Asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Borneo

 

Asụsụ Greater North Borneo bụ obere akụkụ nke aha Austronesian.  Ozi nke ndị ihe mere eme na-ekpuchi mgbasa ndị a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ebe na Borneo (mpaghara ihe mgbaàmà ebe a na-akpọ aha Greater Barito) na Sumatra, yana ụgwọ Java, na Mainland Southeast Asia.  Robert Blust (2010) bu ụzọ chepụta echiche Greater North Borneo ma Alexander Smith kọwakwuru ya (2017a, 2017b).[1][2][3]  Ihe nkiri e maka nri a bụ naanị okwu.[4]  N'agbanyeghị aha ya, alaka a agbasaala ugbu a n'ime mpaghara Maritime Southeast Asia.

Otu ndị a na-atụ aro na-ekpuchi ụfọdụ n'ime akara ndị dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa ịkpa Eshia, Malay / Indonesian na Asụsụ Malay ndị yiri ya dị ka Minangkabau, Banjar na Iban;  yana Sundanese na Acehnese.  Na Borneo n'onwe ya,kweere GNB ego nwere na-enweta Malaịk n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya bụ Central Dusun, nke a na-asukarị na Sabah.]

Ebe ọ bụ na Greater North Borneo gụnyekwara asụsụ Malayic, Chamic, na Sundanese, ọ na-ekwekọghị na echiche Malayo-Sumbawan nke Alexander Adelaar. [6][7]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Blust mgbasa mgbasawanye GNB na mbata nke ndị na-asụ Austronesian na Maritime Southeast Asia.  Dị ka Blust si kwuo, mgbe ndị na-asụ Austronesian si n'ebe ugwu site na Philippines, ha kewara n'ìgwè atọ: otu nke gara Borneo, otu nke gara Sulawesi, na otu nke gara Moluca.[8]  e kewara mgbọ nke mbụ n'ime otu: otu nke gara n'ịkpọ mgbe egwu osimiri nke dị n'ebe ugwu mgbanaka nke chere ihu n'Oké siri South China, na nke ọzọ nke gara n" mmiri mmiri nke ememe.9]

Blust (2010)

Robert Blust chepụtara usoro ihe ọhụrụ nke Greater North Borneo.  Otu n'ime ihe ọhụrụ ndị a bụ *tuzuq mkpa Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pitu maka 'isii'.[1]  A na-agụnye obere ndị a:   Ọ bụ ezie na Blust chere na asụsụ niile nke Borneo ma e wezụga ndị dị na Greater Barito subgroup na GNB, [1] ọ naghị anwa ịhazi ọtụtụ asụsụ n'ụzọ doro anya, gụnyere ndị na-enweghị data zuru ezu. [10][11]

• (nke a na-amaghị ama)
  • Melanau
  • Kajang

Smith (2017a, 2017b)

Smith kwetara na alaka Central Sarawak nwere onwe ya n'ime Greater North Borneo, na-ejikọta asụsụ Melanau, Kajang na Punan-Müller-Schwaner.[12] Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ wepụkwara Moklenic na GNB ma tinye ya dịka otu n'ime alaka ndị isi nke Malayo-Polynesian.[3]   Proto-Kayanic, Proto-Punan, Proto-Müller-Schwaner, Proto-Land Dayak, na Proto-Kenya ka e wu ewepu na Smith (2017a).  [13]

Mmetụta nke Austria na Eshia

Dị ka Roger Blench si kwuo (2010), [1] a na-asộede Austroasiatic na Borneo.  Blench depụtara okwu ndị sitere na Austroasiatic na alaka Bornean nke oge a dị ka Land Dayak (Bidayuh, Dayak Bakatiq, wdg), Dusunic (Central Dusun, Bisaya, wdg.), Kayan, na Kenya, na-arụ myirịta ya na Asụsụ Aslian nke peninsular Malaysia.  Dị ka ihe nkiri ọzọ maka ememme ya, Blench , akụkụ ihe nri ethnographic dị ka ngwá ngwá na Borneo na ndị na-asụ Austroasiatic na mpaghara ndịda ọmụmụ Eshia.

Blench (2010) na-azọrọ na ụdị okwu ndị dị n'etiti asụsụ Bornean na Austroasiatic gụnyere 'mmiri ozuzo', 'ọnwụ', 'azụ (nke ahụ) ', 'lemur na-efe efe', 'mkịta ọhịa', 'ụmụ anụ ọhịa', 'mmanụ ezé', na 'taro'.

Kaufman (2018) gosipụtara ihe akaebe ọzọ nke okwu n'asụsụ Austronesian dị iche iche nke Borneo nke nwere ike ịbụ nke sitere na Austroasiatic.

Hụkwa

 

• Asụsụ nke Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo)
• Asụsụ ndị Indonesia