Benin Moat
| Akụkụ nke | National Commission for Museums and Monuments  |
|---|---|
| Oge/afọ mmalite | 1280 |
| Kọntinent | Eluàlà |
| Mba/obodo | Naijiria |
| Dị na ngalaba nhazi mpaghara | Ȯra Edo |
| Ebe | Benin City |
| Nhazi ọnọdụ | 6°19′43″N 5°37′8″E |
| Ihe omume dị ịrịba ama | Guinness World Records |
| Nhọpụta nketa | Tentative World Heritage Site |
| World Heritage criteria | (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) |
Benin Moat (: Iyanuwo), [1] nke a makwaara dị ka Benin Iya, ma ọ bụ Mgbidi nke Benin, bụ usoro nnukwu ọrụ ala gbara Obodo Benin gburugburu na steeti Edo nke Naịjirịa. Ọwara ndị a nwere mgbọrọgwụ miri emi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ihe akaebe na-egosi ịdị adị ha tupu nguzobe nke eze Oba. Ihe owuwu malitere n'ihe dị ka 800 AD ma gaa n'ihu ruo 1460 AD, na-agụnye ọrụ aka buru ibu na iji ala mee ihe site na olulu dị n'ime iji wuo oghere dị n'èzí. Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ọdịnala na-ekwu na ọrụ ala ndị a gafere ihe dịka kilomita 16,000 (9,900 mi), na-ekpuchi ihe dịka square kilomita 6,500 (2,500 sq mi) nke ala, mana obere ihe fọdụrụ taa.
Benin Moat rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nchebe, nke nwere ụsọ mmiri dị elu na ọnụ mmiri iji gbochie ndị mwakpo. A na-achịkwa ụzọ mbata nke obodo ahụ site na Ọnụ ụzọ ámá itoolu. Taa, a ka nwere ike ịchọta ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ọwara ndị ahụ na Benin City, ọ bụ ezie na ime obodo na esemokwu ala na-eweta ihe ịma aka maka nchekwa ha. N'ịbụ nke a ghọtara maka mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme ha, a gbakwunyere Benin Moat dị ka mgbatị na World Heritage Site nke Royal Palaces of Abomey na 1995 (ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka na-echere nkwado gọọmentị site na UNESCO), Guinness Book of World Records kwenyesiri ya na 1974 dị ka otu n'ime ihe owuwu kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na ogologo, nke abụọ naanị na Great Wall nke China. Olfert Dapper kọwara ya n'akwụkwọ ya Description of Africa na 1668 dị ka Great Walls of Benin .
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmalite nke Benin Moats, nke a makwaara dị ka Mgbidi nke Benin, enweghị ike ịkọwa na otu onye ọchịchị ma ọ bụ oge.[2] Ọ bụ ezie na Oba Oguola keere òkè n'ịgbasawanye na ime ka ọgba ndị ahụ dị omimi, ihe akaebe na-egosi na ọgba ndị a dị tupu ọchịchị ya na ọbụna tupu e guzobe ọchịchị Oba.[2] Obodo nta na ngalaba dị iche iche nke mechara jikọta n'ime Obodo Benin nwere ike igwu ọwara ha maka ebumnuche nchebe na nke ókèala.[3] Ọwara ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke nnukwu injinia nke Alaeze Ukwu Benin. [4] O nwere ngwakọta nke Mgbidi na ọwara dị mgbagwoju anya nke gbara Obodo Benin City gburugburu na steeti Edo nke oge a, Naijiria.[5]
Oge mbụ nke iwu ọwara na Alaeze Benin nwere ike ibute Ndị eze Ogiso. Ihe nchoputa ihe ochie na omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ na-egosi na e nwere ọwara ụfọdụ tupu ndị ọchịchị Ogiso abịarute.[4] Ọwara ndị a rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọrụ akụ na ụba, na nchekwa.[5]
N'oge ọchịchị nke ndị eze Ogiso, omenala ịrụ ụlọ ọwara gara n'ihu wee pụta ìhè. A na-eji oke nha na ihe ndị e ji arụ ụlọ mara ihe dị iche iche moat. Obodo dị iche iche na ngalaba nke Benin họọrọ ọwara ọwara ndị e wuru nwere ebumnuche dị iche iche. Ndị Eze Ogiso nyere aka n'iwu ụfọdụ n'ime ọwara mmiri ndị a, na-ekere òkè n'ichepụta na ịrụ ihe owuwu ahụ.[1] Site n'ọchịchị ndị eze Ogiso ruo na Obas, omenala ịrụ ọwara gara n'ihu. Obas dị ka Oba Oguola na Oba Ewuare gwupụtara ma mebie ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a. Ọwara ndị Benin mara ugbu a, nke a na-akpọ Oba Ewuare, nke dị n'ime ya, nwere ike bụrụ na Oba Ewuare mebere ya n'oge dị iche iche na 1440 AD. Oba Oguola, onye chịrị ihe dị ka afọ 1280 AD, keere òkè n'iwu nke ọwara mmiri.
Owuwu nke Benin Moat n'onwe ya malitere na 800 AD wee gaa n'ihu ruo ihe dịka 1460 AD.[1] Ewubere usoro moat n'ime na n'èzí iji chebe obodo Benin, ebe ihe ndị dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ gbasapụrụ iji mata obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu.[1] Na mkpokọta, usoro ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kpuchiri ihe dị ka kilomita 16,000 (9,900 mi) ma kpuchie ihe dị ka square kilomita 6,500 (2,500 sq mi) nke ala.[1] Ụgbọ ala bụ nanị ụzọ e si ewu ụlọ, iji ngwá ọrụ ma ọ bụ ike ọgbara ọhụrụ gwuo ala. Egwupụtara ụwa iji mepụta moat nke dị n'ime iji wuo mgbidi a na-ejigide (mgbidi na-adịgide adịgide). Mgbidi ahụ na-adịgasị iche na nha, site na olulu ndị na-emighị emi ruo n'ihe owuwu dị elu ruru mita 20 (66 ft). Ogologo nke Benin Moat na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ọrụ ụwa kachasị mma n'oge ya.[2][3]
Ọwara mmiri ndị ahụ, bụ ndị a na-echekwa nke ọma, jere ozi dị ka ụdị usoro nchebe. Ndị agha na-agbalị ijide obodo ahụ ji ha mee ihe, ma ọ́ bụghị site n'iweghara ya ma ọ bụ site n'imegide ndị agha Benin kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ.[11] Ebe ahụ dị elu nyere ndị ozi Ife ebe obibi, bụ́ ndị eleghị anya e liri n’ájá. Mgbidi ndị dị elu, na-ebili n'akụkụ ugwu, mere ka ndị ozi ahụ bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike maka ube na akụ ndị agha Benin.[1] Mgbidi nke mgbidi nyere ụzọ nkwurịta okwu, na-enye nchebe dị mma. Ọ bụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị e debere ná mgbidi obodo ahụ na-achịkwa ọnụ ụzọ ndị e wusiri ike.[13] Mgbidi dị n'ime, ihe dị ka kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) ogologo, gbara ebe ndị dị mkpa, dị ka Obí eze na ebe obibi nke ndị isi.[13] N'ime mgbidi dị n'ime, e nwere ọwara sara mbara, nke hà ka mgbidi ahụ.[2] Ịgafefe ọrụ ala a siri ike mere ka obodo ahụ nwee aha ọma maka nchekwa site n'inye ndị ọbịa, ndị ọbịa na ndị ahịa ahịa ikike zuru oke. [2][3]
Isi obodo na ọwara nchebe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si],[6]Obi nke ọdịdị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Benin City n'okpuru Alaeze nke Benin kpuchiri ebe karịrị square kilomita 7 (2.7 sq mi). Ọ gụnyere ebe obibi nke Oba (eze), ndị isi, na ndị obodo.[1] Ọdịdị obodo ahụ gbara okporo ámá abụọ kwụ ọtọ gburugburu: ụzọ isi dị nsọ nke eze si n'Obí eze gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na okporo ámá gafere nke jikọtara King's Square na Oba Market, ebe a na-ere ndị ohu na ọdụ́.[2] Obodo dị iche iche nke obodo ahụ gbasaa n'okporo ámá ndị a na ndị ọzọ pere mpe.[3] Benin Moat, ma eleghị anya na mbụ karịa mita iri atọ na ise n'obosara, gbara obodo ahụ gburugburu ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi nchebe.[4] Ọwara ahụ nọgidere na-enwe omimi, nkezi obosara karịrị ụkwụ iri atọ na ise ruo iri ise, na ogologo karịrị iri na atọ (
E nwere ụdị ọwara abụọ: nnukwu ọwara nke gbara isi obodo ahụ na obí eze dị nso, na ọwara nke abụọ, nke e mesịrị wuo, gbara akụkụ ndịda gburugburu. Akara ọwara ndị a nwere akara e ji nkume limestone mee. N'ozuzu, a na-eji akara akara n'ọwara ndị ahụ.[2]
Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Njem ntaramahụhụ nke Britain na 1897, nke mebiri Benin Moat nke ukwuu, na mgbasawanye nke Benin City abanyela ma kpuchie ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ime obodo. Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ ndị obodo ahụ ejirila ihe ndị a mee ihe maka ebumnuche iwu ụlọ. [7][11] Ihe àmà nke ọwara oge ochie ndị a ka dị, a na-ahụ ya dị ka osisi ndị e ji osisi rụọ n'ime obodo nke oge a. [7] [6]
Ọwa mmiri ndị gbara obodo ukwu na obodo nta ndị dị na Benin Metropolis jere ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ámá akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọwa mmiri ndị a na-agbakọba ọtụtụ obodo ugbu a, na-eduga na ọdịda nke obodo ndị dị ka Benin City n'ihi mgbasawanye nke obodo na-aga n'ihu maka ụlọ na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ.[1]. N'ihi ya, ụfọdụ obodo na-ekwu na ha nwere ihe niile ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọwa mmiri ahụ, na-ekwu na ha na-ekwu ogologo oge maka ala ahụ, na-emegide ndị nwe mbụ.[2]. Ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ ebutela ọgba aghara na mpaghara ahụ, ma ndị bi ogologo oge na ndị ọhụrụ na-abanye.[3] Esemokwu ala n'ụlọ ikpe gụnyere esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị nwe Iya ma ọ bụ aha ala na ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ na-azọrọ ikike nna ochie.
Akụkụ nke ọwara ndị ahụ emeela ka e nwee ebe obibi na mmepe azụmahịa, mebie site na ọrụ drainage, ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa.[22] Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọwara ahụ, dị ka mpaghara dị nso n'Okporo ụzọ Ogba, adaala na mmetọ ma bụrụ ebe a na-atụfu ihe mkpofu.[23] Idebe ihe onwunwe akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị a chọrọ mmemme zuru oke gụnyere akwụkwọ, nchekwa, na nchekwa nchebe.[24]
Ihe Nketa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Europe bu ụzọ mata banyere Mgbidi Benin na 1472 AD mgbe onye nchọpụta Portuguese Duarte Pacheco Pereira kwuru banyere ha n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi n'oge njem ya, na-akọwa ya dị ka obodo dị larịị ma nwee ọwara.[8] Otú ọ dị, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Graham Connah mechara mee ka obi abụọ na ihe ngosi Pereira, na-atụ aro na Pereira nwere ike ọ gaghị ele ụrọ anya dị ka mgbidi n'ime oge ya.[26] Na mbido afọ 1600, onye nchọpụta Dutch bụ Dierick Ruiters kwukwara banyere mgbidi ndị ahụ, na-akọwa ọrụ ala, ọwara, na ọnụ ụzọ ámá a na-eche nche nke ọma.[9]
Otu n'ime akụkọ ndị mbụ banyere Mgbidi Benin bụ nke Olfert Dapper, onye dọkịta na onye edemede Dutch nke bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ Description of Africa na 1668.[10] Dapper eletaghị Africa n'onwe ya, mana ọ chịkọtara akwụkwọ ya site na akụkọ nke ndị njem Dutch na ndị ozi ala ọzọ nyochara mpaghara dị iche iche nke kọntinent ahụ. O weputara otu isi maka Alaeze Benin na peeji nke 495 nke akwụkwọ ya, ebe ọ kọwara omenala ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okpukpe, na ihe owuwu ya. O kwuru na Mgbidi Benin bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ịrịba ama nke alaeze ahụ, na-ekwu na ha ji okpukpu anọ karịa Nnukwu Mgbidi nke China.[10]
N'afọ 1974, Guinness Book of World Records ghọtara mgbidi nke Benin City dị ka ihe owuwu nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site n'ogologo, na-esote Nnukwu Mgbidi China. A na-eto usoro mgbidi ụrọ ahụ dị ka ọrụ ala kachasị ukwuu e wuru. [7] N'afọ 1995, a gbakwunyere Benin Moat, n'akụkụ Sungbo's Eredo, dị ka mgbatị na World Heritage Site nke Royal Palaces of Abomey, mana ọ ka na-echere nkwado nke UNESCO.[11][12]
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọrụ ndị e depụtara
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Ebegbulem (25 March 2011). National monument,Benin moat...On the edge of extinction. Vanguard News. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved on 12 October 2023.
- 1 2 Benin Moat: Amazing legacy of great people. The Nation Nigeria (21 May 2013). Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved on 25 August 2023.
- ↑ Ebegbulem (25 March 2011). National monument,Benin moat...On the edge of extinction. Vanguard News. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved on 18 September 2023.
- ↑ The Great Wall of Benin — Giving Children a Fighting Chance. SchoolForAfrica.org (28 February 2021). Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved on 18 September 2023.
- ↑ The Benin Moats. edoworld.net your Guide To The Benin Kingdom & Edo State, Nigeria (1 July 2021). Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved on 18 September 2023.
- 1 2 Affairs (21 February 2023). The Benin Moat – Largest Man Made Earthworks (en-US). Edoaffairs. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved on 8 September 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 Koutonin. "Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace", The Guardian, 18 March 2016. Retrieved on 2 April 2018.
- ↑ Hodgkin (1960). Nigerian Perspectives: An Historical Anthology. Oxford University Press. OCLC 1014910204.
- ↑ Hodgkin (1960). Nigerian Perspectives: An Historical Anthology. Oxford University Press. OCLC 1014910204.
- 1 2 Dapper (1998). Olfert Dapper's description of Benin (1668). African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison. ISBN 978-0-942615-34-0. OCLC 39399011.
- ↑ Centre. Benin Iya / Sungbo' s Eredo (en). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved on 25 August 2023.
- ↑ Benin Iya. worlds longest ancient earthworks. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved on 12 October 2023.