Bahey Hassan
Bahey eldin Hassan bụ onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Egypt na otu n'ime ndị guzobere otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na Egypt na 1980s. Hassan na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS), nke ọ kwadoro na 1993.[1] Na 2014, na mgbe ọ natachara egwu ọnwụ maka ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ, Hassan ga-ahapụ Egypt ma bi ugbu a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke onwe ya na France. Hassan bụkwa onye nta akụkọ, onye nkuzi, onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akụkọ, akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ gbasara ikike mmadụ na mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche na mpaghara Arab.
Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hassan malitere ọrụ ya gbasara ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na 1983 mgbe ọ sonyeere kọmitii nnwere onwe nke Press Syndicate. N'afọ 1985, Hassan sonyeere Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR) ma họpụta ya n'afọ 1986 dị ka onye otu.Hassan họọrọ ileghara ịdọ aka ná ntị sitere n'aka ndị ọchịchị iji mechie nzukọ ahụ anya, ebe ọ bụ na gọọmentị Ijipt bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ mgbakọ UN maka ikike mmadụ, n'ihi ya, enweghị ikike ịchọ ka e mechie nzukọ a. N'ụzọ na-emegide onwe ya, òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Egypt na-eche otu egwu ahụ ihu na 2016. N'afọ 1988, mgbe arụmụka n'etiti ndị otu, nke mkparịta ụka ụlọ ọrụ na ndị otu EOHR sochiri ma ha ga-ege ntị na ịdọ aka ná ntị ndị ọchịchị ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị, a họpụtara Hassan dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke EOHR, na-egosi mmalite nke mgbanwe na okwu na ọrụ ya, ebe ọ malitekwara idepụta mmegbu megide Ndị Alakụba ma kwado ikike ha, n'agbanyeghị na nzukọ ahụ siri ike nke ụwa. Ọ bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na a tọhapụrụ akụkọ mbụ zuru ezu banyere ịta ahụhụ nke otu nzukọ Ijipt ga-ewepụta n'oge Hassan dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu, yana oge mbụ maka otu NGO Ijipt iji nyefee akụkọ na mkpesa na UN.Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi dị ka Mohamed el Sayed Said na Negad El Borai guzobere mmekọrịta ọrụ na Hassan.
N'afọ 1993, Hassan na Mohamed el Sayed Said guzobere Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) dị ka otu NGO na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke nwere ikike mpaghara na mpaghara Arab. Nkà ihe ọmụma dị n'azụ CIHRS bụ ịgbasa ma kwado ọdịbendị ikike mmadụ n'ime ọdịbendị ndị Ijipt na ndị Arab iji mepụta usoro mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu. Site na nkà ihe ọmụma a, otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke CIHRS bụ Kwa Afọ Human Rights Summer Course maka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum yana mmemme ndị ọzọ dị ka Political Islam na Human Rights na Arts and Literature in Human Rights, na ebumnuche dị mkpa nke ịkụnye na ịgbanye ụkpụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ikike mmadụ n'ofe ụdị niile nke ndị Arab na ọdịbendị. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, Hassan lekọtara mgbasawanye nke CIHRS site na nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Cairo gaa na nnukwu nzukọ na-ekwu maka ihe ndị Ruuru mmadụ na Arab, nwere ndị nnọchiteanya na Cairo, Tunis, Geneva, na Brussels, na abụọ ikpeazụ ahụ raara onwe ha kpamkpam nye ọrụ nkwado na UN na EU. N'afọ 2004, Hassan ji obi abụọ nabata ịbanye na bọọdụ nke National Council for Human Rights (NCHR). Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ afọ atọ nke ọgba aghara nke a na-akọwa site na nkatọ ọha na eze ya banyere NCHR na gọọmentị, Hassan jụrụ ije ozi nke abụọ ma gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ihu ọha, na-ekwu maka enweghị nnwere onwe nke NCHR.Mgbe a chụpụrụ onye bụbu onye isi ala Hosni Mubarak na n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Ndị Agha (SCAF), a gwara Hassan ka ọ bụrụ osote Minista nke Interior maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, mana ọ jụrụ n'ihi obi abụọ banyere usoro Ijipt n'okpuru SCAF.[1] Hassan jụkwara ịlaghachi na NCHR, otu ugboro n'oge onye isi ala Mohamed Morsi na oge ọzọ n'okpuru gọọmentị ndị agha kwadoro na 2013-2014.
Egwu ọnwụ, Ịga Ịga Ịchụ Mba Ọzọ, Ịchụ Nkwụsị Ihe onwunwe, na Ikpe Mkpọrọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na 2014, na naanị izu abụọ ka nraranye nke onye isi ala Egypt Abdelfatah al-Sisi, Hassan nwetara egwu ọnwụ maka ntinye aka ya na nzukọ nke abụọ ya na ndị isi mba ụwa dị elu banyere ọnọdụ ikike mmadụ na Egypt.[1] Maka ihe nchekwa, na mgbe ndị NGO, ndị ọkà mmụta, na ndị nnọchiteanya nọ n'ọkwá dị elu n'ime na n'èzí Egypt dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ha mee ya, gụnyere site na UN, Hassan na-ebi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke onwe ya na France kemgbe 2014.
N'ịbọ ọ́bọ̀ maka ọrụ ya na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, ndị mgbasa ozi na-ejikọta ya na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa Ijipt kpọrọ ndị ọchịchị Ijipt ka ha "na ya [Bahey el-Din Hassan] mee ihe n'otu ụzọ ahụ e si mesoo onye nledo Russia," na-ezo aka na mwakpo nke onye na-ahụ n'ahụ maka akwara na Serjei Skripal na United Kingdom.[2]
N'April 2016, na ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe a gwara ya ọkwa, Hassan mụtara site na mgbasa ozi na n'ihe gbasara akụkọ gbasara ego ego nke mba ọzọ na-elekwasị anya na ndị NGO ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'Ijipt, otu ụlọ ikpe na-eleba anya na iwu ịkwụsịtụ akụ [1] megide ya, nwunye ya, abụọ. ụmụ obere ụmụ nwanyị, na nwa ya nwanyị toro eto bụ onye lụrụ onye ama ama onye Egypt na onye na-ede blọgụ Alaa Abdelfattah. Abdelfatah na-anọ ugbu a mkpọrọ afọ ise maka isonye na ngagharị iwe megide nkwado iwu nke ndị agha na-ekpe ndị nkịtị ikpe.
N'August 2020, ụlọ ikpe Egypt mara Hassan ikpe afọ 15 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka "ibisa akụkọ ụgha" na "ịkparị ụlọ ikpe," na mgbakwunye na mkpọrọ afọ atọ mbụ e wepụtara na Septemba 2019, maka ikpe dị iche na otu ebubo ahụ. A katọrọ ahịrịokwu ahụ nke ukwuu, gụnyere onye UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, European Parliament, na ọtụtụ narị ọha ọha, ndị nta akụkọ, agụmakwụkwọ, ndị nka na ndị ọgụgụ isi sitere n'akụkụ ụwa dum.[1][2][3] United States, France, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Luxembourg, na UK tinyere òtù ndị a ma ama na-ahụ maka ihe ruuru mmadụ gụnyere Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, na FIDH katọrọ ahịrịokwu ahụ.[3][4][5][6]
Echiche banyere nsogbu ndị dị n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmiri Arab
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hassan na-ele Arab Spring anya dị ka nsonaazụ sitere n'okike nke ọtụtụ iri afọ nke mmegbu, nrụrụ aka, ọchịchọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba na-emezughị, yana ọtụtụ iri afọ na-eguzogide mgbanwe ọ bụla bara uru. Ọ na-ekwu na ọgba aghara nke sochiri Arab Spring na ịrị elu nke òtù ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na mpaghara ahụ bụ ọdịda ụlọ ọrụ nke nọgidere na mba ndị Arab ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ n'okpuru ndị ọchịchị aka ike mbụ ya. N'ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ya, Hassan kwuru na ọ bụrụhaala na a naghị edozi mkpesa ndị kpatara Arab Spring, ụdị nkwụsi ike ọ bụla a rụzuru ga-anọgide na-enweghị ike.[7] Hassan akpọwokwa oku ka e guzobe usoro UN dị n'ime ụlọ nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu na-elekọta iji dozie ọnọdụ dị na Middle East.[8]
Iyi ọha egwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hassan na-ekwu na mmụba nke iyi ọha egwu na mpaghara Arab na n'ime ụwa ndị ọzọ, na ọdịda na-aga n'ihu n'idozi isi ihe kpatara nsogbu ahụ na ịdabere na usoro nchebe site na mwakpo 9/11.Hassan na-ekwu n'ihe odide ya na isi ihe kpatara iyi ọha egwu na imebiga ihe ókè dị na ọchịchị na-adịghị mma na ọchịchị iwu; ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba; mmebi ikike mmadụ; na mmebi na-aga n'ihu nke ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa na usoro ọrụ ebere. Hassan akatọwokwa ụlọ ọrụ okpukpe gọọmentị Arab, ọkachasị al-Azhar na ndị Wahabi, n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na "ihe ndị dị n'akụkọ ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè nwere ike ịchọta na okwu nke ụfọdụ mba Arab. "Ojiji nke iyi ọha egwu site na gọọmentị ọchịchị aka ike dị ka ihe ngọpụ maka mmegbu na mgbochi nke ndị na-emegide udo, yana iji usoro nchebe siri ike dozie iyi ọha egwu, ka Hassan na-ahụ dị ka ihe ndị ga-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ ma na-emebiwanye njọ. [9]
Ọchịchị Alakụba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'agbanyeghị nkatọ siri ike nke Òtù Ụmụnna Alakụba nke Egypt tupu na n'oge ọchịchị onye isi ala Morsi nke otu afọ nke Egypt na 2013, Hassan kwenyere na Islamist na-anọchite anya ọtụtụ echiche dị iche iche na dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ọnọdụ sitere na otu Islamist ọ bụla kwesịrị ịdabere na nguzo ha site na ime ihe ike. , ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ọtụtụ mmadụ, yana nnwere onwe obodo na nnwere onwe onwe onye.[1] Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa dị ka Hassan si kwuo bụ otú ụfọdụ ndị otu Islamist siri kwekọọ n'okwu ha na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na omume na atumatu..
Mmekọrịta Obodo na Ndị Agha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hassan kwenyere na imezigharị mmekọrịta ndị agha na ndị obodo na mpaghara Arab bụ nchọpụta maka nkwụsi ike na mpaghara ahụ. Ọ na-ekwukwa na ọnọdụ Tunisia dị ka akụkọ ihe ịga nke ọma nke Arab Spring, na ọrụ dị mma ndị agha rụrụ n'oge mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[10]
Ndị otu ndị ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E wezụga ịbụ onye isi nke CIHRS, Hassan bụkwa onye so na bọọdụ na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ ruuru mmadụ dị ka Euro Mediterranean Foundation of Support to Human Rights Defenders (EMHRF),[1] Human Rights Watch (HRW) Middle East na North Africa Division,[2] International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ). Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala EMHRF na Euro Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN).[3] Hassan bụkwa Onye Ndụmọdụ nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Egypt. [11]
Onyinye Ndị A Na-enweta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]• Human Rights Watch's kwa afọ Human Rights Defender Award (1993)
• Ihe nrite kwa afọ nke Egyptian Press Syndicate (1987)
Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]• Reflections on Human Rights Before and After the Arab Spring, Routledge Handbook on Human Rights and the Middle East and North Africa, ed. Anthony Chase, Routledge International Handbooks 2016
• The Arab Spring on Trial, na "Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies 2014 Annual Report", Arabic version ed. Bahey eldin Hassan, CIHRS 2015
• Gịnị atụmanya maka "Arab Spring" na Light of a Early "Autumn" nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Islam?, na "Delivering Democracy" Arabic version ed. Bahey eldin Hassan, CIHRS 2013
• The Arab Spring: A Struggle on Three Fronts, na "Fractured Walls... New Horizons," Arabic version ed. Bahey eldin Hassan, CIHRS 2012
• Inye ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya - ikike mmadụ n'ụwa ndị Arab: akụkọ kwa afọ 2012 (n'asụsụ Arabic na Bekee)
• A Prospect for Democratic Uprising in the Arab World in "Human Rights in the Middle East: Frameworks, Goals, and Strategies", ed. Dr Mahmood Monshipouri, Palgrave Macmillan, USA, 2011
• Nkwada nke ihe mgbochi - ikike mmadụ n'ụwa ndị Arab: akụkọ kwa afọ 2011.
• Mgbọrọgwụ nke mgbanwe - ikike mmadụ n'ụwa ndị Arab: akụkọ kwa afọ 2010 (n'asụsụ Arabic na Bekee).
• Nsogbu Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ n'Ijipt: Ọchịchị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ Islam? na "Beitraege zum Islamischen Recht" [Nkwado na Iwu Alakụba], de. Hatem Elliesie, Peter Lang Publishing Group, New York, Berlin, Oxford, na ndị ọzọ 2010
• Ọdịnihu nke mpaghara Arab tọrọ n'etiti steeti dara ada na steeti okpukpe na "Bastion of Impunity, Mirage of Reform" Arabic version ed. Bahey eldin Hassan, CIHRS 2010
• Nsogbu nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ n'etiti Enweghị Ọchịchị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ụdị Nnupụisi nke Nnupụtakarị, na "From Exporting Terrorism to Exporting Repression: Human Rights in the Arab Region," Arabic version ed. Bahey eldin Hassan, CIHRS 2009
• Oasis nke Escaping Accountability and Punishment - Human Rights in the Arab world: the Annual report 2009: (n'asụsụ Arabic, English, na French)
• Mba Na-enweghị Ụmụ Amaala! Mgbanwe iwu na Balance: Bahey El Din Hassan, Salah Issa, Dr. Amr Hamzawy, Dr. Mohammed Sayed Said, Moataz El Fegiery, Dr. Huwaida Adly. 2007
• Ajụjụ nke Omume Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ: Ịgbachitere ndị Alakụba, na "Ihe Ndị Ruuru mmadụ n'ụwa Arab: Olu onwe onye", ed. Anthony Chase & Amr Hamzawy, Mahadum Pennsylvania Press, USA, 2006
• Nchebe mpaghara nke ikike mmadụ na Arab States Na Statu Nascendi, na "Nchebe mmadụ nke mba ụwa, Nlekọta, Mmanye," ed. Janusz Symonides, UNESCO, 2003
• Ikike Anyị Ugbu a, ọ bụghị echi - Akwụkwọ ikike nke ikike mmadụ: Bahey Eldin Hassan, na Mohamed Elsayed Said (mbipụta nke anọ) 2003
• Iyi ọha egwu na ikike mmadụ mgbe Septemba 11 gasịrị (n'asụsụ Bekee) 2002
• Ndị Arab n'etiti mmegide n'ime na ikpe na-ezighị ezi na mba ọzọ: nke Bahey Eldin Hassan gosipụtara ma dezie (n'asụsụ Arabic, Bekee na French) 2000
• Ihe ịma aka nke Arab Human Rights Movement: nke Bahey El Din Hassan dezigharịrị (n'asụsụ Arabic na Bekee) 1997
• Nnwere onwe nke ndị nta akụkọ site n'echiche nke ikike mmadụ: Nke Mohamed Elsayed Said gosipụtara, nke Bahey El Din Hassan dezigharịrị 1995
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ بهي الدين حسن يعتذر عن منصب نائب وزير الداخلية لحقوق الإنسان - المصري اليوم.
- ↑ Death threats against CIHRS Director, Bahey el-Din Hassan (en-US). EuroMed Rights. Retrieved on 2019-08-13.
- ↑ Joint statement by European Human Rights Ambassadors (en). Twitter. Retrieved on 2020-09-16.
- ↑ Egypt: Veteran Human Rights Defender Bahey el-Din Hassan Sentenced to 15-Years in Prison (en). Human Rights Watch (2020-08-28). Retrieved on 2020-09-16.
- ↑ Egypt: Human rights defender Bahey el-Din Hassan handed outrageous 15-year prison sentence (en). amnesty.org. Retrieved on 2020-09-16.
- ↑ Egypt: Veteran Human Rights Defender Bahey eldin Hassan sentenced to 15-Years in Prison (en). International Federation for Human Rights. Retrieved on 2020-09-16.
- ↑ Hassan. The Arab Spring on Trial. CIHRS. The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies.
- ↑ The UN should appoint a special envoy for democratic transitions in the Arab region CIHRS recommendations presented to the UN Secretary-General during a meeting with CIHRS director Bahey eldin Hassan (en-US). Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (2014-01-23). Retrieved on 2020-06-29.
- ↑ Hassan. The Arab Spring on Trial. CIHRS. The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies.
- ↑ It's Time for a Serious Dialogue Between Broadminded Military Figures, Seculars and Islamists.
- ↑ About Forum (en-US). Egyptian Human Rights Forum. Archived from the original on 2019-08-13. Retrieved on 2019-08-13.