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Brassica oleracea var. viridis

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Collard-Greens-Bundle.jpg
Osisi ndị na-eto eto

Collard bụ otu ụdị ahịhịa na-esighị ike nke Brassica oleracea (otu ụdị dị ka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka kabeeji na broccoli). Akụkụ nke otu acephala cultivar (ma ọ bụ otu kale), co llard bụkwa nkewa dị ka ụdị B. oleracea var. viridis.

A na-akụ osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ihe oriri maka nnukwu akwụkwọ ha, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nke a na-eri eri, nke a siri ma rie dị ka akwụkwọ nri. A na-akụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka nri kemgbe oge ochie.[1]

Aha Ya

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Okwu colewort bụ okwu oge ochie maka ihe ọkụkụ brassica na-abụghị isi.[2]

A na-eji okwu collard eme ihe iji tinye ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ Brassica oleracea na-abụghị isi. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-etinye collards America nke kachasị mma n'ime ìgwè ihe ọkụkụ Viridis, [3] a na-ejikwa accephala (Grik maka 'enweghị isi') eme ihe na-ezo aka na enweghị isi nke akwụkwọ (otu "isi") dị ka cabbage na-eme, na-eme ka collards na-anabata ọkwa dị elu ma ghara ibute ọrịa fungal. [4]

N'Afrịka, a maara ya dị ka sukuma (East Africa), Muriwo ma ọ bụ umBhida (Southern Africa). Na Kashmir, a maara ya dị ka haakh (Kashmir).

Nkọwa

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Osisi ahụ bụ biennial ebe oyi oyi na-eme; ụfọdụ iche nwere ike ịbụ perennial na okpomọkụ na mpaghara. O nwere okporo osisi kwụ ọtọ, na-etokarị ihe karịrị mita abụọ n'ogologo na ihe ruru ụkwụ isii maka ndị Portuguese cultivars. Omenala ndị ama ama nke elu akwa akwa gụnyere 'Georgia Southern', 'Vates', 'Morris Heading', 'Blue Max', 'Top Bunch', 'Butter Collard' (couve manteiga), couve tronchuda, na Groninger Blauw.[3]

Nchịkọta

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A na-akọwa Collard n'ozuzu ya dị ka akụkụ nke otu Acephala (kale), [5] mana a na-ekewa ya dị ka ụdị B. oleracea  var. viridis.[3]

Ịkọ ugbo

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Ubi nke collard na Pennsylvania

A na-akọ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ n'ahịa maka akwụkwọ ya dị oke ilu, dị ntakịrị ilu, nke a na-eri eri. Ha dị n'afọ niile, mana ọ na-atọ ụtọ ma na-edozi ahụ na ọnwa oyi, mgbe ntu oyi mbụ gasịrị.  Maka ọdịdị kachasị mma, a na-ewere akwụkwọ ndị ahụ tupu ha eruo oke ha, n'oge a na-esiwanye ike ma sie ya dị iche na akwụkwọ ọhụrụ. Afọ anaghị emetụta ekpomeekpo.

Nri na ọdịdị na-adabere na cultivar; couve manteiga na couve tronchuda nwere ekele karịsịa na Brazil na Portugal. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụdị ndị a na-akụ na United States belatara ka ndị mmadụ kwagara n'obodo dị iche iche mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, na-ahapụ naanị ụdị ise a na-akọkarị. Otú ọ dị, mkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị nọgidere na-eji ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị na-akụ ihe na ndị na-echekwa mkpụrụ nakwa n'ime nchịkọta mkpụrụ nke gọọmentị US.[6] N'ógbè Appalachian, collards cabbage, nke a na-ahụ site na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha odo odo na akụkụ isi ya na-ewu ewu karịa ụdị ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri na-adịghị na South.[7] E nweela ọrụ site na mbido afọ 2000 iji chekwaa mkpụrụ nke ụdị ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma mee ka ụdị ndị ọzọ laghachi n'ọrụ ugbo.[8]

Ọrịa ndị na-efe efe

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Nematode na-agba agba, Belonolaimus gracilis na awl nematode, Dolichodorus spp. Ha abụọ bụ ectoparasites nwere ike imerụ olu olu. Mgbaàmà nke mgbọrọgwụ na-agụnye mgbọrọgwụ siri ike ma ọ bụ mgbọrọgwụ nke gbara ọchịchịrị na ndụmọdụ. Mgbaàmà nke agbapụ na-agụnye ito eto, ịka nká, na chlorosis (Nguyen and Smart, 1975). Ụdị ọzọ nke stingworm, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, bụ pesti nke collard na Georgia na North Carolina (Robbins na Barker, 1973). B. longicaudatus na-emebi mkpụrụ osisi na ntụgharị. Ihe dị ka nematodes atọ n'ime 100 g (3.5 oz) nke ala mgbe a na-atụgharị ya nwere ike ibute nnukwu mfu mkpụrụ n'osisi ndị nwere ike ịmalite. Ha na-adịkarị na ala aja (Noling, 2012).

Trichodorus na Paratrichodorus gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ma na-eri nri n'akụkụ ọnụ mgbọrọgwụ collard. Mmebi ahụ kpatara na-egbochi mgbọrọgwụ gbatịkọrọ nke ọma na-eduga na mat siri ike nke nwere ike iyi ka ọ na-ebu ibu, ya mere na-akpata "mgbọrọgwụ stubby" (Noling, 2012).

Ọtụtụ ụdị nke Meloidogyne spp. na-egbu mgbu. Ndị a gụnyere: M. javanica , M. incognita na M. arenaria. Ụmụaka nke abụọ na-awakpo osisi ahụ ma biri na mgbọrọgwụ. Otú ọ dị, infestation yiri ka ọ na-eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie. Mgbaàmà mgbọrọgwụ gụnyere nkwarụ (galls) na mmerụ ahụ nke na-egbochi mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị na ihe oriri. Nke a nwere ike imecha duga na nkwụsịtụ, ịcha na chlorosis nke osisi.

Mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ nematode Nacobbus aberrans nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa ruru ụdị 84 gụnyere ọtụtụ ahịhịa. Na Brassicas a kọwo ya na steeti dị iche iche, gụnyere Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, na Kansas (Manzanilla-López et al., 2002). Dị ka pesti nke collards, ogo mmebi na-adabere na nematode bi na ala.

Ụfọdụ collard cultivars na-egosipụta iguzogide nje bacteria leaf blight nke Pseudomonas cannabina pv kpaliri. alisalensis (Pca).[9]

Ojiji

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Nri

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Templeeti:Nutritional value Nri akwa akwa akwa bụ 90% mmiri, 6% carbohydrates, protein 3%, ma nwee abụba na-adịghị ahụkebe (tebụl). Dị ka kale, griin kọlịflawa nwere nnukwu vitamin K (339% nke Uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) n'ime gram 100 (3.5 oz). Ahịhịa akwa akwa bụ isi mmalite bara ụba (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke DV) nke vitamin A, vitamin C, na manganese, yana isi mmalite nke calcium na vitamin B6 na-agafeghị oke. [10] Akwụkwọ ntụaka  100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) nke elu olu akwa akwa esichara na-enye 137 kilojoules (kilocalories 33) nke ume nri.

Nri

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Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka

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A maara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka sukuma na Swahili ma bụrụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ nri a na-ahụkarị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.[11] A na-etinye Sukuma na mmanụ ruo mgbe ọ dị nro, jiri yabasị mee ka ọ dị ụtọ ma jiri nnu mee ka ọ bụrụ nri bụ isi ma ọ bụ dị ka nri dị n'akụkụ na anụ ma ọ bụ azụ. Na Congo, Tanzania na Kenya (East Africa), ahịhịa ndụ collard a pịrị apị bụ isi ihe ndị mejupụtara nri a ma ama a maara dị ka Sima ma ọ bụ ugali (nke e ji ntụ ọka mee).

Ndịda na Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe

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A zụlitere Collards na Europe ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ na-ezo aka na Ndị Gris na Ndị Rom laa azụ na narị afọ nke mbụ OA.[12] Na Montenegro, Dalmatia na Herzegovina, collard greens, nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka "juputa" ma ọ bụ "juppu", bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-eri eri. Ọ na-ewu ewu karịsịa n'oge oyi, a na-etinye ya na anụ atụrụ a na-ese anwụrụ (kaštradina) ma ọ bụ anụ ezì a gwọrọ agwọ, akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ na poteto. A maara ya na Turkey dị ka kara lahana ("kọlọ gbara ọchịchịrị"), ọ bụ ihe a na-eri n'ógbè Oké Osimiri Ojii. Ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ofe na stews Spanish, dị ka pote asturiano, sitere na mpaghara Asturian.

United States

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Collard greens bụ akwụkwọ nri a ma ama na Nri ndịda US. [13] [14][15] A na-ejikarị akwụkwọ nri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndị ọzọ yiri ya, dị ka spinach, kale, turnip greens, na mustard greens na nri a na-akpọ "mixed greens". A na-ejikarị ya na anụ collard na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ na anụ nnu (ham hocks, turkey drumsticks, turkish neck, pork neckbones, fatback ma ọ bụ anụ ndị ọzọ nwere abụba), yabasị, vinegar, nnu, na ose ojii, ose ọcha, ma ọ bụ ose uhie, ụfọdụ ndị na-esi nri na-agbakwunye obere shuga. Dị ka omenala si dị, a na-eri collards n'Ụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ, tinyere Peas nwere anya ojii ma ọ bụ peas ubi na achịcha ọka, iji hụ na ọgaranya n'afọ na-abịanụ.[13] A na-eji achịcha ọka eme ihe iji mee ka "ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya" sie ike, ihe na-edozi ahụ nke jupụtara na collard broth. A pụkwara ịkpụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Collard ma mee ka ọ gbasaa iji mee sauerkraut collard nke a na-esikarị na dumplings dị larịị esi nri. Landrace collard in-situ genetic diversity na ethnobotany bụ isiokwu nke nyocha maka ụmụ amaala-science otu.[8]

N'oge ịgba ohu na US, collards bụ otu n'ime osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ogige kichin ma jiri ya mee ihe iji gbakwunye nri ndị nwe ubi nyere.[16] A na-eji akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi na osisi ndị ahụ nwere ike ịdịgide n'oge oyi ma nwee ike iguzogide okpomọkụ nke oge okpomọkụ ndịda ọbụna karịa spinach ma ọ bụ lettuce.[16]

N'ozuzu, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-anọchi anya Ọdịbendị ndịda na ọdịbendị na njirimara ndị Afrịka na America. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-ede egwu jazz na onye na-akpọ piano, Thelonious Monk, na-etinye akwụkwọ olu na lapel ya iji gosipụta ihe nketa ya nke Africa na America.[17] Na nri abalị mbụ nke Onye isi ala Barack Obama, a gụnyere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na menu. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na onye na-ede uri bụ Alice Walker jiri collards mee ihe iji zoo aka na njikọ nke ihe nketa ndị Africa na America na ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[17] E nweela ọtụtụ emume collard na-eme emume njirimara ndị Africa na America, gụnyere ndị dị na Port Wentworth, Georgia (site na 1997), East Palo Alto, California (site na 1998), Columbus, Ohio (site na 2010), na Atlanta, Georgia (malite na 2011). N'afọ 2010, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Latibah Collard Greens meghere na Charlotte, North Carolina.[17]

Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dere banyere mgbasa nke collards na nri ndịda karịsịa n'etiti ndị isi ojii America. Na 1869, Hyacinth, onye njem n'oge Agha Obodo, dịka ọmụmaatụ, chọpụtara na enwere ike ịchọta collards n'ebe ọ bụla na ndịda.[18] N'afọ 1972, onye ọzọ na-ekiri ihe, Stearns, kwughachiri mmetụta ahụ na-azọrọ na collards dị n'ogige onye ọ bụla ojii Southerner.[18] N'afọ 1883, otu onye edemede kwuru na ọ nweghị okwu ma ọ bụ nri na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị ọcha na ndị isi ojii dara ogbenye karịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[18] Sandwich collard - nke nwere achịcha ọka e siri esi, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ collard, na fatback - bụ nri a ma ama n'etiti Ndị Lumbee na Robeson County, North Carolina.[19]

Brazil na Portugal

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Caldo verde, ofe Portuguese a ma ama nke e ji akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mee

Na nri Portuguese na nke Brazil, collard greens (ma ọ bụ couve) bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme nri azụ na anụ. Ha na-eme ka nri dị n'akụkụ maka feijoada, anụ ezì na-ewu ewu. [20] Ndị a Brazil na Portuguese cultivars nwere ike ịbụ ndị otu dị iche iche na-abụghị isi nke Brassica oleracea, ọkachasị Tronchuda Group.

Ihe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ bụkwa ihe bụ isi na-eme na ofe Portuguese a ma ama, caldo verde ("broth akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri"). Maka broth a, a na-ebipụ akwụkwọ ya n'ime eriri, - inch) n'obosara (mgbe ụfọdụ site n'aka onye na-ere nri ma ọ bụ onye na-azụ ahịa na-eji ihe pụrụ iche e ji aka mee) ma tinye ya na ihe ndị ọzọ nkeji 15 tupu a na-enye ya.

Ndagwurugwu Kashmir

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Zimbabwe

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N'akwụkwọ

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  • Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya

Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards | Archives | Aggie Horticulture. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 2023-04-02. Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  2. ↑ Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards. Texas A&M Agricultural Extension. Retrieved on 2018-04-02.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pelc (2015). "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Collard Landraces and their Relationship to Other Brassica oleracea Crops". The Plant Genome 8 (3): eplantgenome2015.04.0023. DOI:10.3835/plantgenome2015.04.0023. ISSN 1940-3372. PMID 33228266. 
  4. ↑ Brassica oleracea var. acephala. Floridata (2007-02-06). Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  5. ↑ Farnham (May 1996). "Genetic Variation among and within United States Collard Cultivars and Landraces as Determined by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121 (3): 374–379. DOI:10.21273/jashs.121.3.374. ISSN 0003-1062. 
  6. ↑ Freeman (19 March 2021). The Farmers and Gardeners Saving the South's Signature Green. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved on 23 March 2021.
  7. ↑ Collards. University of Alabama Press. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved on 2020-11-28.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The Heirloom Collard Project. The Heirloom Collards Project. Retrieved on 2020-12-07.
  9. ↑ Branham (2018-06-01). "Identification of Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Collard Collection". HortScience 53 (6): 838–841. DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI12347-17. ISSN 0018-5345. 
  10. ↑ Farnham (2012-08-01). "Collard, mustard and turnip greens: Effects of genotypes and leaf position on concentrations of ascorbic acid, folate, β-carotene, lutein and phylloquinone". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 27 (1): 1–7. DOI:10.1016/j.jfca.2012.04.008. ISSN 0889-1575. 
  11. ↑ Swegarden (2019). "Bridging Sensory Evaluation and Consumer Research for Strategic Leafy Brassica (Brassica oleracea) Improvement". Journal of Food Science 84 (12): 3746–3762. DOI:10.1111/1750-3841.14831. ISSN 1750-3841. PMID 31681987. 
  12. ↑ Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards. Aggie Horticulture. Texas A & M Agrilife Extension. Retrieved on 1 November 2019.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Vitrano A (2011-01-01). Dine wise on New Year's Day, Certain foods could bring you luck. South Carolina NOW. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved on 2012-07-26.
  14. ↑ Collard Greens Shortage Threatens New Year's Day Good Luck Recipe. Newsweek (28 December 2018). Retrieved on 1 November 2019.
  15. ↑ Farnham (2008). "Neglected landraces of collard (Brassica oleracea L. var. viridis) from the Carolinas (USA)". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55 (6): 797–801. DOI:10.1007/s10722-007-9284-8. ISSN 0925-9864. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Wortman (2012). "Greens". Southwest Review 97 (3): 400–407. ISSN 0038-4712. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 H. (2015). Collards: a southern tradition from seed to table. The University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-8765-5. OCLC 906925404. Retrieved on 1 April 2021. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Davis (2005). "Collards in North Carolina". Southeastern Geographer 45 (1): 67–82. DOI:10.1353/sgo.2005.0004. ISSN 1549-6929. 
  19. ↑ Shestack. "The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy", Our State, March 2015. Retrieved on November 20, 2022.
  20. ↑ Esposito (2014-06-13). How to Make Feijoada, Brazil's National Dish, Including a Recipe From Emeril Lagasse. Smithsonian.com.
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