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Audre Lorde

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Audre Lorde (/ˈɔːdri ˈlɔːrd/ AW-dree LORD; a mụrụ Audrey Geraldine Lorde; February 18, 1934 - November 17, 1992) bụ onye edemede America, prọfesọ, ọkà ihe ọmụma, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye na'ede uri, na onye na-agbachitere ikike obodo. Ọ bụ onye na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "Onye ojii, nwanyị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, nne, onye agha, onye na'ede uri" onye raara ndụ ya na nkà ya nye iji chee ụdị ikpe na-ezighị ezi na mmegbu ihu. O kwenyere na enweghi ike inwe "ọchịchị mmegbu" n'etiti "ndị nwere ebumnuche nke nnwere onwe na ọdịnihu dị mma maka ụmụ anyị". [1] [2]

Dị ka onye na-ede uri, a maara ya nke ọma maka nkà na ụzụ na ngosipụta mmetụta uche, yana uri ya nke na-egosipụta iwe na iwe maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke obodo na nke ọha na eze ọ hụrụ n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ọ bụ onye natara onyinye mba na nke mba ụwa na onye guzobere Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press . [3] Dị ka onye na-ese okwu, a na-akụkọ okwu ya dị ike, nke na-atọ ụtọ, na nke siri ike site na Poetry Foundation.[2] Abụ ya na okwu ya na-ekwu maka okwu ndị metụtara ikike obodo, ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị, ọrịa, nkwarụ, na nyocha nke njirimara nwanyị ojii. [2][4][5]

Oge ọ malitere

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Nna Lorde Byron mụrụ na 20 Ọgọst 1898 na Barbados. E jidere nne ya, Linda Gertrude Belmar Lorde na 1902 n'àgwàetiti Carriacou na Grenada. Nne Lorde bụ nwanyị ojii nke na-agafe oge ụfọdụ maka Spanish,[1] maka ebumnuche ire ọrụ ya. Nna Lorde bụ onye Belma, ma ha jụrụ ịlụ nwunye n’ihi ịma mma Byron, ike na ntachi obi.[8] Mgbe ha kwagara, di na nwunye ahụ gara biri na Harlem, agbata obi dị iche iche na mgbago Manhattan, New York. Lorde bụ ọdụdụ nwa n'ime ụmụaka atọ. Lorde kpuru ìsì ruo n'ókè nke ịbụ onye ìsì n'ụzọ iwu. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọ malitere ịgụ na ikwu okwu, n'okpuru nduzi nke Augusta Braxton Baker, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na Alaka 135th Street nke New York Public Library. Nne ya so ya na-ede akwụkwọ n'otu oge ahụ.

A mụrụ Audrey Geraldine Lorde, ọ họọrọ ịhapụ "y" site na aha mbụ ya mgbe ọ ka bụ nwatakịrị, na-akọwa na Zami: A New Spelling of My Name na ọ nwere mmasị na nhata nka nke "e"- njedebe na aha abụọ dị n'akụkụ "Audre Lorde" karịa n'ịsụgharị aha ya dịka ndị mụrụ ya bu n'obi.[6][7]

Lorde na ndị ọrụ ya siri ike site na nwata. Ya na nna ya na nne ya nọrọ oge, bụ ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike ijikwa azụmahịa ahịa ahịa mmetụta ha na ndị akụ na ụba ha nọ na ọgba aghara n'oge nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi na nnukwu nlaghachi azụ. Mgbe ọ malitere, ha na-enwekarị ihere ma ọ bụ na-echekwa onwe ha. icon, Lorde na nne ya, bụ ndị katọrọ ndị nwere ụda akpụkpọ ahụ dịtụ ka nke ya (nke Lorde nwere) na ụwa na nnukwu, e ji "ịhụnanya siri ike" na iwu siri ike mara.[11]. A na-egosi ụgbọ mmiri siri ike Lorde na nne ya n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime uri ya ndị ọzọ, dịka "Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Coal na tebụl kichin".[1]

Dị ka nwatakịrị, Lorde lụsoro nkwurịta okwu ọgụ, ma nwee ekele maka ike nke uri dị ka ụdị nkwupụta.[8] Ọbụna ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye na-eche echiche na uri.[9] O buru ọtụtụ uri n'isi, ma jiri ya kwurịta okwu, ruo n'ókè nke na, "Ọ bụrụ na a jụọ ya otú ọ dị, Audre ga-azaghachi site n'ịgụ abụ. " N'ihe dị ka afọ iri na abụọ, ọ malitere ide uri nke ya ma jikọọ ndị ọzọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya bụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka "ndị a chụpụrụ", dịka o chere na ọ bụ. [10][10]

N'ịbụ onye Katọlik zụlitere, Lorde gara ụlọ akwụkwọ parochial tupu ọ gaa Hunter College High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi. Onye na-ede uri bụ Diane di Prima bụ nwa klas na enyi. Mgbe ọ na-aga Hunter, Lorde bipụtara uri mbụ ya na magazin Seventeen mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya jụrụ ya maka ịbụ ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Ọzọkwa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Lorde sonyere na ọmụmụ ihe uri nke Harlem Writers Guild kwadoro, mana o kwuru na ọ na-adị ya mgbe niile ka ọ dị ka onye a chụpụrụ na Guild. O chere na a nabataghị ya n'ihi na ọ "bụ onye ara ma onye na-eme ihe ọ bụla mana [ha chere] m ga-etolite na ya niile". [8] [11] [12] Lorde gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hunter College High School na 1951.

Zamy kwuru na nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa strok n'afọ 1953. [13]

Ọrụ

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Audre Lorde Foto nke Elsa Dorfman.

N'afọ 1968, Lorde bụ onye edemede bi na Tougaloo College na Mississippi.[14] Oge Lorde nọ na Tougaloo College, dị ka afọ ya na National University of Mexico, bụ ahụmahụ na-eto eto maka ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-eto eto, ndị isi ojii na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe, ọtụtụ n'ime ha chọsiri ike ikwurịta okwu gbasara ikike obodo nke oge ahụ. Site na mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, ọ kwusiri ike na ọchịchọ ya ọ bụghị naanị ibi ndụ ya "onye ara na onye na-eme ihe ike", kamakwa itinye uche n'akụkụ nke ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede uri. Akwụkwọ uri ya, Cables to Rage, sitere n'oge ya na ahụmịhe ya na Tougaloo.[8]

A three-story, gray-blue, Neo-Colonial style home with a gabled roofline, open porch, columns, and a pediment with a sunburst decoration. Picture includes shrubs and a trashcan on the front lawn, and the third story is partially obscured by leaves.
Ebe obibi Audre Lorde na Stapleton Heights, Staten Island, ugbu a bụ New York City Historical Landmark.

Site na 1972 ruo 1987, Lorde biri na Staten Island. N'oge ahụ, na mgbakwunye na ide na ịkụzi ihe, ọ kwadoro Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press . [15]

Lorde kụziri na Ngalaba Mmụta na Lehman College site na 1969 ruo 1970, [16] mgbe ahụ dị ka prọfesọ nke Bekee na John Jay College of Criminal Justice (nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke Mahadum City nke New York, CUNY) site na 1970 ruo 1981. N'ebe ahụ, ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka ịmepụta ngalaba ọmụmụ ndị isi ojii.[17] N'afọ 1981, ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi na alma mater ya, Hunter College (nke a na-akpọkwa CUNY), dị ka onye isi oche Thomas Hunter.[18] Dị ka nwanyị ojii na-eme ihe ọ bụla, ọ bụ onye si n'èzí n'ọhịa nwoke ọcha na ahụmahụ ya na gburugburu ebe a nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ọrụ ya. Mpaghara ọhụrụ dị ka Ọmụmụ ndị Africa America na Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị kwalitere isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu ma dọta uche n'ìgwè ndị a na-ekwukarị na mbụ. Site na gburugburu agụmakwụkwọ a, Lorde sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ide ọ bụghị naanị uri kamakwa edemede na isiokwu banyere ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị, na African American.[19]

Na 1981, Lorde bụ onye ntọala ntọala nke Women's Coalition of St. Croix, [1] otu raara onwe ya nye inyere ndị lanarịrị mmetọ mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị aka. N'afọ ndị 1980, o nyere aka chọta Sistahood in Support of Sisters (SISA) na South Africa iji rite uru na ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị e merụrụ na 1980s na mpụ ndị ọzọ yiri ya.[2]

N'afọ 1985, Audre Lorde so na ndị nnọchi anya ndị odee nwanyị ojii bụ ndị akpọrọ na Cuba. Ọ bụ The Black Scholar na Union of Cuba Writers kwadoro njem a. Ọ nabatara òtù ụmụnna ndị na-ekekọrịta ihe dị ka ndị inyom ojii na-ede akwụkwọ. Ha letara ndị Cuban uri bụ́ Nancy Morejón na Nicolás Guillén. Ha tụlere ma mgbanwe Cuban agbanweela ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọnọdụ ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ahụ.[1]

Afọ ndị Berlin

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Lorde in Berlin, pictured with May Ayim.

Na 1984, Lorde malitere ọrụ mmụta mmụta nleta na West Berlin na Mahadum Free nke Berlin. Prọfesọ FU Dagmar Schultz kpọrọ ya òkù, bụ onye zutere ya na UN "World Women Conference" na Copenhagen na 1980.[1] N'oge ya na Germany, Lorde ghọrọ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị Afro-German nke oge ahụ.[2] Ya na otu ndị inyom ojii na-agba mbọ na Berlin, Audre Lorde chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "Afro-German" na 1984 na, n'ihi ya, hiwere òtù ojii na Germany.[3] N'ime ọtụtụ njem ya na Germany, Lorde ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere May Ayim, Ika Hügel-Marshall, na Helga Emde.[4][5] Kama ịlụso usoro ahụ ọgụ site na ime ihe ike, Lorde hụrụ asụsụ dị ka ụdị nguzogide siri ike ma gbaa ụmụ nwanyị German ume ikwu okwu kama ịlụ ọgụ.[6] Mmetụta ya na Germany karịrị ụmụ nwanyị Afro-German; Lorde nyere aka n'ịmata mmekọrịta dị n'etiti agbụrụ na agbụrụ.[4] Audre Lorde nyere ohere bara uru maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii German ịhazi na jikwaa mmetụta ha n'ụzọ ọ bụla ha nwere ahụ iru ala. Ịbụ ndị ọkachamara German na-atụgharị ọzọ, na ịkọwapụta site n'echiche ndị ọzọ nke ihe "ihe ọjọọ" pụtara (ihe nketa agwakọtara) nwere ike imebi echiche nke onwe ha. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a enweghị ike ikwupụta n'ụzọ zuru ezu akụkụ niile nke ịdị adị ha wee hụ na ọha mmadụ na-akpakwa nduru. Audre Lorde nwere ike ịmalite imechi ọdịiche dị n'etiti njirimara ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-ahụta na ọha German na ihe ha mere onwe ha. Lorde kere ohere maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị a iji kparịta ahụmịhe ha wee mepụta akụkọ German ojii. Nke a abụghị ikwu na Lorde n'onwe ya malitere njirimara German a na-akwado Black Black, kama na o nyere ụmụ German ndị a ihe nlereanya maka ọbụbụenyi, njirimara onwe onye, na ikike ọgụgụ isi.[7]

Na Disemba 1989, otu ọnwa ka Mgbidi Berlin dasịrị, Lorde dere uri ya "East Berlin 1989"[1] na-ekwupụta echiche ya na mmemme akụkọ ihe mere eme a. Na uri, mgbe Lorde na-ekwupụta egwu ya banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide Afro-Germans na ndị ọzọ ojii na Berlin n'ihi ọhụrụ nnwere onwe East Germany, ọ na-akatọ mmeri nke nnwere onwe onye kwuo uche na mmetụta Western, na-egosipụta obi abụọ miri emi banyere ya, na iguzogide, "Weghachi udo" nke ga-emecha na-eduga ná mgbanwe nke Communist East Germany n'ime ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.

Mmetụta Lorde na Afro-Germans bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri 2012 nke Dagmar Schultz dere. Audre Lorde: The Berlin Years 1984-1992 nabatara site na Berlin Film Festival, Berlinale, ma nwee ya World Premiere na 62nd Annual Festival na 2012. [1] E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na mmemme ihe nkiri gburugburu ụwa, ma na-aga n'ihu na-ekiri ya na ememe dị ka nke 2018. [2] Ihe nkiri 2 na-enweta ihe nrite nke 1 nke Golden. Akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na 15th Reelout Queer + Video Festival, Golden Globe maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na International Film Festival maka ụmụ nwanyị, okwu ọha na eze, na enweghị ịkpa ókè, na onyinye ndị na-ege ntị maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na Barcelona International LGBT Film Festival. [3] Audre Lorde: Afọ Berlin kpughere enweghị nnabata Lorde natara na mbụ maka onyinye ya na echiche nke intersectionality. [4]

Abụ uri

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Audre Lorde (n'aka ekpe) na ndị edemede Meridel Le Sueur (n'etiti) na Adrienne Rich (n'ụzọ nri) na ụlọ ọrụ edemede na Austin, Texas, 1980

Lorde lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ nchọpụta nke ya, ọ bụghị naanị n'etiti nchọpụta nke ndụ nke na-agbakọ aka n'otu n'otu n'ime mmadụ nke ya. "A na-emeso m dị ka onye ọzọ n'ime otu m so na ya," ka o kwuru. "Ma n'ime obodo," Lorde dere, "ọ bụ n'ezie akwụkwọ nkeonwe, ihe ngosi, agha nwa oge na nke na-egbu mgbu n'etiti mụ na mmegbu m."[1] : 12-13 Ọ na-ahụ onwe ya dị ka "nwanyị na-aga n'ihu" [1]: 17 na "onye na-eme olu" n'ime onwe ya. : 31 : 31

Echiche ya na ọtụtụ njirimara na-egosipụta na ụdị ọrụ ya dị iche iche. Onye nkatọ Carmen Birkle dere, sị: "A na-egosipụta ọdịiche omenala ya n'ụdị ederede omenala, n'ụdị dị iche iche." [1] Ọjụjụ ọjụjụ itinye nduru n'otu ụdị, ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ, bụ mkpebi siri ike ya ịbịa n'otu n'otu kama ịbụ echiche efu. Lorde akọwawo onwe ya dị ka "onye na-ahụ maka nwanyị, nne, dike, onye na-ede uri" ma jiri abụ zie ozi a. [2]

Ọrụ ndị mbụ

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E bipụtara uri Lorde mgbe niile n'afọ ndị 1960 - na Langston Hughes' 1962 New Negro Poets, USA; n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ọzọ; na magazin ndị isi ojii. N'oge a, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike obodo, ndị na-mmegide agha, na ndị inyom.

Na 1968, Lorde bipụtara The First Cities, nchịkọta uri. Diane di Prima, onye bụbu nwa klas ya na enyi sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Hunter College deziri ya. A kọwawo obodo mbụ dị ka "akwụkwọ nke bụ, n'ụzọ, ọhụụ", [1] na Dudley Randall, onye na-ede uri na onye nkatọ, kwusiri ike na mmalite ya na akwụkwọ ahụ na Lorde "na-ahụ ọkọlọtọ ka ọ na-efe efe, ma Blackness ya dị ebe ahụ, n'ụzọ, n'ime ọkpụkpụ "[2].

Nchịkọta ya nke abụọ, Cables to Rage (1970), nke edere n'oge ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ uri na Tougaloo College na Mississippi, lekwasịrị anya na ịhụnanya, Carra, nna, na anya ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ bụ ihe a ma ama maka uri "Martha", bụ nke Lorde kwupụtara n'ihu ọha na ọ bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na nke mbụ n'ime ihe odide ya: "[M ga-ahụ ya n'anya ebe a ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ onye nzuzu."]

A họpụtara maka onyinye nturu ugo akwụkwọ mba maka abụ na 1974, [1] Site n'ala ebe ndị ọzọ bi (Broadside Press) na-egosi ọgụ nke Lorde n'onwe ya na njirimara na iwe na mmegbu ọha. Mpịakọta ahụ na-ekwu banyere isiokwu nke iwe, owu ọmụma, na ikpe na-ezighị ezi, yana ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ nwanyị ojii, nne, enyi, na onye hụrụ n'anya.[2]

1974 hụrụ ntọhapụ nke New York Head Shop and Museum, nke na-enye foto nke Lorde's New York site na anya nke ma Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na oge ọ bụ nwata: [2] nke ịda ogbenye na ileghara anya na, n'echiche Lorde, na-achọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [10]

N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma nke mpịakọta ndị a, ọ bụ ntọhapụ nke Coal na 1976 bụ onye guzobere Lorde dị ka onye nwere mmetụta na Black Arts Movement, na nnukwu ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ n'azụ ya-Norton-nyere aka mee ka ọ bịarute ndị na-ege ntị. Mpịakọta ahụ gụnyere abụ sitere na Obodo Mbụ na Cables ruo Rage, ọ gbakwunyekwara ọtụtụ isiokwu Lorde ga-abụ nke a maara maka oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ: iwe ya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke agbụrụ, ememe ya nke onye ojii, na oku ọ na-akpọ maka nyochaghachi ahụmahụ nwanyị. Lorde soro Coal na N'etiti Onwe Anyị (nakwa 1976) na Hanging Fire (1978).

N'ime mpịakọta Lorde The Black Unicorn (1978), ọ na-akọwa njirimara ya n'ime akụkọ ifo nke chi ụmụ nwanyị Africa okike okike, ọmụmụ, na ike dike. Mweghachi a nke njirimara ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-ewulite ma na-agbagha echiche Black Arts dị ugbu a gbasara pan-Africanism. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị edemede dị ka Amiri Baraka na Ishmael Reed jiri nkà mmụta mbara igwe Africa mee ihe n'ụzọ nke "wepụtara akụkọ nke chi nwoke nwere obi ike nke nwere ike ịkpụpụta na ịgbachitere eluigwe na ụwa ndị ojii," n'akwụkwọ Lorde, "a na-ebufe onye agha ahụ n'aka onye nche nwanyị nwere ike kwa ike na ọmụmụ."[1]

Abụ ekere Lorde bịara bụrụ nke a na-ahụ anya na nke onwe ka ọ na-etolite na inwekwu ntụkwasị obi na mmekọahụ ya. N'ime Sista Outsider: Essays and Speeches, Lorde na-ekwu, "Abụ bụ ụzọ anyị ga-esi nyere aka nye ndị na-enweghị aha ka anyị nwee ike iche echiche ... Ka anyị na-amata ha ma nabata ha, mmetụta anyị na nyocha nke eziokwu nke ha na-aghọ ebe nsọ na ebe ọmụmụ maka echiche kachasị ike na obi ike." [1] Nwanne nwanyị Outsider na-akọwapụta ihe ịma aka nke Lorde na omenala ndị Europe na America.

Nkwupụta

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Akwụkwọ akụkọ ọrịa cancer (1980) na A Burst of Light (1988) na-eji akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, gụnyere edemede na ntinye akwụkwọ akụkọ, iji gbaa aka, nyochaa, na ịtụgharị uche na nyocha nke Lorde, ọgwụgwọ, mgbake site na ọrịa ara ara, na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ ya site na ọrịa ahụ. [1] [2] N'ime ọrụ abụọ a, Lorde na-ekwu maka echiche Western banyere ọrịa, nkwarụ, ọgwụgwọ, ọrịa kansa na mmekọahụ, na ịma mma anụ ahụ na amara, yana isiokwu nke ọnwụ, egwu ọnwụ, ndụ, ọgwụgwọ mmetụta uche, na ike dị n'ime.[3]

Lorde's deeply personal book Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (1982), subtitled a "biomythography", chronicles her childhood and adulthood. The narrative deals with the evolution of Lorde's sexuality and self-awareness.[8]

Nwanne Nwanyị Na-anọghị n'Ebe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (1984), Lorde na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa ịkọrọ ahụmahụ nke ìgwè ndị a na-akparaghị ókè iji mee ka ọgụ ha pụta ìhè na ọha mmadụ na-emegide onwe ha.[8] Ọ na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa ka ìgwè ndị mmadụ dị iche iche (karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ụmụ nwanyị Africa America) chọta ihe jikọrọ ha na ahụmịhe ha na ndụ, kamakwa iji chee ọdịiche ihu n'onwe ya, ma jiri ya dị ka isi iyi nke ike karịa nkewa. Ọ na-ekwusi ike ugboro ugboro na ọ dị mkpa maka obodo na mgba iji wuo ụwa ka mma. Otu esi eme ka iwe na iwe nke mmegbu kpaliri bụrụ isiokwu ọzọ a ma ama n'ọrụ ya niile, na nchịkọta a karịsịa.[10]

Edemede ya ama ama, "Ngwaọrụ Nna-ukwu agaghị emebi ụlọ Nna-ukwu", gụnyere n'ime Nwanna Nwanyị N'èzí. Lorde na-ajụ oke na ikike mgbanwe nke a ga-enwe mmụọ mgbe ọ nyochara nsogbu ahụ site na oghere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, nke nna ochie. Ọ na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ọ bụghị dị ka ihe a ga-anabata, kama dịka ihe dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ike na "ịbụ" n'ụwa. Nke a ga-emepụta ọha mmadụ nke na-anabata ọdịiche, nke ga-eduga na nnwere onwe. Lorde na-akọwa, "Kewaa na imeri, na ụwa anyị, ga-aghọ akụkọ ifo na isi iyi nke ike." [1] Ọzọkwa, ndị mmadụ ga-akụziri onwe ha banyere mmegbu nke ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ịtụ anya ka otu ndị na-erughị eru ịkụziri ndị a na-emegbu emegbu bụ ịga n'ihu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, echiche ndị nna ochie. Ọ kọwara na nke a bụ ngwá ọrụ dị ike nke ndị mmegbu na-eji eme ka ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na-arụ ọrụ na-eche banyere ndị nna ha ukwu. O kwubiri na iji weta ezigbo mgbanwe, anyị enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ime usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, nke ndị nna ochie n'ihi na mgbanwe nke ahụ kpatara agaghị adịte aka.[1]

N'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke na United States, Lorde kwuru, sị: [20]

Ihe nkiri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Echiche

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe odide ya dabere na "echiche nke ọdịiche", echiche ahụ bụ na esemokwu abụọ dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị mfe; ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị achọpụtala na ọ dị mkpa igosi echiche efu nke ihe siri ike, nke dị n'otu, ụdị ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ya jupụtara na nkewa.

Lorde okwu nsogbu, klaasị, afọ na afɔ, agụụ na agụụ na, mgbe e ezi na ndụ ya, ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala na-ebu; Nke ikpeazụ na-aghọ arịa onye a ma ama n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya ka ọ na- ọrịa kansa. O dere ihe ndị a nile dị ka ihe ndabere maka ozi ya nke ndidi. Ọ bụ́ ụka na, n'agbanyeghị na ndịiche dị n'ụdị nwoke na enwetala ihe niile a na-achọ anya, ọ dị mkpa ka a matakwa ma lebara ndịiche ndị ọzọ anya. "Onyenwe anyị," ka Carmen Birkle [de] na-ekwu, "na-etinye uche ya na izi ezi nke ozi. Ọ Poly ka ekwe na-egbochi ya ma ghara ikpe ya ikpe; ọ akwụkwọ ka e tinye ya n'otu ụdị nke 'nwanyị.'"[1] A mara echiche a taa dị ka intersectionality.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekweta na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị buru ibu ma dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Lorde na-emetụta akụkụ abụọ metụtara ya-agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. Na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ada Gay Griffin na Michelle Parkerson A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde, Lorde na-ekwu, sị, "Ka m buru ụzọ gwa gị ihe ọ dị ka nwanyị ojii na-ede uri na 60s, site n'ịwụba n'ime. [1]

Faịlụ:Sister outsider cover.jpg
Ihe osise ihu maka mbipụta 1984 nke akwụkwọ Sister Outsider nke Audre Lorde.

N’akwụkwọ edemede ya “The Erotic as Power” (1978) nke e debere n’ime Sister Outsider, Audre Lorde kọwara “erotic” dịka ebe ike dị maka ụmụ nwanyị naanị mgbe ha mụtara ịhapụ ya n’ime mgbochi ma nabata ya, na-enweghị itinye ya naanị n’ihe gbasara mmekọahụ dịka ọ na-adịkarị n’ọha mmadụ. Ọ na-ekwu na a ga-enyocha ma nwee ahụmahụ nke erotic n’ụzọ zuru oke, n’ihi na ọ bụghị naanị ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, kama ọ bụ mmetụta nke obi ụtọ, ịhụnanya, na ịnụ ụtọ ihe ọ bụla na-enye nwanyị afọ ojuju n’ụzọ ndụ ya, dịka ịgụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ịhụ ọrụ ya n’anya.

Ọ jụrụ echiche ụgha nke na naanị site n’ịkwụsị erotic n’ime ndụ na uche ka ụmụ nwanyị ga-enwe ike. Ọ sịrị na ike dị otú ahụ bụ aghụghọ, n’ihi na e wuru ya n’usoro echiche nke ike ụmụ nwoke. Ọ kọwara na ọha mmadụ nke patriarchy agbanweela aha erotic ma jiri ya megide ụmụ nwanyị, nke mere ka ha na-atụ ya egwu. Ụmụ nwanyị na-atụkwa ya egwu n’ihi na erotic bụ ike siri ike ma dị omimi.

Ọ na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị ka ha kesaa ike ha n’etiti onwe ha kama iji ya eme ihe na-enweghị nkwenye, nke bụ mmegbu. Kama nke ahụ, ha kwesịrị iji ya mee ihe iji jikọta mmadụ niile n’ime ọdịiche na ihe ha nwere ọnụ. Iji erotic dị ka ike na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị iji ọgụgụ isi ha na ike ha ihu nsogbu dịka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, patriarchy, na ọha mmadụ na-egbochi erotic.

Audre Lorde kwuru na erotic nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi ike nke na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị ibi ndụ jupụtara n’mmụọ na agụụ n’akụkụ niile nke ndụ ha. Ọ na-akpọ ka erotic bụrụ ụdị “kompas” nke na-enyere ha ịmata ihe bara uru n’ndụ ha. Ọ katọrọkwa echiche nke compulsory heterosexuality na echiche na obi ụtọ ụmụ nwanyị ga-abịa naanị site n’alụmdi na nwunye, Chineke, ma ọ bụ okpukpe.

Echiche erotic na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha ghara ịnabata ihe ọha mmadụ na-atụ anya ma ọ bụ ihe dị mfe, kama iguzogide usoro patriarchy nke na-achịkwa mmekọahụ na ndụ ha. Ọ na-ahụ igbochi erotic ma ọ bụ ịnabata ụkpụrụ heterosexual dị ka ụzọ ijide ụmụ nwanyị n’okpuru ọchịchị. Iji nweta onwe ha, ọ na-akpọ ha ka ha weghachite erotic ma jiri ya jide ndụ ha.

Ọ na-agbalị iwepụ ọdịiche erotic dị n’etiti ụdị mmekọahụ dị iche iche iji mee ka ọchịchọ ndị a bụrụ ike mmepụta mgbanwe ọhụrụ. N’agbanyeghị na ọ jụrụ compulsory heterosexuality, echiche a ka na-apụta n’akwụkwọ ya Uses of the Erotic n’ụzọ ụfọdụ nwere akara heteronormativity.

Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma feminism ọzọ, Lee Edelman, kọwara heteronormativity dịka usoro omenala nke a na-akwado site n’ịmụ nwa na ịhụ ụmụaka dịka ọdịnihu. Nke a na-ejikọta na okwu Lorde banyere ime ka ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ ha bụrụ ihe ka mma.

Lorde na-ekwu na mgbọrọgwụ erotic bụ “ebe miri emi nke nwanyị na nke mmụọ, nke siri ike n’ike mmetụta anyị nke a na-ekwughị ma ọ bụ nke a naghị ama,” nke na-egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịbụ nwanyị. Nke a na-akwado echiche binary banyere okike mmadụ. Echiche a nke essentialism na-akpalite mkparịta ụka n’etiti feminists nke oge ọhụrụ, ma gosikwa otú third-wave feminism si dị iche na fourth-wave feminism n’ịghọta intersectionality.

Echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nkatọ ahụ abụghị otu akụkụ: ọtụtụ ndị inyom ọcha were iwe n'ihi ụdị ejiji nke Lorde. N'edemede ya nke 1984 "Ngwaọrụ Nna-ukwu agaghị emebi Ụlọ Nna-ukwu", [64] Lorde wakporo ihe ọ kwenyere na ọ bụ isi ihe kpatara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, na-akọwa ya dị ka ntọala amaghị ama na nna ochie. Ọ rụrụ ụka na, site n'ịgọnarị ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-eme ka usoro mmegbu ochie na-adịgide adịgide na, n'ime nke a, na-egbochi mgbanwe ọ bụla na-adịgide adịgide. Arụmụka ya kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị ọcha bụ ndị na-aghọtaghị agbụrụ dị ka okwu gbasara nwanyị na ndị isi ohu nwoke ọcha, na-akọwa ha abụọ dị ka "ndị nnọchianya nke mmegbu"[65].

Nkwupụta Lorde banyere ụmụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Lorde kwenyere na ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke nwanyị bụ na ụdị mmegbu niile jikọtara ọnụ; na ịmepụta mgbanwe dị mkpa iji kwado ọha mmadụ; ka ndịrịta iche ekwesịghị ịdị nkewa; na mgbanwe bụ usoro; mmetụta ahụ bụ ụdị ihe ọmụma onwe onye nke nwere ike ịkọwa ma melite ọrụ; na ịnakwere na inwe ihe mgbu na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka imeri ya.[1]

Na Lorde's "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", ọ na-ede, sị: "N'ezie, e nwere ezigbo ọdịiche dị n'etiti anyị agbụrụ, afọ, na mmekọahụ. Ma ọ bụghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti anyị na-ekewa anyị. Ọ bụ kama ọjụjụ anyị jụrụ ikweta ọdịiche ndị ahụ, na nyochaa mgbagwoju anya nke na-esite n'ịkpọ aha ha na àgwà ha na-atụ anya ya. " Kpọmkwem, ọ na-ekwu, sị: "Dịka ndị inyom na-acha ọcha na-ahapụ ihe ùgwù ha wuru nke Whiteness ma kọwaa nwanyị n'ihe banyere ahụmahụ nke onwe ha nanị, mgbe ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-acha agba na-aghọ 'ọzọ'." "Onye ocha nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe".

Lorde defines racism, sexism, ageism, heterosexism, elitism and classism altogether and explains that an "ism" is an idea that what is being privileged is superior and has the right to govern anything else. [citation needed] Lorde argues that a mythical norm is what all bodies should be. According to Lorde, the mythical norm of US culture is White, thin, male, young, heterosexual, Christian, financially secure.[67]

Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị ojii

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị ọkà mmụta gara n'ihu na-enyocha ọrụ Lorde na-arụ n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii taa. Jennifer C. Nash na-enyocha ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii si nabata njirimara ha wee hụ onwe ha n'anya site na esemokwu ndị ahụ.[1] Nash na-ehota Lorde, onye dere, sị: "Ana m agba onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị ume ka ọ banye n'ime ebe dị omimi nke ihe ọmụma n'ime onwe anyị ma metụ egwu na ịkpọasị nke ọdịiche ọ bụla dị n'ebe ahụ anya. Lee onye ọ bụ. Mgbe ahụ, onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike ịmalite ime ka nhọrọ anyị niile doo anya. " [1] Nash na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka ha nabata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kama ịtụ egwu ya, nke ga-eduga n'ọha obodo ka mma. Lorde na-agbakwụnye, sị: "Ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ́ ndị dị n'otu, n'ọchịchị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ mmetụta uche, abụghị ndị iro nke ndị isi ojii. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ mgbe, ụfọdụ ndị ikom ojii na-agbalị ịchịisi site n'ịtụ ndị inyom ojii bụ́ ndị enyi karịa ndị iro." [2]

N'afọ 1981, Lorde na enyi ya bụ onye edemede, Barbara Smith guzobere Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press nke raara onwe ya nye inyere ndị edemede ndị ọzọ ojii aka site n'inye ihe, nduzi na agbamume. Lorde gbara ndị gbara ya gburugburu ume ime emume ọdịiche ha dịka agbụrụ, mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ọkwa kama ibi na ha, ma chọọ ka onye ọ bụla nwee ohere yiri nke ahụ.

N'oge niile Lorde na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gụnyere echiche nke njirimara otu n'ọtụtụ uri na akwụkwọ ya. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-akọwa otu ụdị kamakwa ọ chọrọ ime ememe akụkụ niile nke onwe ya n'otu ụzọ.[21]

A mara ya ka ọ na-akọwa dị ka nwanyị ojii, nwanyị nwanyị, onye na-emetọ ụmụaka, onye na-ede uri, nne, wdg N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, Lorde lekwasịrị anya n'ọtụtụ njirimara dị iche iche o nweburu na ndụ ya na ndị o nweworo n'ihi ha. Ọ na-egosi anyị na a na-ahụ ike onwe onye na njikọ dị n'etiti akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ mmadụ, dabere na omume, na ike ikwu okwu sitere na ahụmahụ ndị a. A na-ekpuchikarị ike nke onwe site n'ebe dị anya nke mmadụ, ma dị ka Lies Xhonneux na-ekwu ma a bịa n'ikike nke ihe ị na-ahụ - ụfọdụ ndị, ndị nọ na obere m gburugburu, nwere ike nke ihe a na-adịghị ahụ anya.[1]

Ọrụ Lorde lekwasịrị anya na mkpa ọ dị ịnakwere, ịkwanyere ùgwù na ime emume ọdịiche anyị yana ihe anyị na-eme n'ịkọwa njirimara. Na The Master's Tools, o dere na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ ime ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti anyị adịghị, ma ọ bụ na ọdịiche ndị a enweghị ike imeri, na-agbakwụnye, "Ọdịiche ga-abụrịrị na a ga-anabata ya, kama a ga-ahụ ya dị ka ego nke polarities dị mkpa n'etiti nke ihe okike anyị nwere ike igwu dị ka dialectic. "

Lorde gbara ndị na-agụ ya ume ka ha nyochaa ma chọpụta ọdịiche ndị a, na-atụle otú ileghara ọdịiche anya nwere ike isi duga n'ileghara ajọ mbunobi na ajọ mbunobe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbịakwute ọdịiche ndị ahụ anya, ebe ọ na-ekweta na ha nwere ike ime ka ọhụụ anyị na ọgụ anyị dịkwuo mma. O dere na ọ dị anyị mkpa iji nlezianya dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma ghọta na ịdị n'otu abụghị otu. N'ime I Am Your Sister, ọ gbara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ume ka ha buru ibu ọrụ maka ịmụta nke a, ọbụlagodi na ọ pụtara ịkụzi onwe onye, "...nke a ga-eji mee ihe nke ọma n'ịkọwa onwe gị na ịmepụta ihe ndị dị adị maka ịgbanwe ugbu a na iwulite ọdịnihu".

Na The Cancer Journals o dere "Ọ bụrụ na akọwaghị m onwe m, a ga-etinye m n'ime nrọ ndị ọzọ maka m ma rie m ndụ. " O kwusiri ike na njirimara onwe onye karịrị naanị ihe ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ma ọ bụ na-eche banyere mmadụ, mana ihe onye ahụ ga-akọwa, dabere na ahụmịhe onye ahụ. "Ụlọ nke Ọdịiche" bụ ahịrịokwu sitere na echiche njirimara nke Lorde. Echiche ya bụ na onye ọ bụla dị iche na ibe ya ma ọ bụ ọdịiche ndị a na-eme ka anyị bụrụ ndị anyị bụ, kama otu obere akụkụ dị iche iche. Ilekwasị anya n'akụkụ niile nke njirimara mmadụ na-eme ka ndị mmadụ gbakọta ọnụ karịa ịhọrọ otu obere ihe iji mata.[22]

Ọrụ Lorde "Coal" na "The Black Unicorn" bụ ihe atụ abụọ nke uri nke na-ejikọta njirimara ojii ya, nke ụmụ nwanyị. Abụ ọ bụla na-elekwasị anya n'echiche nke njirimara, na otu njirimara n'onwe ya si bụrụ ihe doro anya. Ọtụtụ ndị na-akatọ akwụkwọ na-eche na "Coal" bụ ụzọ Lorde si emepụta agbụrụ n'ihe gbasara coal na diamond. Lorde n'onwe ya kwuru na nkọwa ndị ahụ ezighi ezi n'ihi na akọwaghị njirimara n'ụzọ dị mfe ma a gaghị eme ka uri ya dị mfe.

Ka anyị na-eme ka ihe ndị dị n'etiti Lorde pụta ìhè site na oghere nke na-elekwasị anya na agbụrụ, okike, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba / klas na ihe ndị ọzọ, anyị ga-anabatakwa otu n'ime njirimara ya pụtara ìhè; Lorde atụghị egwu ikwusi ọdịiche ya, dị ka ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ na omume mmekọahụ, mana jiri njirimara nke ya megide nwoke ojii na-egbu egbu. Lorde jiri njirimara ndị ahụ mee ihe n'ime ọrụ ya ma jiri ndụ nke ya kụziere ndị ọzọ mkpa ọ dị ịdị iche. Ihere emeghị ya ikwu na ọ bụ ya ma jiri ya mee ihe maka uru okike ya.

While highlighting Lorde's intersectional points through a lens that focuses on race, gender, socioeconomic status/class and so on, we must also embrace one of her salient identities, lesbianism. She was a lesbian and navigated spaces interlocking her womanhood, gayness and blackness in ways that trumped White feminism, predominantly White gay spaces and black male masculinity. Lorde used those identities within her work and ultimately it guided her to create pieces that embodied lesbianism in a light that educated people of many social classes and identities on the issues black lesbian women face in society.

Enyemaka na mkparịta ụka ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ihe dị ka afọ 1960, ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ malitere ịgba gburugburu mkparịta ụka na arụmụka banyere akụrụngwa dị ka ụlọ ọrụ "na-emebi emebi, na-akpa ókè, na-ezighị ezi", ọkachasị n'ime ọnọdụ nke ịrị elu nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ.[23]

N'ịbụ nke e bipụtara na Sister Outsider, nchịkọta nke edemede na okwu, Audre Lorde dọrọ aka ná ntị megide "ịjụ ọdịiche" na edemede ya, "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", na-atụ egwu na mgbe "anyị anaghị emepụta ngwá ọrụ maka iji ọdịiche mmadụ dị ka springboard maka mgbanwe okike n'ime ndụ anyị[,] anyị anaghị ekwu maka ọdịiche mmadụ, kama ọ bụ nke ọdịiche mmadụ".[20] Lorde hụrụ nke a na-eme na enweghị itinye akwụkwọ sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'okwu ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ. A jụrụ uri, nke a na-ewere dị ka nke na-erughị okwu ma na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala na ndị na-arụ ọrụ, site na ndị otu magazin ụmụ nwanyị nke Lorde na-azọrọ na ha napụrụ "ndị inyom ike na nghọta nke ibe ha". Ọ chọpụtara na "akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke agba [bụ] anaghị etinye ya na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu" [20] ma gosipụta "ịdị iche" nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-acha agba na ụmụ nwanyị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe dị ka ihe kpatara ya.[was] Site n'ịdị n'otu obodo ndị a ma leghara ọdịiche ha anya, "ụmụ nwanyị nke agba na-aghọ 'ndị ọzọ,' ndị si n'èzí nke ahụmịhe na ọdịnala ha bụ 'ndị si mba ọzọ' ịghọta", [20] ma si otú a, o yiri ka ha erughị eru maka nlebara anya ndị ọkà mmụta na agụmakwụkwọ dị iche. Lorde gbasaa echiche a nke ịjụ onye nke ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ngwaahịa nke ọha mmadụ anyị. N'ụzọ uche, a zụrụ ndị mmadụ ka ha meghachi omume na enweghị afọ ojuju site n'ileghara ya anya. Mgbe ileghara nsogbu anya anaghị arụ ọrụ, a na-amanye ha ime ka ha kwekọọ ma ọ bụ bibie ha. Ọ na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ emeghachiri n'okwu a na ọdịiche dị na okike, agbụrụ, na okike: ileghara anya, kwekọọ, ma ọ bụ bibie. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-ekwu na a ga-eji ọchịchọ ịmata ihe ma ọ bụ nghọta na-abịakwute ọdịiche. Lorde katọrọ echiche nke ịhọrọ onye ka elu na onye dị ala mgbe ọ na-atụnyere ihe abụọ. N'ihe banyere ndị mmadụ, nkwupụta, na njirimara, ọ na-ekwu na e kwesịrị inwe nhọrọ nke atọ nke ịha nhata. Otú ọ dị, Lorde na-ekwusi ike na edemede ya na ekwesighi imebi ma ọ bụ ghara ịnakwere ọdịiche. Enweghị ịgọnahụ ọdịiche dị na ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, dịka egosiri site na ihe atụ na edemede Lorde, mana Lorde na-alụ ọgụ megide isi ihe na ọdịiche dị njọ.

Audre Lorde kpọrọ oku ka a nabata ọdịiche ndị a. N'otu edemede ahụ, o kwupụtara, "ugbu a anyị ga-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ha na anyị hà nhata, ma ọ bụghị ndị dị ala ma ọ bụ ndị dị elu, ma chepụta ụzọ iji ọdịiche nke ibe anyị mee ka ọhụụ anyị na ọgụ anyị dị n'otu baa ọgaranya" [20] Ime nke a ga-eduga n'ịgbakwunye ma si otú a, ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Lorde dere na ụmụ nwanyị ga- "mepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ nke ike na usoro ọhụrụ nke mmekọrịta dị iche iche. Nkọwa ochie ejighị anyị ozi". Site n'ịdị n'otu, Lorde dere na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike iweghachi mmegbu ha na-eche ihu ma mepụta obodo ka mma maka onwe ha na ndị ha hụrụ n'anya. Lorde kwuru na ezi mmepe na obodo ndị dị n'ụwa nke atọ ga-abụ na ọbụna "ọdịnihu nke ụwa anyị nwere ike ịdabere na ikike ụmụ nwanyị niile nwere ịchọpụta ma mepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ nke ike na usoro ọhụrụ nke mmekọrịta gafee ọdịiche. " [20] N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, olu na nchegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị na agba na ụmụ nwanyị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-abụ nzọụkwụ mbụ n'inweta nnwere onwe na ikike ịzụlite na ịgbanwe obodo ha n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge (na ọdịnihu) nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ.

Okwu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'okwu dị mkpa na National Third-World Gay and Lesbian Conference na October 13, 1979, nke isiokwu ya bụ, "Olee mgbe amaghị ihe ga-agwụ?" Lorde chetara ma dọọ ndị bịaranụ aka na ntị, "E nwere ọdịiche dị egwu nke ìgwè dị iche iche n'ime nzukọ a, na ọdịiche dị mma n'etiti anyị n'ime ìgwè ndị ahụ. Ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ike na-eme ka ọhụụ anyị maka ọdịnihu. Anyị agaghị ekwe ka e jiri ya kewaa anyị n'etiti onwe anyị, ma ọ bụrụ otu ihe anyị, ọ bụrụ na anyị, anyị agaghị achọ ka anyị mee ka anyị mee ihe ha, ọ bụrụ otu anyị, ọ dị iche iche iche, ọ bụrụ ihe ha, ma ọ dị iche, anyị, ọ ga-achọ ka anyị ghara iche, ọ dị n'etiti ha mee ka anyị, anyị, anyị ghara iche iche, anyị ghara ime anyị, ọ ghara ime anyị na anyị, ọ bụ site na anyị, ka anyị, ọ hapụ anyị, anyị ka anyị, ka ndị ọzọ, anyị, ka m ka anyị,[24]

Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, n'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1983, Audre Lorde kwuru okwu dị ka akụkụ nke "Litany of Commitment" na March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. "Taa anyị na-aga," ka o kwuru, "ndị na-edina nwoke ibe anyị na ụmụ anyị, na-eguzo n'aha nke anyị na ụmụnne anyị niile na-alụ ọgụ ebe a na gburugburu ụwa, na Middle East, na Central America, na Caribbean na South Africa, na-ekerịta mkpebi anyị ịrụ ọrụ maka ọdịnihu dị mma. Anyị maara na anyị ekwesịghị ịghọ ihe yiri ibe anyị iji nwee ike ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ. Anyị maara ete mgbe anyị jikọtara aka gafee tebụl nke ọdịiche anyị niile ga-enye anyị ike na nnukwu ike, mgbe ahụ anyị niile.[24]

Onye ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị Afro-German na onye edemede Dr. Marion Kraft gbara Audre Lorde ajụjụ ọnụ na 1986 iji kwurịta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ya na uri ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a, Audre Lorde kwupụtara olileanya maka oke agụmakwụkwọ na okwu ụmụ nwanyị. Mgbe Kraft jụrụ ya, "Ị na-ahụ mmepe ọ bụla nke mmata banyere mkpa ọdịiche dị n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị White?" Lorde ji nkatọ na olileanya zaghachi: [25]

Ọfọn, òtù ụmụ nwanyị, òtù ụmụ nwoke ọcha, ejirila nwayọ na-amata na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ bụ nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụghị nke na-achọ ọdịmma onwe ya, kama nke bụ akụkụ na akụkụ nke uche ụmụ nwanyị. Echere m, n'ezie, na ihe na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe nakwa na e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ugbu a na-aghọta na maka ọdịmma nke ezigbo njikọ aka, ha ga-ahụ na anyị abụghị otu. Ụmụ nwanyị ojii abụghị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na Blackface. Ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya na-apụta na ndụ, ọchịchọ, na eziokwu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Anyị na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-ekerịta ihe ụfọdụ, na e nwere ihe ndị ọzọ anyị na-adịghị ekerịta. Anyị ga-enwe ike ịbịakọta gburugburu ihe ndị anyị na-ekerịta.

Nkatọ Lorde nke ndị nwanyị n'afọ 1960 gosipụtara okwu gbasara agbụrụ, klaasị, afọ, okike, na mmekọahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, onye edemede na onye na-ede uri bụ Alice Walker chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "nwanyị" n'ịgbalị ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị nta na "nwanyị." Ọ bụ ezie na a kọwawo "ụmụ nwanyị" dị ka "otu mmegharị na echiche ndị na-ekerịta otu ebumnuche: ịkọwapụta, guzobe, na nweta ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, omenala, nke onwe na nke ọha mmadụ maka ụmụ nwanyị" site n'ịma aka dị mfe dị n'etiti "ụmụ nwoke" na "ụmụ nwanyị," ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị na ndị na-eme ihe ike na-elegharakarị ọdịiche dị na ahụmahụ na ihe ndị dị ka agbụrụ na okike kere n'ime òtù ọha mmadụ [67].

Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị n'anya na mgbagwoju anya ya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịdị adị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-emeghe nkọwa na nkọwa dị iche iche. Ihe Alice Walker kwuru banyere ụmụ nwanyị, na "ndị inyom bụ ndị inyom dịka ndị purple bụ ndị lavender", na-egosi na oke ọmụmụ nke ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere ma gafee nke ụmụ nwanyị. Na nkọwa ya kachasị mkpirikpi, feminism bụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke e guzobere iji meghachi omume na uto nke echiche agbụrụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị.

.Otú ọ dị, n'ụzọ sara mbara, feminism bụ "mmegharị mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-adabere na nsogbu kwa ụbọchị na ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-acha agba," kamakwa nke "na-achọ ụzọ isi kpochapụ ahaghị nhata ọ bụghị naanị maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, mana maka mmadụ niile" site n'ịkwado maka nha anya na nha anya. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na nwanyị na-emeghe nkọwa, otu n'ime nkatọ ndị a na-emekarị nke nwanyị bụ enweghị usoro nkwenye dị n'otu. A katọkwara ya maka enweghị mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ.

Lorde gbasiri mbọ ike maka mgbanwe omenala n'ime obodo nwanyị site n'iji echiche nke nwanyị. N'akwụkwọ bụ "Anger among Allies: Audre Lorde's 1981 Keynote Admonishing the National Women's Studies Association", e kwuru na okwu ya nyere aka na mkparịta ụka na nghọta nke ajọ mbunobi ọha na eze n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta. Ọ bụ ezie na "ihe ize ndụ, obodo ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa, na omenala US" bụ isi isiokwu nke okwu ahụ, Lorde webatara okwu dịgasị iche iche iji maa aka n'echiche nke ndị na-ege ya "nwanyị ọcha".[1]

Ọ gara n'ihu kọwaa na "anyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ mmegbu na egwu, nke ihe kpatara ya abụghị iwe dị n'etiti anyị, kama ọ bụ ịkpọasị siri ike megide ụmụ nwanyị niile, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, ndị na'anya nwanyị na ndị nwoke na-edina nwoke, ndị ogbenye - megide anyị niile na-achọ inyocha ihe ndị dị na ndụ anyị ka anyị na-eguzogide mmegbu anyị, na-aga n'ihu na njikọ aka na ime ihe dị irè. "[26]

N'adịghị ka nke a, Lorde na-emeghe nke ọma maka mmekọahụ ya na ịmụrụ anya mmekọahụ. Na Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, ya "biomythography" (okwu nke Lorde chepụtara nke jikọtara "akụkọ ndụ" na "akụkọ ifo") o dere, "Afọ ole na ole mgbe m toro, mgbe ọ bụla m chere banyere ụzọ m si esi esi ísì n'ụbọchị ahụ, m ga-eche echiche nke nne m, aka ya ka a na-ehichapụ ya ma debe ya nke ọma, na-ele m anya n'elu àkwà, wee jiri nwayọ, nlezianya, mmekọrịta nwanyị ọ bụla na-emetụ n'okpuru, dị ichebe ya na ọnọdụ mmekọahụ nke Lorde"[27][27]

Mmetụta Lorde nwere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị enweela ihe dị ịrịba ama.[28] Lorde nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe odide ya na akwụkwọ onwe ya na Lesbian Herstory Archives.[29]

N'afọ 1962, Lorde lụrụ onye ọka iwu Edwin Rollins, onye bụ onye ọcha, nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya.[2] Audre anọwo na-ebi ndụ n'ihu ọha dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwoke kemgbe kọleji, mana n'ihi ịkpa ókè homophobic, ha abụọ kpebiri ịnọgide na-anọ na nzuzo. Audre na Edwin nọgidere na-enwe mmekọrịta ghere oghe, na-enye ibe ha ohere ịchụso mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị.[19] Ya na Rollins gbara alụkwaghịm na 1970 mgbe ha mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, Elizabeth na Jonathan. N'afọ 1966, Lorde ghọrọ onye isi ọbá akwụkwọ na Town School Library na New York City, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 1968.[10]

Lorde na onye na-ese ihe na onye na'ese ihe Mildred Thompson nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ zutere ya na Naịjirịa na Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC 77). Ha abụọ sonyere n'oge Thompson bi na Washington, D.C.[83]

Lorde na onye ikpeazụ ya dị ịrịba ama, onye ojii Gloria Joseph, biri ọnụ n’agwaetiti St. Croix, St. Joseph. Lorde na Joseph na-akpa kemgbe 1981, mgbe a chọpụtara na Lorde nwere ọrịa kansa imeju, na Clayton kwagara n'ihu ọha na St. Croix. Ha tinyere aka na otu dị iche iche, gụnyere Che Lumumba School for Truth, Women's League of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, Ụmụnna nwanyị na Nkwado nke Ụmụnna nwanyị na South Africa, na Doc Loc Apiary.[1]

Afọ ndị ikpeazụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A chọpụtara Lorde nwere ọrịa kansa ara na 1978 wee mee mastectomy. Afọ isii ka e mesịrị, ọ chọpụtara na ọrịa kansa ara ya agbasawo n'imeju ya. Mgbe nchọpụta mbụ ya gasịrị, o dere The Cancer Journals, bụ nke meriri American Library Association Gay Caucus Book of the Year Award na 1981. [1] E gosipụtara ya dị ka isiokwu nke ihe ngosi a na-akpọ A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde, nke na-egosi ya dị ka onye edemede, onye na-ede uri, onye na-akwado ikike obodo, nwanyị, onye nkụzi, onye na-agba ọsọ ndụ. A na-ehota ya na-ekwu, sị: "Ihe m hapụrụ nwere ndụ nke ya. M kwuru nke a banyere uri; Ekwuru m nke a banyere ụmụaka. Ọfọn, n'ụzọ m na-ekwu nke a banyere onye m bụ "[3].

Site na 1991 ruo ọnwụ ya, ọ bụ onye New York State Poet laureate. [30] Mgbe ọ na-ahọpụta ya dị ka nke a, gọvanọ Mario Cuomo kwuru banyere Lorde, "echiche ya na-ebute echiche nke ikpe na-ezighị ezi agbụrụ na obi ọjọọ, nke ajọ mbunobi mmekọahụ... Ọ na-eti mkpu megide ya dị ka olu nke ụmụ mmadụ iwe. Audre Lorde bụ olu onye si n'èzí na-ekwu okwu n'asụsụ nwere ike iru ma metụ ndị mmadụ n'ebe niile. " N'afọ 1992, ọ natara Bill Whitehead Award maka Lifetime Achievement site na Publishing Triangle.[31] N'afọ 2001, Publishing Triangle guzobere onyinye Audre Lorde iji sọpụrụ ọrụ nke uri ụmụ nwanyị.[32]

Nsọpụrụ

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  • 1979, 1983: MacDowell Fellowship[33]
  • 1991-1992: New York State Poet laureate.[30]

The Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, otu nzukọ dị na New York City aha ya bụ Michael Callen na Lorde, raara onwe ya nye inye ndị obodo LGBT nlekọta ahụike n'agbanyeghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ. Callen-Lorde bụ naanị ebe nlekọta bụ isi na New York City emebere ka ọ na-ejere ndị LGBT ozi.[1]

Audre Lorde Project, nke e guzobere na 1994, bụ òtù dị na Brooklyn maka ndị LGBT na-acha ọbara ọbara. Nzukọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na nhazi obodo na ọrụ na-enweghị ime ihe ike gbasara nsogbu ndị na-aga n'ihu n'ime New York City, ọkachasị ndị metụtara obodo LGBT, ọrụ AIDS na HIV, ọrụ na-akwado ndị mbata, mgbanwe ụlọ mkpọrọ, na ịhazi n'etiti ndị ntorobịa na-acha ọbara ọbara.[34]

Na June 2019, Lorde bụ otu n'ime ndị America iri ise "ndị ọsụ ụzọ, ndị na-ebute ụzọ, na ndị dike" nke e webatara na National LGBTQ Wall of Honor n'ime Stonewall National Monument (SNM) na Stonewall Inn nke New York City.[35][36] SNM bụ Ihe ncheta mba U.S. mbụ a raara nye Ikike LGBTQ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, na oge a ga-ekpughe mgbidi ahụ n'oge ncheta afọ 50 nke Ọgba aghara Stonewall. [37][38]

N'afọ 2014, a kpọbatara Lorde n'ime Legacy Walk, ihe ngosi ọha na eze n'èzí na Chicago, Illinois, nke na-eme emume akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị mmadụ LGBTQ.[39][40]

Ihe nrite Audre Lorde bụ ihe nrite edemede kwa afọ nke Publishing Triangle na-enye iji sọpụrụ ọrụ nke uri ụmụ nwanyị, nke mbụ e gosipụtara na 2001.[41]

In June 2019, Lorde's residence in Staten Island[42] was given landmark designation by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.[43][44]

Maka egwuregwu mbụ ha na Machị 2019, ụmụ nwanyị nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke United States na-eyi uwe elu nwere aha nwanyị ha na-asọpụrụ n'azụ; Megan Rapinoe họọrọ aha Lorde.[45]

Na Jenụwarị 2021, a kpọrọ Audre onye ọrụ "Broad You Should Know" na podcast Broads You Should Know . [46] Na Febụwarị 18, 2021, Google mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 87 na Google Doodle. [47]

Na Septemba 2023, a gbanwere aha akụkụ ugwu nke Manteuffelstrasse dị na Berlin Kreuzberg ka ọ bụrụ Audre-Lorde-Straße . [48] A rụchara ọrụ ahụ na June 28, 2024. [49]

Lorde bụ isiokwu nke akụkọ ndụ 2024 akpọrọ Survival Is a Promise, nke Alexis Pauline Gumbs dere.[50] Ọ bụ onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi ma kwuo maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.[50]

Ọrụ

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Akwụkwọ Prose

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  • "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Audre Lorde", na Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis, ed. Robin Ruth Linden (East Palo Alto, Calif.: Frog in the Well, 1982.), peeji nke 66-71 ,    

Ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ

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Hụkwa

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  1. ↑ Lorde (1983). "There is not hierarchy of oppressions". Interracial Books for Children BULLETIN: Homophobia and Education 14 (4): i–ii. ISSN 0003-6870. 
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Audre Lorde 1934-1992. Poetry Foundation. Archived from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved on March 28, 2021.
  3. ↑ Audre Lorde (en). National Women's History Museum. Retrieved on 2024-11-26.
  4. ↑ McDonald. Audre Lorde. Big Lives: Profiles of LGBT African Americans. OutHistory. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved on March 28, 2021.
  5. ↑ Nixon. "The Magic and Fury of Audre Lorde: Feminist Praxis and Pedagogy", The Feminist Wire, February 24, 2014. Retrieved on March 28, 2021.
  6. ↑ Parks (August 3, 2008). Audre Lorde. Thomas Paine Unitarian Universalist Fellowship. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved on July 9, 2009.
  7. ↑ Lorde (1982). Zami: A New Spelling of My Name. The Crossing Press. 
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Kimberly W. Benston (2014). in Gates: The Norton Anthology of African-American Literature: Volume 2, Third, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 637–39. ISBN 978-0-393-92370-4. 
  9. ↑ Lorde (1982). Zami: A New Spelling of My Name - A Biomythography, 1st, Berkeley: The Crossing Press. ISBN 0895941228. OCLC 18190883. 
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Threatt Kulii. Audre Lorde's Life and Career. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign – Department of English. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved on November 8, 2015.
  11. ↑ Yetunde (January 1, 2019). "Audre Lorde's Hopelessness and Hopefulness: Cultivating a Womanist Nondualism for Psycho-Spiritual Wholeness" (in en). Feminist Theology 27 (2): 176–194. DOI:10.1177/0966735018814692. ISSN 0966-7350. 
  12. ↑ Dean (February 23, 2014). On Faith and Feminism (en-US). The Feminist Wire. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved on October 19, 2021.
  13. ↑ Lorde (1982). "Chapter 19", Zami: A New Spelling of My Name. The Crossing Press. 
  14. ↑ Audre Lorde. Poets.org. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved on July 9, 2009.
  15. ↑ Audre Lorde Residence. NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved on April 19, 2018.
  16. ↑ Morehouse (2002). Lorde, Audre (1934–1992). Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved on October 28, 2017.
  17. ↑ Justice Matters. John Jay College of Criminal Justice (2015). Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved on March 18, 2017.
  18. ↑ Cook (2004). "Lorde, Audre", in Ware: Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century, Volume 5. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 
  19. 1 2 New-York Historical Society (October 28, 2024). Life Story: Audre Lorde (1934-1992). Women and the American Story.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lorde (1984). Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Berkeley: The Crossing Press. ISBN 978-0895941411. 
  21. ↑ Kemp (2004). "Writing Power: Identity Complexities and the Exotic Erotic in Audre Lorde's writing". Studies in the Literary Imagination 37: 22–36. 
  22. ↑ Leonard (2012). ""Which Me Will Survive": Rethinking Identity, Reclaiming Audre Lorde". Callaloo 35 (3): 758–777. DOI:10.1353/cal.2012.0100. ISSN 1080-6512. Retrieved on December 4, 2016. 
  23. ↑ McMichael (2008). Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press. 
  24. 1 2 Lorde, Audre (2009). I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 209–212. 
  25. ↑ Broeck (2015). Audre Lorde's Transnational Legacies. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 45–50. 
  26. ↑ Olson (2011). "Anger Among Allies: Audre Lorde's 1981 Keynote Admonishing The National Women's Studies Association". Quarterly Journal of Speech 97 (3): 283–308. DOI:10.1080/00335630.2011.585169. Retrieved on June 24, 2019. 
  27. 1 2 Hua (2015). "Audre Lorde's Zami, Erotic Embodied Memory, and the Affirmation of Difference". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 36 (1): 113–35. DOI:10.5250/fronjwomestud.36.1.0113. 
  28. ↑ Aptheker (2012). "Audre Lorde, Presente". Women's Studies Quarterly autumn/winter (3–4): 289–94. DOI:10.1353/wsq.2013.0011. 
  29. ↑ Klinger (2005). "Resources for Lesbian Ethnographic Research in the Lavender Archives", Same-Sex Cultures and Sexualities: An Anthropological Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 75–79. ISBN 978-0-470-77676-6. Retrieved on July 31, 2020. 
  30. 1 2 New York. US State Poets Laureate. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved on May 8, 2012.
  31. ↑ About Audre Lorde | The Audre Lorde Project. The Audre Lorde Project (November 6, 2007). Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved on October 24, 2018.
  32. ↑ Publishing Triangle awards page. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved on January 15, 2016.
  33. ↑ Audre Lorde - Artist. MacDowell. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved on July 15, 2020.
  34. ↑ About ALP. The Audre Lorde Project (November 6, 2007). Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved on October 24, 2018.
  35. ↑ Glasses-Baker (June 27, 2019). National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn. metro.us. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved on June 28, 2019.
  36. ↑ Rawles (June 19, 2019). National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn. San Diego Gay and Lesbian News. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved on June 21, 2019.
  37. ↑ Laird. Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall. The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc.. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved on May 24, 2019.
  38. ↑ Sachet (April 3, 2019). Stonewall 50. San Francisco Bay Times. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved on May 25, 2019.
  39. ↑ Legacy Walk honors LGBT 'guardian angels'. Chicago Tribune (October 11, 2014). Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved on October 13, 2014.
  40. ↑ Photos: 7 LGBT Heroes Honored With Plaques in Chicago's Legacy Walk. Advocate.com (October 11, 2014). Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved on October 13, 2014.
  41. ↑ The Audre Lorde Award for Lesbian Poetry (en-US). The Publishing Triangle. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved on 2024-02-13.
  42. ↑ Audre Lorde Residence. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (June 18, 2019). Archived from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved on January 22, 2020.
  43. ↑ Six New York City locations dedicated as LGBTQ landmarks. TheHill (June 19, 2019). Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved on June 24, 2019.
  44. ↑ Six historical New York City LGBTQ sites given landmark designation. NBC News (June 19, 2019). Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved on June 24, 2019.
  45. ↑ Ennis (March 4, 2019). Lesbian icons honored with jerseys worn by USWNT. Outsports. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved on March 4, 2019.
  46. ↑ Broads You Should Know (2021). Audre Lorde. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved on April 9, 2021.
  47. ↑ Audre Lorde's 87th Birthday (en). www.google.com. Retrieved on February 18, 2021.
  48. ↑ Tringali (2024-04-25). Berlin: Chaos bei der Umbenennung der Manteuffelstraße in Audre-Lorde-Straße (de). Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved on 2024-05-16.
  49. ↑ Audre-Lorde-Straße: Berlin street renamed for feminist poet (en). The Berliner (2025-11-02). Retrieved on 2025-11-02.
  50. 1 2 Wortham. "The Afterlives of Audre Lorde", The New York Times, August 22, 2024. Retrieved on August 23, 2024. (in en)
  • Akwụkwọ ndị America
  • Ịbụ onye inyom na United States
  • Ndepụta nke ndị na-ede uri na-egosi mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị
  • Ụmụ nwanyị ojii
  • Intersectionality
  • Afrocentrism

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