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Austral Asụsụ

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Austral ( Reo Tuha'a pae ) bụ asụsụ Polynesia nọ n'ihe egwu ma ọ bụ olumba continuum nke ihe ruru mmadụ 8,000 na-asụ na 1987 na Austral Islands na Society Islands nke French Polynesia . A na-akpọkwa asụsụ ahụ dị ka Tubuai-Rurutu, Tubuai, Rurutu-Tupua ʻ i, ma ọ bụ Tupua ʻ i. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Tahitic ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị Tahitian na Māori . [1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ndị na-asụbu Austral bụ ndị Tubua, ndị Tubuai . Ebiela agwaetiti ahụ kemgbe opekata mpe 1215 OA. [2]

Onye Europe mbụ letara Tubuai bụ James Cook na 1777, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ala. [3] Ndị Europe ọzọ bịarutere bụ ndị na-eme ihe ike nke HMS <i id="mwMQ">Bounty</i> na 1789. Mgbe ha guzobechara ebe mgbaba, ndị omekome ahụ dara wee wakpo obodo ime obodo iji tọọrọ ụmụ nwanyị, [4] wee pụọ mgbe ọnwa abụọ gachara. [5] Mutineer James Morrison dekọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Tubuai dịka "mkpụrụ obi 3000". [6] Mgbe ndị ozi ala ọzọ bụ́ Ndị Kraịst bịarutere afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị, e belatala ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya ruo nanị narị mmadụ atọ. [7] [8] [9] Otu onye ụkọchukwu Protestant mgbe ọ gara leta ọgbakọ dị na Tubuai na January 3, 1824, dere na ọtụtụ ndị bi n’àgwàetiti ahụ ka na-arịa ajọ ọrịa. Ọ kọwara mgbaàmà ndị ahụ wee chọpụta na ọtụtụ narị anwụọla n'ime afọ anọ gara aga. [7] N’ihi ya, ụfọdụ omenala, nkwenkwe, na asụsụ furu efu ma ọ bụ gbalịsie ike ịlanarị. [10] Asụsụ ndị dị na mpaghara Ọstrelia ka na-enweghị nkwado gọọmentị, dịka nke 2015. [11]

Ọnọdụ

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Asụsụ Australia ka ekewapụtara dị ka “egwu” n'ime katalọgụ nke asụsụ ndị dị ize ndụ . [12] N'ihe na-erughị 6% nke ndị French Polynesia na-asụ Austral, a na-ahụtakwa ọkwa Ethnologue ya ka ọ "na-agbanwe". Nke a pụtara na asụsụ a na-anọ naanị otu ọgbọ na a naghị akụziri ụmụ ha ihe. Ihe ọzọ kpatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Austral na-ebelata bụ mgbanwe asụsụ obodo ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga na Tahitian nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ebe (na njikọ chiri anya) .

Olumba

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Austral nwere otu olumba anọ akọwapụtara: Ra'ivavae, Rimatara, Rurutu na Tubuai kpochapuru (nke a makwaara dị ka Tupuai). A na-akpọ nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a aha ma na-asụ ya n'àgwàetiti ya kwekọrọ: Raivavae, Rimatara, Rurutu na Tubuai . [11]

fonology

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Ụda olu olu olu Australia dị iche iche na-adịgasị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, olumba Rurutu na Ra'ivavae nwere nanị ụda ekwe ntị asatọ, na-eme ka o siere ha ike ịghọta ọbụna ndị na-asụ Tahitian, bụ́ asụsụ Polynesia ọzọ. Olumba olu Ra'ivavae bụkwa ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ihi na consonant rhotic ya abanyela n'ụda nkwụsi ike nke velar, yiri ụda "g" siri ike na Bekee. [11]

Consonants na Rurutu [13] [11]
Labial Alveolar Glottal
Ihu imi m n
Plosive p t ʔ
Nke na-ese okwu f v
Rhotic r
Consonants na Ra'ivavae [11]
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Ihu imi m n
Plosive p t ɡ ʔ
Nke na-ese okwu v h

Olumba niile nwere otu ụdaume ise /a, e, i, o, u/, nwere ogologo ụdị dị iche iche yiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ Polynesia niile. [11]

Ngwaa atụ

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Ngwaa Australia [14]
Bekee Ọstrelia
Ikwu parau
Ịmara ʔite
Ịhọrọ maʔiti
Iji hụ naanaa
Iche echiche manaʔo
Iji rụọ ọrụ ʔatapu

Ntụaka

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nwere nanị ụda ekwe ntị asatọ, na-eme ka o siere ha ike ịghọta ọbụna ndị na-asụ Tahitian, bụ́ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Philippines sitereọ bụ assimilation iji

  1. ↑ Tubuai-Rurutu facts. www2.ling.su.se. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved on 2018-09-28.
  2. ↑ Hermann (2015). "The Atiahara site revisited: An early coastal settlement in Tubuai (Austral Islands, French Polynesia)". Archaeology in Oceania 51 (1): 31–44. DOI:10.1002/arco.5070. 
  3. ↑ Greg Dening (1 March 1994). Mr Bligh's Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty. Cambridge University Press, 88–92. ISBN 978-0-521-46718-6. Retrieved on 27 November 2011. 
  4. ↑ Caroline Alexander (1 May 2004). The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty. Penguin, 13–14. ISBN 978-0-14-200469-2. Retrieved on 27 November 2011. 
  5. ↑ David Stanley (1985). South Pacific Handbook. David Stanley, 116–. ISBN 978-0-918373-05-2. Retrieved on 25 November 2011. 
  6. ↑ Detailed description of Toobouai by James Morrison. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Daniel Tyerman (1831). Journal of voyages and travels by the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennet, esq: Deputed from the London Missionary Society, to visit their various stations in the South sea islands, China, India, &c., between the years 1821 and 1829. Frederick Westley and A. H. Davis, 75–. Retrieved on 29 December 2011. 
  8. ↑ Christian (2005). Fragile Paradise: The Discovery of Fletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer. Long Riders' Guild Press. ISBN 978-1-59048-250-6. 
  9. ↑ Hinz, Earl R. (2006). Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3037-3. 
  10. ↑ Bacchet (6 March 2017). Tubuai: The Island of Contrast. Retrieved on 2 October 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Charpentier (2015). Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia. Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française. ISBN 978-3-11-026035-9. 
  12. ↑ Lee (17 March 2015). Assessing levels of endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI). Retrieved on 3 October 2018.
  13. ↑ Trudgill (2004). "Linguistic and social typology: The Austronesian migrations and phoneme inventories". Linguistic Typology 8 (3). DOI:10.1515/lity.2004.8.3.305. 
  14. ↑ Verbix Languages Languages/Austral (en). wiki.verbix.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-19. Retrieved on 2018-10-19.
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