaghị adịkarị eji n'okwu obodo na-abụghị aha ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ. Ch- sitere na adụ t nke na-aga n'ihu ụdaume e na i . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, chihno (ọnwụ) bụ thihna ma ọ bụ thihnak. Kh- n'okwu nkịtị bụ ụda k na-anụ ụtọ. Agbanyeghị, a na-akpọ ya /x/~/χ/ n'okwu nkịtị. Hr- bụ digraph na-adịghị ahụkebe na-anọchite anya /r̥/. Ọ pụtala na /ɦ/ ma ọ bụ /ʀ/ n'asụsụ ụfọdụ. A naghị eji Rh- ede ihe n'asụsụ obodo.
Zotung bara ụba n'ụyọkọ consonant bụ ndị na-adịkwa ka otu, mana ejiri schwas ma ọ bụ ụdaume ndị ọzọ dee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma. A na-achọta ha n'okwu obodo dị ka tynkrin (kwụsiri ike), cintling, ablyn (all), sparo nakwa n'okwu ego mgbazinye dị ka Biathlam (Mkpughe), Kris (Kraịst), naiklab (ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ), Griekram (Greece), na Betlem (Bethlehem).
Nkesa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 2009, VanBik depụtara obodo Zotung ndị a: Aika, Lotow, Lovaw, Ccangho, Pangva, Ramcci, Sihanthung, Zawngnak, Angraw, Polei, Vuakkhipaw, Lavoikum, Darcung, Khawboi, Setlai, Lungkhin, Leipi, Rothasiwng, Khangkhin, Leipi, Calthasiwng, Khangkhin, Langtuang Rezua.
Na 2017 enwere obodo 55 dị na ebe 61: obodo 4 dị na Gangaw Township, Magway Region ; Obodo 3 dị na obodo Hakha, Chin State ; Obodo 1 dị na Thantlang Township, Chin State; Obodo 1 dị na obodo Mindat, Chin State; na obodo 46 dị na obodo Matupi, Chin State. Obodo Zotung furu efu e depụtara bụ Lawngko, dị nso na Kailung; Tuitaw, n'etiti Lotow na Lungngo; na Tongbu, nke kwagara n'ala Mara wee bụrụ Mara. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụtọasụsụ Zotung (Zotung: byazeirnázia ) bụ ọmụmụ nke morphology na syntax nke Zotung, asụsụ Kuki-Chin nke a na-asụ na mpaghara India na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia . Zotung bụ asụsụ agglutinative nwere ụfọdụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ . Ọ ghọọla ihe ọhụrụ dị ka ihe ndị fusional abawanyela. Ọdịdị ya sịntetịt na-enye ohere maka usoro okwu efu, ọ bụ ezie na nhazi kachasị bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa . Enwere akụkọ doro anya na akụkọ morphological na-enweghị ngwụcha dabere na isi mmalite. A na-atụtukarị nnọchiaha isiokwu na nnọchiaha ihe n'ihi nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ mmadụ nke a chọtara na njikọta nke ngwaa.
Syntax
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro usoro okwu bụ isi bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa . Otú ọ dị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ aha niile na-enweta nbibi, na-ebute usoro okwu n'efu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ahịrịokwu ahụ " Kae beikinka hlaw kasak " ( lit. ' ) nwekwara ike ịnye iwu dịka " Kae kasak hlaw beikinka " ( lit. ' ) na-atụfughị ihe ọ pụtara na mbụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta ahịrịokwu na Zotung n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, nke a na-ahụkarị bụ ihe owuwu ụbọchị . Ihe owuwu a na-eji okwu dative nke nominals na pronominals. Ihe owuwu oge ochie nwere ike ime n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa niile. Enyere ihe atụ n'okpuru:
Ụfọdụ njedebe nke aha kwesịrị ekwesị na aha nkịtị na-adị iche karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ụbọchị ọmụmụ na ebe. N'okwu nke dative, aha kwesịrị ekwesị na-ewere suffix -lan ma ọ bụ -lam wee gbanwee dịka iwu nke ụdaume gradation siri dị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha obodo Thesi ga-abụ Thesilam maka ikpe ọmụmụ ya ebe Siangaw ga-abụ Siangalan .
| Aha kwesịrị ekwesị Thalsi, Siangaw | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mgbanwe efu | Mgbanwe | |
| ebubo | Thālsi / Thesi | Siangaw |
| Dative | Tesalam | Siangaklan |
| Ebe | Thesia | Siangakkya |
Ọzọkwa, e nwere ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekwekọghị n'otu n'otu esi emetụta aha. Enwere ike ịchịkọta ndakọrịta ndị a n'ime klaasị aha, ma ọ bụrụ na Zotung nwere nke ọ bụla. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha na-agwụ na -á, -aw, ma ọ bụ - o nwere nbibi na-adịghị mma.
| Ikpe | rawko (ndị agha) | |
|---|---|---|
| Otu | Ọtụtụ | |
| Nhọpụta | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| ebubo | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| Ngwa ngwa | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| Dative | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| Genitive | rawka | — |
| Ebe | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| Ọkachamara | —|data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
Ụfọdụ nhọpụta enweghị njedebe dị iche na nhọpụta na ikpe ọmụmụ. Otu a na-abụkarị aha na-ejedebe na- am na - an.
| Ikpe | vawlan (eluigwe) | |
|---|---|---|
| Otu | Ọtụtụ | |
| Nhọpụta | vawlan | nkwari |
| ebubo | vawlanyn | nkwari |
| Ngwa ngwa | vawlane | nwale |
| Dative | vawlan | nkwari |
| Genitive | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| Ebe | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| Ọkachamara | —|data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
Nkwekọrịta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ọnụọgụ abụọ a ma ama na Zotung, otu na ọtụtụ. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ikpe ahụ nwere ntakịrị mpịachi plural kpọmkwem. Mgbakwunye ọtụtụ ndị a na-emekarị maka ebubo ebubo n'olumba okwu bụ -ae, -hae, -e, na -æ. Okwu nke a ga-eji na-adabere na consonant gara aga, ụdaume stem, na mmasị ọkà okwu. Ọtụtụ adjectives ndị na-akọwa aha ka chọkwara ikwenye na ọnụọgụgụ, na mgbe ụfọdụ okike na ikpe. Ya mere, n'ahịrịokwu dị n'okpuru ebe okwu pụtara 'eze', boinungeklan, bụ aha nwanyị n'okwu nke dative plural case, adjective amoivaw ga-adịkwa n'ụdị nke nwanyị:
Ọ bụ ezie na nkwekọrịta na okike maka nwoke, aha nkịtị na neuter bụ nhọrọ, nkwekọrịta n'ime nwanyị ka achọrọ n'ụzọ doro anya.
Ụfọdụ aha na-abụkarị ọtụtụ, ya mere ha anaghị achọ suffixes ọtụtụ mgbe, dị ka zapii (ìgwè mmadụ), mipi (ndị mmadụ), ablyn (ihe niile dị ugbu a), na loramsa (anụmanụ ugbo).
Akụkụ ajụjụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ajụjụ na-guzobere na ma intonation na ahụ. Ịkpọ ụda na-adịgasị iche site n'olumba gaa na olumba na onye gaa na onye. Akụkụ ajụjụ na-adịkwa iche site na olumba gaa na olumba. Asụsụ ọkọlọtọ nke dabere na olumba Lungngo na-eji akụkụ ajụjụ i, ho, khawp, tou na mou . The ahụ tou na mou nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche. Tou sitere na ta mana tou aghọwo onye na-achị na ta aghọwo ụdị nke tou . Na mkpokọta, tou nwere ụdị anọ: tou, ta, tawh na tan . A na-eji ya na ee/ee e. Mou sitere na mah, dị ka ikpe na tou . Mou nwekwara ụdị anọ: mou, mah, maw, na mmadụ . A na-eji ya na ajụjụ dị mfe ọnụ na aha; ọmụmaatụ: Pawciku mou nah hminkha? ('Gịnị bụ [mbakara ajụjụ] aha gị? ')
Nkpọaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Zotung, enwere nnochiaha dị iche iche maka okwu nhọpụta, ebubo, ụbọchị ọmụmụ, na genitive nke anaghị egosipụta nkwuda a na-ahụkarị na aha. Ọmụmaatụ na nhọpụta na ụbọchị ọmụmụ ka e nyere n'okpuru:
| Mkpọaha nkeonwe, proclitic nominative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onye | Otu | Abụọ | Plural pụrụiche | Ọtụtụ gụnyere |
| 1st | Ka | Kae | Emi, Enyi | |
| 2st | Na | Nanin | Nanni | |
| Nke atọ | A, ani (neut.) | Min | An, mimo | |
Akara nnochiaha dị na dative maka ma isiokwu na ihe kpọmkwem, nke a makwaara dị ka polypersonalism. A na-eji proclitics eme ihe na njikọ dị iche iche iji nweta nghọta.
| Nkpọaha nkeonwe, proclitic singular | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Otu | 1st | Nke abụọ | Nke atọ |
| 1st | ku | kae | ka |
| Nke abụọ | aha/un | na | na |
| Nke atọ | yn | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| Nkpọaha nkeonwe, dative proclitic plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Otu | 1st | Nke abụọ | Nke atọ |
| 1st | — | kae | kae |
| Nke abụọ | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | na | |
| Nke atọ | ọn | ae | ah |
| Mkpọaha nkeonwe, dative proclitic plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| otutu | 1st | Nke abụọ | Nke atọ |
| 1st | keu | kae | ah |
| Nke abụọ | ọn | nanni | nan |
| Nke atọ | un | ae | a |
Njikọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa niile dị na Zotung nwere ụdị abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. A na-eji ụdị dị iche iche eme ihe maka ọnọdụ dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isiokwu na-emecha ihe omume. A na-emegharị ọtụtụ ngwaa naanị n'ọtụtụ. A na-enweta ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ naanị mgbe ejikọrọ ngwaa ahụ ebe ọ bụ na enweghị nnọchiaha abụọ dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ ngwaa na-emetụta n'ime otu mgbanwe mgbanwe. Agbanyeghị, egosighi ha n'ọkpụkpụ. Enyere ihe atụ nke njikọ ngwaa mgbe niile na ọnọdụ egosi n'okpuru.
| fiapo (ịga, ịga ije); Stem I fe - conjugation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Otu | Abụọ | Ọtụtụ (iche) | Ọtụtụ gụnyere | |
| 1st | kae kafeih | nke a feih | kenin kefei | (aeni) a feio |
| Nke abụọ | nwa afo | — | data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | — | |
| Nke atọ | amu a fei | ihe fei | (mimo)
ihe feihe |
— |
Esemokwu na akụkụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụkwụ na Zotung yiri asụsụ Kuki-Chin ndị ọzọ. A na-emegharị ngwaa maka oge gara aga na n'ọdịnihu. Ihe dị ugbu a na-abụkarị n'ụdị lemma (abụghị nke enweghị njedebe) ma ọ bụ jiri ngwaa inyeaka na okwu nkọwa oge mee ihe. A pụkwara igosi ihe dị ugbu a na-aga n'ihu site na suffixing. A na-emegharị ngwaa oge niile dị ka ndị a:
| niapaw (ịṅụ mmanya); Ụlọ ọrụ 1st INC. plural stem m nek - | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preterit | Zuru oke | Omume | Na-aga n'ihu | Oke oke | |
| Gara aga | nekveo | nekove | nke ọma | ihe efu | na vaneoza |
| Dị ugbu a | na neko | na obi ụtọ | nke ọma | a nekongo | na oza |
| Ọdịnihu | necio | niavelan | afọ | nekoncio | nialanoza |
Ngwaa dị na Zotung nwere ihe dị ka ngwụcha abụọ ruo atọ yana gerund abụọ enwere ike ịtụgharị maka akụkụ na olu. Nke mbụ enweghi ngwụcha bụ nke achọtara na ndenye ọkọwa okwu. A na-eme ya site na iji ụdị ngwaa nke Abụọ gbakwunyere ngwụcha -o, -aw, ma ọ bụ -á . Ụdị enweghị njedebe a dị na olumba niile ebe a na-eji ụdị gerund eme ihe n'otu aka ahụ na English -ing gerund. A na-emepụtakwa njedebe nke abụọ site na iji ụdị stem II gbakwunyere njedebe - an . Ọ nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka gerund ma na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu na Bekee ruo-infinitive. Agbanyeghị, ojiji ya na-ebelata n'olumba ugwu ebe a na-eji ụdị ngwaa edochi ya n'ọdịnihu. Na olumba ebe a na-eji ma ụdị n'ọdịnihu na nke abụọ enweghị njedebe, a na-emepụta ụdị n'ọdịnihu site na iji azuokokoosisi m gbakwunyere njedebe agbanwe - mba ma ọ bụ - aga . Emebere njedebe nke atọ site na iji ụdị ngwaa nke stem I nwere njedebe - an . Ọ bụ otu okwu na bekee bare infinitive.
| Ụdị enweghị njedebe na gerund | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st enweghi ngwụcha | 2nd enweghi ngwụcha | 3rd enweghi ngwụcha | ọdịdị gerund n'ọdịnihu | |
| chiapo | chiapo | chialan | nke ala | ihe |
| sávo (iji mee ka ọ daa) | sávo / sovo | agha / solan | saglan / saklan | sagno |
| dọkuvo (to go against) | dọkwa | dolan | deilan | dongo |
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]na ndenye ọkọwa okwu. A na-eme ya site na iji ụdị ngwaa nke Abụọ gbakwunyere ngwụcha -o, -aw, ma ọ bụ -á . Ụdị enweghị njedebe a dị na olumba niile ebe a na-eji ụdị gerund eme ihe n'otu aka ahụ na English -ing gerund. A na-emepụtakwa njedebe nke abụọ site na iji ụdị stem II gbakwunyere njedebe - an . Ọ nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka gerund ma na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu na Bekee ruo-infinitive. Agbanyeghị, ojiji ya na-ebelata n'olumba ugwu ebe a na-eji ụdị ngwaa edochi ya n'ọdịnihu. Na olumba ebe a na-eji ma ụdị n'ọdịnihu na nke abụọ enweghị njedebe, a na-emepụta ụdị n'ọdịnihu site na iji azuokokoosisi m gbakwunyere njedebe agbanwe
Isi mmalite
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Shintani Tadahiko. 2015. Asụsụ Zotung . Nnyocha asụsụ nke Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 105. Tokyo: Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha maka asụsụ na omenala Asia na Africa (ILCAA).