Asụsụ cant

Asụsụ bụ jargon ma ọ bụ asụsụ nke otu, a na-arụkarị ọrụ iji wepụ ma ọ bụ duhie ndị na-abụghị ndị otu.[1] Enwere ike ịkpọ ya cryptolect, argot, asụsụ pseudo, asụsụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ asụsụ nzuzo. Okwu ọ bụla dị iche na nkenke n'ihe ọ pụtara; ojiji ha na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ.

Okwu mmalite

E nwere isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Abụ nke echiche banyere mmalite nke okwu cant:

In linguistics, the derivation is normally seen to be from the Irish word caint (older spelling cainnt), "speech, talk", or Scottish Gaelic cainnt. It is seen to have derived amongst the itinerant groups of people in Ireland and Scotland, who hailed from both Irish/Scottish Gaelic and English-speaking backgrounds, ultimately developing as various creole languages.^[1] However, the various types of cant (Scottish/Irish) are mutually unintelligible. The Irish creole variant is termed "the cant". Its speakers from the Irish Traveller community know it as Gammon, while the linguistic community identifies it as shelta.^[1]
Outside Gaelic circles, the derivation is typically seen to be from Latin cantāre, 'to sing', via Norman French canter. Within this derivation, the history of the word is seen to have referred to the chanting of friars initially, used disparagingly some time between the 12th^[2] and 15th centuries.^[3] Gradually, the term was applied to the singsong of beggars and eventually a criminal jargon.

Argot

Argot (English: /ˈɑːrɡoʊ/; site na French argot fr 'slang') bụ asụsụ nke ìgwè dị iche iche na-eji iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta mkparịta ụka ha. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ argot na-ezo aka n'okwu pụrụ iche sitere na otu mpaghara ọmụmụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ, n'echiche ọ na-ejikọta ya na okwu.

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1862 Les Misérables, Victor Hugo na-ezo aka na okwu ahụ dị ka "asụsụ nke ọchịchịrị" na "asụsụ nke nhụsianya".^[4]

Ihe ndekọ mbụ a maara banyere okwu argot n'ọnọdụ a dị na akwụkwọ 1628. O yikarịrị ka okwu a sitere na aha oge a les argotiers, nke e nyere otu ndị ohi n'oge ahụ.

N'okpuru nkọwa siri ike, argot bụ asụsụ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere usoro ụtọasụsụ nke ya.[1] Asụsụ nzuzo zuru oke dị otú ahụ dị ụkọ n'ihi na ndị na-asụ ya na-enwekarị asụsụ ọhaneze jikọrọ ọnụ, nke argot dabere na ya. Argo ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ, nke nwere akụkụ nke okwu ya jiri okwu ndị ọha na eze na-amaghị dochie ya; argot ejiri mee ihe n'echiche a, ya na cant. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji argot n'echiche a maka sistemu dị ka verlan na louchébem, nke na-ejigide syntax French ma tinye mgbanwe naanị n'okwu ndị dị n'otu n'otu (ma na-emekarị naanị na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke okwu, dị ka aha, ma ọ bụ okwu ọdịnaya semantic).[2] Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke argots à clef, ma ọ bụ "coded argots".^[5]

Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nwere ike isi n'okwu mkparị gaa n'okwu kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, loufoque 'nzuzu', 'goofy', nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a, malitere na mgbanwe louchébem nke Fr. ara 'nwere isi mgbaka'.

N'ihe gbasara nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ekwuru na ndị dọkịta nwere argot, cant, ma ọ bụ slang nke ha na-ekwu okwu, nke na-agụnye abbreviation na mkpọ okwu ndị a na-aghọtakarị, okwu mkparịta ụka nkà na ụzụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara kwa ụbọchị (nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara).[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparịta ụka ndị a nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume nye ọtụtụ ndị nkịtị, ole na ole yiri ka a haziri ya kpọmkwem iji zoo ihe ọ pụtara n'aka ndị ọrịa (ikekwe n'ihi na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụike na-ezurukarị). ^[6]

Ndị na-emegide asụsụ

Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ Michael Halliday kọwara ma mụọ echiche nke mgbochi asụsụ, onye jiri okwu ahụ kọwaa asụsụ nke mgbochi ọha mmadụ.^[7] Ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ obere obodo dị iche iche nke e ji kpachara anya mepụta n'ime ọha mmadụ buru ibu dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ iguzogide ya.^[7] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Adam Podgórecki mụrụ otu ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ nke ndị mkpọrọ Poland mejupụtara; Bhaktiprasad Mallik nke Sanskrit College mụrụ ọzọ nke ndị omempụ mejupụtara na Calcutta.^[7]

Ndị a na-azụlite ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị ka ụzọ iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta nkwurịta okwu ha na dị ka ụzọ isi guzobe ọdịbendị nke na-egbo mkpa nke usoro mmekọrịta ha ọzọ.^[8] Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche na slang na jargon n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme ihe naanị n'etiti ndị a chụpụrụ, gụnyere ndị mkpọrọ, ndị omempụ, ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, ^[8] na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. ^[9]^[10] Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-eji otu okwu na ụtọ asụsụ dị ka asụsụ ha n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke omenala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-agbaziri okwu site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, mepụta ihe ndị na-abụghị nke omenala, ma ọ bụ jiri nsonaazụ ọhụrụ maka okwu ndị dị ugbu a. Anti-asụsụ nwekwara ike ịgbanwe okwu site na iji metathesis, gbanwee ụda ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede (dịka, apụl ka ọ bụrụ Elppa), ma ọ bụ dochie ụdaume ha.^[7] Ya mere, asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche iche ma bụrụ ndị pụrụ iche ma ọ bụghị naanị ire okwu nke asụsụ ndị dị ugbu a.

N'edemede ya bụ "Anti-Language", Halliday chịkọtara nyocha nke Thomas Harman, Adam Podgórecki, na Bhaktiprasad Mallik iji nyochaa mgbochi asụsụ na njikọ dị n'etiti nkwurịta okwu ọnụ na nhazi nke usoro ọha mmadụ. N'ihi nke a, ọmụmụ nke mgbochi asụsụ bụ ma ọmụmụ nke sociology na linguistics. Enwere ike ịchịkọta nchoputa Halliday dị ka ndepụta nke njirisi itoolu nke asụsụ ga-emerịrị ka ewe were ya dị ka ihe na-emegide asụsụ:

Onye na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ ọha mmadụ e guzobere n'ime ọha mmadụ ọzọ dị ka ihe ọzọ maara nke ọma na ya.
Dị ka ihe ndekọ mbụ nke asụsụ nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche, ozi na-abịakarị anyị dị ka ndepụta okwu.
Ụdị kachasị mfe nke onye na-emegide asụsụ bụ nke okwu ọhụrụ sitere na oge ochie: ọ bụ asụsụ relexicalised.
Ụkpụrụ bụ nke otu ụtọ asụsụ, okwu dị iche iche.
Nkwurịta okwu dị irè na-adabere n'ịgbanwerịta ihe ndị na-enweghị ike iru.
Anti-asụsụ abụghị naanị nhọrọ ọzọ; ọ bụ ihe bụ isi na ịdị adị nke "ndụ nke abụọ".
Ụgbọ kachasị mkpa nke mmezi ihe bụ mkparịta ụka. Ndị niile na-eji otu ụdị nkwurịta okwu a bụ ndị na-eme ka ndị ọzọ bụrụ eziokwu.
Anti-asụsụ bụ ụgbọ ala nke resocialisation.
Enwere ịga n'ihu n'etiti asụsụ na mgbochi asụsụ.

Ihe atụ nke okwu ndị na-emegide asụsụ gụnyere Cockney rhyming slang, CB slang, Verlan, Grypsera nke ụlọ mkpọrọ Polish, cant nke ndị ohi, Polari, na Bangime.

N'omenala a ma ama

Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-emepụta asụsụ mgbochi mgbe ụfọdụ wee jiri ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Asụsụ ndị a na-emegide asụsụ enweghị akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu zuru oke, enweghị ike ịhụ ya maka nkọwa asụsụ, yabụ enweghị ike mụọ ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ asụsụ nke ndị na-emegide ọha na-asụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe mgbochi asụsụ. Roger Fowler's "Anti-Languages in Fiction" na-enyocha Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange na William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch iji kọwapụta ọdịdị nke asụsụ mgbochi na iji kọwaa ebumnuche echiche ya..^[11]

A Clockwork Orange bụ ihe atụ a ma ama nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe onye isi bụ nwata nwoke nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke na-ekwu okwu na-emegide asụsụ a na-akpọ Nadsat. A na-akpọkarị asụsụ a argot, mana a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-emegide asụsụ n'ihi usoro mmekọrịta ọ na-ejigide site na klas mmekọrịta nke droogs.^[10]

Ojiji mpaghara nke okwu

N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Connacht, na Ireland, cant na-ezo aka na ire ere, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụbọchị ngosi ("Cantmen na Cantwomen, ụfọdụ sitere n'ebe dị anya dị ka Dublin, ga-agbakọta na Mohill n'ụbọchị Fair, ... guzobe ụlọ ahịa ha ... wee malite ire ahịa ha ozugbo") na nke Abụ pụtara na mkparịta ụka ọ bụla na-atọ ụtọ na-akọwakarị dị ka 'great cant'" ma ọ bụ "crosstalk").[17][18]

Na Scotland, a na-akpọ asụsụ creole Abụ na-enweghị njikọ cant. Scottish Cant (asụsụ ngwakọta, ọkachasị Scots na Romani na mmetụta Scottish Gaelic) bụ nke ndị Rom dị ala na-asụ. Highland Traveller's Cant (ma ọ bụ Beurla Reagaird) bụ cant dabeere na Gaelic nke ndị Indigenous Highland Traveler. Abụ ndị ahụ anaghị aghọta ibe ha.

A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe dị ka nsonaazụ maka aha mkpụrụ ego maka okwu ndị dị n'oge a dị ka "ọgwụ", okwu a na-eji akọwa ụdị asụsụ nke ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji eme ihe nke na-enweghị ike ịghọta ndị nkịtị.

Ihe Nlereanya

Adurgari, from Afghanistan
Agbirigba, from Nigeria
Äynu, from China
Back slang, from London, United Kingdom
Bahasa G, from Indonesia^[12]
Banjački, from Serbia
Barallete, from Galicia, Spain
Bargoens, from the Netherlands
Bron from León and Asturias, Spain
Beurla Reagaird, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in Scotland
Boontling from California
Caló (Chicano), from the US/Mexican border
Cockney Rhyming Slang, from London, United Kingdom
Engsh, from Kenya
Fala dos arxinas, from Galicia, Spain
Fenya from Russia
Gacería, from Spain
Gayle language, from South African gay culture
Gender transposition
Germanía, from Spain
Grypsera, from Poland
Gumuțeasca, from Romania
Gyaru-moji, from Japan
Hijra Farsi, from South Asia, used by the hijra and kothi subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures)
IsiNgqumo, from South Africa and Zimbabwe
Iyaric, from Jamaica, used by adherents of Rastafari
Javanais, from France
Jejemon, from the Philippines
Jeringonza, from Spain
Joual, from Quebec French
Kaliarda, from Greek, used by LGBT community.
Klezmer-loshn, from Eastern Europe
Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant, from Korea
Leet (or 1337 speak), from internet culture
Louchébem, from France
Lóxoro, from Peru
Lubunca, from Turkey, used by LGBT community.
Lunfardo, from Argentina and Uruguay
Martian language, to replace Chinese characters
Meshterski, from Bulgaria
Miguxês, from the emo, hipster subcultures of young netizens in Brazil
Minderico, a sociolect or a secret language traditionally spoken by tailors and traders in Minde, Portugal.
Nadsat, a fictional argot
Nihali, from India
Nyōbō kotoba, from Japan
Padonkaffsky jargon (or Olbanian) from Runet, Russia
Pig Latin
Pitkernese
Podaná, from Greece
Pajubá, from Brazil a dialect of the gay subculture that uses African or African-sounding words as slang, heavily borrowed from the Afro-Brazilian religions
Polari, a general term for a diverse but unrelated group of dialects used by actors, circus and fairground showmen, gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes).
Rotvælsk, from Denmark
Rotwelsch, from Germany
Šatrovački, from the former Yugoslavia
Scottish Cant, a variant of Scots and Romani used by the Lowland Romani people in Scotland, United Kingdom
Shelta, from the Irish Travellers community in Ireland
Sheng from Kenya
Spasell, from Italy
Swardspeak (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines
Thieves' cant (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom
Tōgo, from Japan (a back slang)
Totoiana, from Romania
Tsotsitaal, from South Africa
Tutnese, from the United States
Verlan, from France
Xíriga, from Asturias, Spain^{[Tinye edensibịa]}
Zargari, from Iran ^[13]^[14]

Ndị ohi na-eti

Ndị ohi bụ akụkụ nke akwụkwọ mpịakọta na egwuregwu a ma ama, ọkachasị n'etiti 1590 na 1615, mana ọ nọgidere na-apụta n'akwụkwọ site na narị afọ nke 18. Enwere ajụjụ banyere otu akwụkwọ ahụ si gosipụta ojiji a na-eji asụsụ eme ihe n'ime ndị omempụ. Otu onye ohi na 1839 kwuru na cant ọ hụrụ na mbipụta abụghị ihe dị ka cant nke "ndị Gypsy, ndị ohi, na ndị arịrịọ ji mee ihe n'oge ahụ. " O kwukwara na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a jiri okwu dị iche iche, nke jikọtara ọnụ, ndị Gypsy nwere okwu cant maka ihe niile, na ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ na-eji ụdị dị ala karịa ndị ohi.

Hụkwa

Okwu koodu (ihe osise nke okwu)
Onye na-ekwu koodu
Onye na-ere ahịa
Okwu abụọ
Gibberish (egwuregwu asụsụ)
Okwu mkparị
Lazăr Șăineanu, onye Romanian nke mụrụ asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ
Obere ugbo
Igbu anya
Akpụkpọ ahụ
Asụsụ Rhyming
Shibboleth

Edemsibia

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Queen's2
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Collins2
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named McArthur2
↑ Schwartz, Robert M.. Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century. Mt. Holyoke University. Archived from the original on 2021-07-03. Retrieved on 2019-04-26.
↑ Valdman (May 2000). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire" (in fr). The French Review 73 (6): 1179–1192.
↑ Hukill (1961). "The Spoken Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant". American Speech 36 (2): 145–151. DOI:10.2307/453853.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Halliday (1976-09-01). "Anti-Languages" (in en). American Anthropologist 78 (3): 570–584. DOI:10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00050. ISSN 1548-1433. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Baker (2002). Polari The Lost Language of Gay Men. Routledge, 13–14. ISBN 978-0415261807.
↑ Zarzycki. "Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates". Crossroads.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Kohn. "Antilanguage and a Gentleman's Goloss: Style, Register, and Entitlement To Irony in A Clockwork Orange". ESharp: 1–27. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "autogenerated12" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Fowler (Summer 1979). "Anti-Language in Fiction". Style 13 (3): 259–278.
↑ bahasa gaul - KBBI VI Online (id). Agency for Language Development and Cultivation. Retrieved on 16 August 2024. “informal Indonesian dialect used by certain communities or in certain areas for socializing”
↑ Baghbidi. The Zargari Language: An Endangered European Romani in Iran. researchgate.net.
↑ Pstrusińska (2013). Secret languages of Afghanistan and their speakers. (in en). Cambridge Scholars Publ, 34. ISBN 978-1-4438-4970-8. OCLC 864565715.

[Queen's2-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Queen's2

[Collins2-2] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Collins2

[McArthur2-3] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named McArthur2

[4] Schwartz, Robert M.. Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century. Mt. Holyoke University. Archived from the original on 2021-07-03. Retrieved on 2019-04-26.

[valdman2-5] Valdman (May 2000). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire" (in fr). The French Review 73 (6): 1179–1192.

[Hukill-19612-6] Hukill (1961). "The Spoken Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant". American Speech 36 (2): 145–151. DOI:10.2307/453853.

[:02-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Halliday (1976-09-01). "Anti-Languages" (in en). American Anthropologist 78 (3): 570–584. DOI:10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00050. ISSN 1548-1433. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content

[:12-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Baker (2002). Polari The Lost Language of Gay Men. Routledge, 13–14. ISBN 978-0415261807.

[9] Zarzycki. "Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates". Crossroads.

[autogenerated12-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Kohn. "Antilanguage and a Gentleman's Goloss: Style, Register, and Entitlement To Irony in A Clockwork Orange". ESharp: 1–27. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "autogenerated12" defined multiple times with different content

[11] Fowler (Summer 1979). "Anti-Language in Fiction". Style 13 (3): 259–278.

[12] sa gaul - KBBI VI Online (id). Agency for Language Development and Cultivation. Retrieved on 16 August 2024. “informal Indonesian dialect used by certain communities or in certain areas for socializing”

[13] Baghbidi. The Zargari Language: An Endangered European Romani in Iran. researchgate.net.

[14] Pstrusińska (2013). Secret languages of Afghanistan and their speakers. (in en). Cambridge Scholars Publ, 34. ISBN 978-1-4438-4970-8. OCLC 864565715.

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