Asụsụ teepụ

teepu, nke a makwaara dị ka Maragus, bụ asụsụ Vanuatu nke dị na ndịda Oceanic nke fọrọ nke nta ka ekpochapụ . ^[1] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ teepu na-ebelata ruo ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu iri na ise so n'ọgbọ ochie. ^[2] Asụsụ a bụ akụkụ nke obere ngalaba Oceanic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . ^[1]

Ebe mbụ dị na mpaghara Malakula, gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri si Anuatakh ruo Lowinsinwei, mpaghara dị n'etiti ndagwurugwu Osimiri Lowisinwei, akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Brenwei, na ugwu dị na ndịda a maara dị ka Pwitarvere. Ebe ọ bụ na akụkụ nke ógbè Tape dị nso n’oké osimiri, o mere ka ndị bi n’ebe ahụ weta nnu nke ha na ndị Tirakh na-azụ ahịa. ^[2] Agbanyeghị, ndị teepu na-ebikarị ndụ ha "n'akụkụ ohia," nke pụtara na ndụ ha gbadoro ụkwụ na ala n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ohere ịbanye n'oké osimiri. E gosipụtara nke a n'asụsụ ha n'ihi na ọ bụ ezie na ha bi n'akụkụ oké osimiri, ụmụ ha amachaghị nke ọma ma ọ bụ enweghị ike iwepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke okwu metụtara oké osimiri. ^[2]

Na mbụ, enweghị aha pụrụ iche maka asụsụ teepu. Teepu bụ aha ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu biri ebe ndị gara aga a na-akpọ asụsụ ahụ dị ka vengesien Tape, nke pụtara 'asụsụ teepu'. Ka oge na-aga, ndị mmadụ abịala iji wee mata aha asụsụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Tape". Asụsụ a nwekwara aha ọzọ ndị a maara dị ka Marakus, Maragus, Maragaus, na Maraakhus, nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Naman bi na mpaghara Litzlitz ji mee ihe. Aha ahụ nwere mgbọrọgwụ abụọ, mar (onye (ebe)) na aakhus (ohia) ma mgbe ejikọtara ha ọnụ, nsụgharị nkịtị aha ahụ bụ 'onye nke ọhịa'. ^[2]

fonology

Udaume

Tebụl 1: Mgbanwe ụdaume ^[2]
	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Elu	i		ị
N'etiti	e	ọ	o
Dị ala		a

N'asụsụ teepu, enwere ngụkọta nke ụdaume isii /a, e, i, o, u, na ə. / Ọ bụ ezie na schwa (/ə/) bụ akụkụ nke ndepụta ahụ, e nwere ọtụtụ arụmụka banyere ọrụ schwa na-arụ n'asụsụ ahụ. ^[2]

Tụnyere ojiji nke /i/ na /e/

/ičičər/ pụtara '(s) ọ zachara'
/ičečər/ pụtara '(s) ọ gbadara'
/čənin/ pụtara ' eriri afọ ya
/čənen/ pụtara 'n'ihi ya'

Tụnyere ojiji nke /e/ na /a/

Tụnyere ojiji nke /a/ na /o/

/maren/ pụtara 'echi'
/mornen/ pụtara 'aka ekpe ya'
/iɣaɣas/ pụtara na oyi na-atụ'
/iɣos/ pụtara 'oke'

Tụnyere ojiji nke /o/ na /u/

/ilo/ pụtara '(s) ọ kụrụ'
/ilu/ putara '(s) o gbara egbe'
/nio/ pụtara 'ogwe aka'
/niu/ putara 'igirigi'

Ewepụ akwụkwọ ozi

Akwụkwọ ozi /i/

Mgbe mkpụrụedemede /i/ bụ mkpụrụedemede mbụ wee bịa n'ihu velar fricative /ɣ/, glide palatal na-abịa mgbe e mesịrị. ^[2]

/iɣəč/ ịkpọ [ɨɣəts ~ jɣəts] nke pụtara '(s) he gburu ya'
/iɣan/ pronounced [ɨɣan ~ jɣan] meaning '(s)he ate'

/ilaɣ/ mean '(s) ọ lụrụ di'
/iləɣ/ meaning '(s) he tied it up'
/nisaɣ/ mean 'banana'
/nisəɣ/ putara 'kingfisher'

Tụnyere ojiji nke /o/ na /ə/

/ičpaɣ/ pụtara '(s) ọ squatted'
/čəpaɣ/ nke pụtara ' oven oven'
/noɣmo/ mean 'slitgong'
/nəɣmo/ mean 'island teak'

/nuɣru/ mean 'Christmas'
/nəɣsen/ nke pụtara 'aha ya'
/isusur/ pụtara '(s) ọ ṅụrụ iyi'
/səsən/ pụtara 'ara ya'

Ọ bụ ezie na schwa (/ə/) bụ ụdaume dị iche n'etiti asụsụ ụfọdụ, ọ bụghị ụdaume eluigwe na ala n'asụsụ niile dị n'ógbè ahụ. N'asụsụ teepu, schwa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma dị na 16.5% nke lexicon. Schwa bụ ụdaume pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ nweghị ike ibido ma ọ bụ mechie okwu. Ọ nweghịkwa ike iso ma ọ bụ bịa n'ihu ụdaume ọzọ, nke pụtara na a ga-enwerịrịrịrị tupu ya na consonant sochie ya. ^[2]

Consonants

Tebụl 2: Consonants dị iche ^[2]
Ihe mgbochi dị larịị	p̃	p	t		k
Akwụsịghị tupu oge eruo	b̃	b	d		ɡ
Na-akwado				t͡ʃ ~ t͡s (j)
Fricatives	ṽ	v	s		ɣ
Ọnụ imi	m		n		ŋ
N'akụkụ			l
Rhotic			r
Glides	w			j (y)

Enwere ọtụtụ myirịta yana ndịiche dị na consonants dị n'asụsụ dị gburugburu mpaghara teepu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, teepu enweghị consonants ọ bụla apicolabial nke yiri asụsụ ndị dị na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Malakua. Asụsụ teepu gụnyekwara ọdịiche palatal afficate, /č/, nke na-adịghị na V'ënen Taut, asụsụ dị nso na teepu. Na mgbakwunye, asụsụ teepu nwere usoro consonants dị iche iche nke asụsụ, V'ënen Taut, Larevat, na Naman enweghị. ^[2]

Ụtọ asụsụ

Nhọpụta aha

Mmadụ nwere ike nweta aha site n'ịgbakwụnye a -ien na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa. ^[2] Ihe atụ

mekar pụtara 'ọrụ'
mekar-ien pụtara 'ọrụ, ọrụ'
mësit putara 'ọrịa'
mësit-ien pụtara 'ọrịa, ọrịa'
vërëng pụtara 'eche echiche'
vërëng-ien pụtara 'echiche

ngep pụtara 'ume
ngev-ien pụtara 'asthma'

Otu nwere ike nweta aha Site na-agbakwụnye në- na ngwaa. ^[2]

jijër putara 'sweep'
në-jijër putara 'broom'

Ngwakọta

Site n'ijikọta aha abụọ ọnụ, otu ga-enwe ike ịmepụta aha ọhụrụ metụtara okwu abụọ ahụ. ^[2] Ịtinye otu ebe ma aha aha na-egosi na aha a na-esi n'ebe ahụ pụta. ^[2]

Nnweta

N'ọtụtụ asụsụ Oceanic, enwere ihe dị iche n'etiti inwe aha aha na-apụtaghị ìhè na ozugbo. Ihe onwunwe na-apụtachaghị ìhè na-apụtakarị mgbe ịgbakwunye nkebiokwu ma ọ bụ okwu ọzọ gachara aha nwe ya ebe ihe onwunwe na-apụta mgbe ọ na-agbakwunye prefix na aha ọ nwere. ^[2]

Aha ndị nwere na-apụtachaghị ìhè

Enwere akara pụrụ iche na-egosi ụdị ihe onwunwe dị iche iche dị ka iji ese- maka ihe onwunwe n'ozuzu. E wezụga ihe onwunwe n'ozuzu, enwere ihe onwunwe n'akụkụ, iri nri, ịta ahụhụ na ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ. Site n'ịgbakwunye de-, jomo-, na mëne-, otu na- ezo aka na iri, ịta, na ịṅụ mmanya n'otu n'otu.

Nnọaha nwere nnukwu aha (Edible) ^[2]
	Otu	Abụọ	Nnwale	Ọtụtụ
1	dok	dru	detël	ded
2	dom	-	-	-
3	den	daru	darteel	dar

Nnọchiiche nwere nnukwu aha (nke a na-apụghị ịta ahụhụ) ^[2]
	Otu	Abụọ	Nnwale	Ọtụtụ
1	jomok	jomodru	jomodëtl	jomod
2	jomom	-	-	-
3	jomon	jomaru	jomarttel	jomar

Nnochiaha nwere ikike (nwere ike ịṅụ mmanya) ^[2]
	Otu	Abụọ	Nnwale	Ọtụtụ
1	ihe	mmadụ	ihe atụ	mere
2	mẹnom	-	-	-
3	nne	mmadụ	nwanyị	ihe

Mkpọaha Izugbe (General) ^[2]
	Otu	Abụọ	Nnwale	Ọtụtụ
1	(g) esek	(g) ndu	(g) esetịl	(g) mkpụrụ
2	(g) eso	-	-	-
3	(g) esen	(g) eru	(g) ozi	(g) agba

Aha ndị nwere kpọmkwem

Mgbakwunye nwere mmetụta ^[2]
	Otu	Abụọ	Nnwale	Ọtụtụ
1	-k	-dru	-dị	-d
2	-m	-	-	-
3	-n	-ru	-rtl	-r

Ọmụmaatụ

pëti-m (isi - 2SG) nke pụtara 'isi gị'

Ọnụọgụ

isim, isi
iru
itel
ikpu
ilem
leenjis
jiru
jitelu
jevet
isngel
isngel dụmon isimek
isngel dụmon iru
isngel demon itel
bụ mmụọ ozi
isngel d'mon ilëm
isngel dëmon lëmjis
isngel dụmon jiru
isngel d'mon jitël
isngel demon jevet
ozi
ingelru demon isig

Mgbe a na-agụ ya site na 1–10, ọ dị ka ịgụta n'asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ ebe a na-etinye ihe ọ pụtara na-ezighi ezi na okwu. Mgbe a gụchara ya na iri, mmadụ ga-atụkwasịrịrị okwu, isngel na dëmon n'ihu ọnụọgụ 1–9 iji mee ọnụọgụ ndị ntorobịa. Ụdị ahụ, dëmon, enweghị ihe ọ pụtara n'onwe ya n'asụsụ teepu. ^[2]

Ntụaka

Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

1 2 Maragus (en). Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2019-10-07.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Crowley (2006). in Lynch: Tape, a Declining Language of Malakula (Vanuatu) (in en). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. DOI:10.15144/PL-575. ISBN 0-85883-567-3. Crowley, Terry (2006). Lynch, John (ed.). Tape, a Declining Language of Malakula (Vanuatu). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-575 (inactive 1 November 2024). hdl:1885/146275. ISBN 0-85883-567-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

Njikọ mpụga

Paradaịsc nwere ọtụtụ mkpokọta gụnyere ihe asụsụ Maragus

[Ethnologue-1] 1 2 Maragus (en). Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2019-10-07.

[Crowley_2006-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Crowley (2006). in Lynch: Tape, a Declining Language of Malakula (Vanuatu) (in en). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. DOI:10.15144/PL-575. ISBN 0-85883-567-3. Crowley, Terry (2006). Lynch, John (ed.). Tape, a Declining Language of Malakula (Vanuatu). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-575 (inactive 1 November 2024). hdl:1885/146275. ISBN 0-85883-567-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

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