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Cairo Geniza

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Cairo Geniza, nke a na-akpọkwa Cairo genizah, bụ nchịkọta nke ihe dị ka 400,000 [1] iberibe akwụkwọ Ndị Juu na akwụkwọ nchịkwa Fatimid nke edebere na genizah ma ọ bụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke Ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra na Fustat ma ọ bụ Old Cairo, Egypt. Ihe odide ndị a gafere oge niile nke Middle-Eastern, North Africa, na Andalusian akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu n'etiti narị afọ nke isii na nke iri na itoolu [1] OA, ma mejupụtara nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị dị iche iche nke ihe odide oge ochie n'ụwa.[2]

E dere ihe odide Genizah n'asụsụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị Hibru, Arabic, na Aramaic, ọkachasị na vellum na akwụkwọ, kamakwa na papyrus na ákwà. Na mgbakwunye na inwe akwụkwọ okpukpe ndị Juu dịka akwụkwọ Baịbụl, Talmudic, na akwụkwọ ndị Rabbinic mechara (ụfọdụ n'aka ndị dere ya mbụ), Genizah na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ndụ akụ na ụba na omenala nke mpaghara Mediterenian, karịsịa na narị afọ nke 10 ruo nke 13. [3][4]

A na-agbasa ihe odide sitere na Cairo geniza ugbu a n'etiti ọtụtụ ọbá akwụkwọ, gụnyere Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Cambridge, [5] Jewish Theological Seminary of America, John Rylands Library, [6] Bodleian Library, Mahadum Pennsylvania's Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, British Library, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, National Library of Russia, Alliance Israélite Universelle, Younes na Soraya Nazarian Library na Mahadum Haifa na ọtụtụ nchịkọta onwe onye gburugburu ụwa. [7] Ọtụtụ iberibe ihe sitere n'ọnụ ụlọ geniza nke ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra, mana a chọtara iberibe ndị ọzọ n'ebe a na-egwu ihe n'akụkụ ụlọ nzukọ na n'ebe ili ozu Basatin n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Old Cairo.[8][9][10] Nchịkọta nke oge a nke Cairo Geniza gụnyere ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ochie nke ndị nchịkọta zụrụ n'Ijipt na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.

Nchọpụta na ebe ndị a nọ ugbu a

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Ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra kachasị ọhụrụ, nke e wughachiri n'etiti 1889 na 1892

Ụlọ geniza

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N'afọ 1890, geniza bụ ụlọ na-enweghị windo na ọnụ ụzọ, naanị site na ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra site na ịrịgo ubube gaa n'oghere dị na mgbidi. N'ịbụ nke buru ibu, ọ jupụtara na ihe odide na akwụkwọ ndị e biri ebi a tụbara n'ime oghere ahụ kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, na-agbagọ agbagọ ma na-arapara n'otu n'otu, jupụta na uzuzu ma jupụta na ụmụ ahụhụ. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e zuola akwụkwọ ụfọdụ, ma eleghị anya site na beadles nke ụlọ nzukọ, ma ree ya dị ka ihe ncheta nye ndị njem nleta.

Nchọpụta

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Onye Europe mbụ chọpụtara na nchịkọta ahụ bụ Simon van Gelderen (nwanne nna Heinrich Heine), onye gara ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra wee kọọ banyere Cairo Genizah na 1752 ma ọ bụ 1753. [4][11] N'afọ 1864, onye njem na ọkà mmụta Jacob Saphir gara ụlọ nzukọ ahụ wee nyochaa Genizah ruo ụbọchị abụọ; ọ bụ ezie na ọ maghị ihe ọ bụla dị mkpa ọ tụrụ aro na ihe ndị nwere ike ịdị oké ọnụ ahịa nwere ike ịdị na nchekwa. Mgbe e mezigharịrị ụlọ nzukọ dị ukwuu, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ ndị Juu bụ Elkan Nathan Adler bụ onye mbụ si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe ịbanye na geniza na 1896, mgbe ọ zụrụ akpa akwụkwọ, nke na-enweghị mmasị na ndị nchọpụta na England.[12]

N'afọ 1896, ndị ọkà mmụta Scotland na ụmụnne ejima Agnes S. Lewis na Margaret D. Gibson [13] si Ijipt lọta na iberibe ihe sitere na Genizah ha weere dị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị, wee gosi ha Solomon Schechter, "enyi ndị rabaị na-enweghị mgbochi" na Cambridge [5] [6] Schechter, nke maralarị banyere Genizah ma ọ bụghị ihe ọ pụtara, ghọtara ozugbo mkpa ihe ahụ dị. Site n'enyemaka ego nke onye ọrụ ibe ya na enyi ya na Cambridge bụ Charles Taylor, Schechter mere njem nlegharị anya gaa Ijipt, ebe, site n'enyọ nke Chief Rabbi, ọ haziri ma wepụ akụkụ ka ukwuu nke ihe dị n'ime ụlọ Genizah. Agnes na Margaret sonyeere ya n'ebe ahụ n'ụzọ ha na-aga Sinai (nleta nke anọ ha n'ime afọ ise) ma gosi ha ụlọ ahụ Agnes kọrọ na ọ "naanị ihe a na-apụghị ịkọwa akọwa".

Solomon Schechter na-arụ ọrụ na Cambridge University Library, na-amụ iberibe Cairo Genizah, c. 1898

Ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị n'Ijipt bụ́ Count Riamo d'Hulst chọpụtara na Schechter, onye rụrụ ọrụ naanị ya, aghaghị ịnọ naanị ya n'ọrụ siri ike nke ịgụ ihe dị n'ime geniza, ọ rụchabeghịkwa ọrụ ahụ nke ọma, ọ meghịkwa nnukwu ihe e dere ede echekwara n'èzí n'ogige ụlọ nzukọ n'oge nrụzigharị ụlọ nzukọ n'afọ 1889-1892.[14] Count d'Hulst dere na e ji akwụkwọ kpuchie ọtụtụ n'ime ogige ahụ otu mita n'ịdị elu.[14] A hapụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a n'èzí mgbe emechara ya, d'Hulst duziri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa abụọ ka e gwupụtara ala ahụ.[14] Ka ọ na-erule Mee 1898, o nwere ike iziga nnukwu akpa akwụkwọ 16 na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Bodleian.[14]

Ebe ndị dị ugbu a

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A na-edebe iberibe Genizah ugbu a n'ọbá akwụkwọ dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. Nchịkọta Taylor-Schechter na Cambridge bụ nke kachasị ukwuu, site n'ụzọ dị anya, otu nchịkọta, nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iberibe 193,000 (137,000 shelf-mark). [15] E nwere iberibe 43,000 ọzọ na Jewish Theological Seminary Library. [16] Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum John Rylands dị na Manchester nwere nchịkọta nke ihe karịrị iberibe 11,000, nke a na-edepụta ugbu a ma bulite ya na ebe nchekwa ihe n'ịntanetị.[6] Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Bodleian na Mahadum Oxford nwere nchịkọta nke 25,000 Genizah folios. [17]

Westminster College dị na Cambridge nwere iberibe 1,700 nke Lewis na Gibson debere na 1896. [18] N'afọ 2013, ọbá akwụkwọ abụọ nke Oxbridge, ọbá akwụkwọ Bodleian na Oxford na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Cambridge, sonyeere iji nweta ego iji zụta nchịkọta Westminster (nke a na-akpọzi nchịkọta Lewis-Gibson) mgbe a na-ere ya maka £ 1.2 nde. Nke a bụ oge mbụ ọbá akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ jikọtara aka maka mgbalị dị otú ahụ. [18] [17]

Ihe dị n'ime ya na ihe ọ pụtara

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Iberibe haggada si na Cairo genizah

Ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe ndị a hụrụ na Cairo Genizah nwere ike ịbụ na mmalite narị afọ nke puku afọ nke abụọ OA, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe ndị gara aga yana ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ihe odide dị na Genizah gụnyere ihe dị nsọ na nke okpukpe yana ọtụtụ ihe odide ụwa. Ihe odide Genizah gụnyere ọtụtụ ọdịnaya. N'ime iberibe akwụkwọ, ụdị ndị kacha ewu ewu bụ akwụkwọ liturgical, ederede Baịbụl na ihe ndị yiri ya, na akwụkwọ ndị Rabaịk. E nwekwara ihe ndị nwere nkà ihe ọmụma, sayensị, ihe omimi, na asụsụ. N'ime ihe ndị na-abụghị akwụkwọ, e nwere akwụkwọ iwu na akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe. Achọtakwara ihe omume ụlọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahịa, yana ndekọ obodo dị iche iche.[19]

Omume a na-emekarị maka genizot (pl. nke genizah) bụ iwepu ihe dị n'ime ya oge ụfọdụ ma lie ha n'ebe ili ozu. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a n'Asụsụ Aramaic site na iji Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Hibru. Dị ka ndị Juu weere Hibru dị ka asụsụ Chineke, na ihe odide Hibru dị ka ihe odide nkịtị nke Chineke, a pụghị ibibi ihe odide ndị ahụ ọbụna ogologo oge mgbe ha mezuru ebumnuche ha. [20] Ndị Juu dere ihe ndị ahụ na Genizah maara omenala na asụsụ nke ọha mmadụ ha nke oge a. Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bara uru dị ka ihe akaebe maka otu esi asụ ma ghọta asụsụ Arabic nke oge a.[21] Ha na-egosikwa na ndị Juu mepụtara akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ọha mmadụ nke oge ha: ha na-eme otu azụmahịa ahụ dị ka ndị agbata obi ha bụ Ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst, gụnyere ọrụ ugbo; ha zụrụ, ree, ma gbazite ala.

Akwụkwọ ozi Maimonides" id="mwARk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham, nwa Maimonides bịanyere aka

A pụghị imesi ike mkpa ihe ndị a dị maka iwughachi akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka oge dị n'etiti 950 na 1250. Onye ọkà mmụta ndị Juu Shelomo Dov Goitein mepụtara ndepụta maka oge a nke na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka mmadụ 35,000. Nke a gụnyere ihe dị ka 350 "ndị ama ama," n'etiti ha Maimonides na nwa ya nwoke Abraham, 200 "ezinụlọ ndị a maara nke ọma", na ịkpọ aha ọrụ 450 na ngwongwo 450. Ọ chọpụtara ihe sitere na Ijipt, Palestine, Lebanọn, Siria (ma n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, ọ bụghị Damaskọs ma ọ bụ Aleppo), Tunisia, Sicily, na ọbụna na-ekpuchi azụmahịa na India. Obodo ndị a kpọtụrụ aha sitere na Samarkand na Central Asia ruo Seville na Sijilmasa, Morocco ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ; site na Aden n'ebe ugwu ruo Constantinople; Ọ bụghị naanị na obodo ndị dị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Mediterenian nke Narbonne, Marseilles, Genoa na Venice na-anọchite anya Europe, kamakwa ọbụna Kiev na Rouen ka a na-ekwu maka ha mgbe ụfọdụ.

Karịsịa, ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nye ndị ọrụ maka mmezi ụlọ na ụdị ihe yiri ya bụ nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu nke ihe ndekọ nke ụgwọ ọnwa ụbọchị n'ụwa Alakụba maka mmalite oge ochie, n'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike n'ịkọwa ego ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke data ahụ.[4] A na-ekwukarị na ha na mkparịta ụka banyere akụ na ụba Alakụba nke oge ochie kemgbe afọ 1930, mgbe a na-eme nchọpụta n'akụkụ a nke nchịkọta ahụ, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta French.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị na Cairo Genizah abụghị ihe odide zuru ezu, kama ọ bụ iberibe nwere otu ma ọ bụ abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha mebiri onwe ha. N'otu aka ahụ, peeji nke otu ihe odide na-ekewapụkarị. Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ịchọta peeji nke otu ihe odide dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ atọ ma ọ bụ anọ dị iche iche nke oge a. N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe odide ndị na-abụghị nke akwụkwọ na-efunahụkarị uru ha ka oge na-aga, a hapụrụ ha na Genizah mgbe ha ka dị mma.[19]

Ihe ndị ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ederede, gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ihe odide okpukpe ndị Juu na ọbụna iberibe akwụkwọ kor'an.[22] Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa nye ndị ọkà mmụta Bible bụ ọtụtụ ihe odide na-ezughị ezu nke nsụgharị Hibru mbụ nke Sirach.[23][24][25] Solomon Schechter chọpụtakwara iberibe abụọ nke Damaskọs Document, iberibe ndị ọzọ e mechara chọta n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ na Qumran.[26]

Akwụkwọ akụkọ Cairo Genizah echekwaala ihe karịrị iberibe 2,500 metụtara ọgwụ, gụnyere nsụgharị Judeo-Arabic nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike Grik na Arabic, ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ mbụ, ọgwụ ndị e dere, ihe ndị dọkịta dere, na akwụkwọ ndetu nke ndị dọkịta. Akwụkwọ ndị a na-enye nghọta pụrụ iche banyere akụkụ bara uru nke ọgwụ ndị Juu, na-ekpuchi isiokwu dị ka ọrịa anya, ọnọdụ akpụkpọ ahụ, ịdị ọcha ọnụ, ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị, na ọrịa oge. Otu iberibe dị otú ahụ gụnyere nsụgharị nke Jonah ibn Biklārish's Kitāb al-Mustaʿīnī, akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọgwụ e dere maka ụlọ ikpe Hūd na Zaragoza.

Ihe ndị na-abụghị akwụkwọ, nke gụnyere akwụkwọ ụlọ ikpe, ihe odide iwu, na akwụkwọ ozi nke ndị Juu nọ n'ógbè ahụ (dị ka Akwụkwọ ozi nke ndị okenye Karaite nke Ascalon), dị ntakịrị, mana ka na-adọrọ mmasị: Goitein mere atụmatụ na ha dị "ihe dị ka ihe 10,000 nke ogologo ụfọdụ, nke 7,000 bụ ihe ndị nwere onwe ha buru ibu iji were dị ka akwụkwọ nke uru akụkọ ihe mere eme. Naanị ọkara n'ime ndị a ka echekwara kpamkpam.

Ọnụọgụgụ akwụkwọ ndị a gbakwunyere na Genizah gbanwere n'ime afọ ndị ahụ niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụọgụ akwụkwọ ndị a gbakwunyere dị obere n'etiti 1266 na ihe dị ka 1500, mgbe ọtụtụ ndị Juu kwagara n'ebe ugwu gaa n'obodo Cairo kpọmkwem, ha wee hụ mmụba ihe dị ka 1500 mgbe ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si Spain mụbara obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ ha wetara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na Cairo nke mere ka a mata akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Khazaria na Kievan Rus, ya bụ, akwụkwọ ozi Khazar, akwụkwọ ozi Schechter, na akwụkwọ ozi Kievan. [4] A nọgidere na-eji Genizah eme ihe ruo mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịda anyanwụ na-achọsi ike maka ihe ya wepụrụ ya.

Ọtụtụ genizot ndị ọzọ enyewo obere nchọpụta gafee Ụwa Ochie, ọkachasị ndị Itali dịka nke Perugia.[27] A chọtara Geniza nke Afghanistan nke narị afọ nke iri na otu na 2011. [28]

Paul E. Kahle nyochara iberibe Cairo Geniza nke ọma, depụta ma sụgharịa ya. Blackwell bipụtara akwụkwọ ya, The Cairo Geniza na 1958, na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1959. [29]

Ịgụ Akụkọ

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Ndị Juu na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ akụ na Cairo ochie jiri usoro nhazi akwụkwọ ego abụọ tupu e jiri ụdị dị otu a mee ihe na Itali, nke ihe ndekọ ya ka dị kemgbe narị afọ nke 11 AD, nke a chọtara n'etiti Cairo Geniza..

Nnyocha

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15-16th c. iberibe Josippon na Yemen Judeo-Arabic site na Cairo Geniza, Cambridge University Library [30]

Nchịkọta Cairo Genizah na Mahadum Pennsylvania na n'Ọbá Akwụkwọ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Juu bụ isiokwu nke ọrụ sayensị ụmụ amaala na weebụsaịtị Zooniverse. A na-akpọ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ọrụ ahụ ka ha hazie iberibe Cairo Genizah nke e tinyere na dijitalụ, iji mee ka nnyocha dị mfe na iberibe ndị ahụ.[31]

Ọrụ Friedberg Geniza dị oke mkpa maka nyocha n'ihi na ọ na-agụnye iberibe Genizah niile na data bibliographical metụtara ha.

Kemgbe afọ 1986, Princeton Geniza Lab anọwo na-amụ ma na-edepụta ihe odide geniza. [32] Ọrụ ha gụnyere Princeton Geniza Project, ebe nchekwa data nke ihe karịrị ndekọ 30,000 na ndetu ederede geniza 4,600. Na mbido 2021, n'okpuru nduzi nke onye nduzi Marina Rustow na mmekorita ya na Daniel Stoekl Ben Ezra, ụlọ nyocha ahụ malitere inyocha mmụta igwe dị ka ụzọ isi dee akwụkwọ geniza, site na iji ngwa njirimara ederede aka..[33]

Mmetụta ọdịbendị

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Ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye edemede India bụ́ Amitav Ghosh kọrọ akụkọ ya banyere iberibe Genizah metụtara onye ahịa Juu bụ́ Abraham Ben Yiju n'akwụkwọ bụ́ In an Antique Land [34]

Ihe ngosi

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Hụkwa

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  • Afghan Geniza, ihe ncheta yiri nke akwụkwọ okpukpe na nke ụwa oge ochie
  • Akwụkwọ Damaskọs
  • Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ
  • Ihe odide Dunhuang, ihe ncheta yiri nke okpukpe na nke ụwa oge ochie
  • Papyri Elephantine, ihe ncheta yiri nke akwụkwọ okpukpe na nke ụwa oge ochie
  • Herculaneum papyri, ihe ncheta yiri nke akwụkwọ okpukpe na nke ụwa oge ochie
  • Ihe odide Timbuktu
  • Solomon ben Semah
  • Yusuf ibn 'Awkal, onye ahịa a ma ama nke a chọtara akwụkwọ ozi ya na Cairo Geniza
  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu n'Ijipt
  • Ụlọ nzukọ ndị dị na Cairo
  • Ọkachamara Europe

Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Burkitt (1897). Fragments of the Books of Kings, According to the Translation of Aquila from a MS formerly in the Geniza at Cairo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. “"From the style of the writing the MS must be dated in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century AD."” 
  2. ↑ Posegay (2022). "Searching for the Last Genizah Fragment in Late Ottoman Cairo: A Material Survey of Egyptian Jewish Literary Culture". International Journal of Middle East Studies 54 (FirstView). DOI:10.1017/S0020743822000356. 
  3. ↑ Goitein (1967–1993). A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-5202-2158-3. 
  4. 1 2 3 4 Cairo Genizah. Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved on October 23, 2022.. Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  5. 1 2 Dospel (June 1, 2022). Text Treasures: Cairo Geniza. Biblical Archaeology Society. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved on October 23, 2022.Dospel, Marek (June 1, 2022). "Text Treasures: Cairo Geniza". Biblical Archaeology Society. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 The Cairo Genizah, the Largest and Most Diverse Collection of Medieval Manuscripts in the World. History of Information. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved on October 23, 2022.. History of Information. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid parameter "<ref" in <ref> tag. The supported parameters are: details, dir, follow, group, name.
  7. ↑ Jefferson (2022). The Cairo Genizah and the Age of Discovery in Egypt. London: I.B. tauris, 191–207. 
  8. ↑ Schechter (1908). Studies in Judaism: Second Series. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1–12. 
  9. ↑ Hoffman (2011). Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza. New York: Nextbook, Schocken, 39. 
  10. ↑ Jefferson (2018). "Deconstructing "the Cairo Genizah": A Fresh Look at Genizah Manuscript Discoveries in Cairo before 1897". The Jewish Quarterly Review 108 (4): 422–448. DOI:10.1353/jqr.2018.0028. 
  11. ↑ Ghosh (1992). In an Antique Land. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-72783-3. 
  12. ↑ Glickman (2012). Sacred Treasure – the Cairo Genizah: The Amazing Discoveries of Forgotten Jewish History in an Egyptian Synagogue Attic. Jewish Lights Publishing, 28–29. ISBN 9781580235129. 
  13. ↑ Hoffman (2011). Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza. Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0-8052-4258-4. 
  14. 1 2 3 4 Glickman (2012), pp. 88-90.
  15. ↑ The Cairo Genizah Collection. Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved on 23 September 2013.
  16. ↑ Library Special Collections. www.jtsa.edu (2 February 2016). Retrieved on 2021-07-28.
  17. 1 2 Historic rivals join forces to save 1,000 years of Jewish history. Bodleian Libraries (8 February 2013). Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved on 23 February 2013.. Bodleian Libraries. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  18. 1 2 "Appeal to buy Lewis-Gibson Genizah Collection", BBC News Online. Retrieved on February 18, 2013.
  19. 1 2 Brody (Spring 1999 – Winter 2000). "Cataloguing the Cairo Genizah". Judaica Librarianship 10 (1–2): 29–30. DOI:10.14263/2330-2976.1149. Brody, Robert (Spring 1999 – Winter 2000). "Cataloguing the Cairo Genizah". Judaica Librarianship. 10 (1–2): 29–30. doi:10.14263/2330-2976.1149.
  20. ↑ Roberts (2014). Defending the Bible against "Christians". WestBow Press, 52–53. ISBN 9781490824086. Retrieved on 7 January 2021. 
  21. ↑ Shohat (2015). "The Question of Judeo-Arabic". The Arab Studies Journal 23 (1): 14–76. 
  22. ↑ Connolly (2021). "A Survey of Personal-Use Qurʾan Manuscripts Based on Fragments from the Cairo Genizah". Journal of Qurʾanic Studies 23 (2): 1–40. DOI:10.3366/jqs.2021.0465. 
  23. ↑ Cowley (1897). The Original Hebrew of a Portion of Ecclesiasticus. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
  24. ↑ Schechter (1898). "Genizah Specimens: Ecclesiasticus". Jewish Quarterly Review 10 (2): 197–206. DOI:10.2307/1450712. 
  25. ↑ Jefferson (2009). "A Genizah Secret: The Count d'Hulst and Letters Revealing the Race to Recover the Lost Leaves of the Original Ecclesiasticus". Journal of the History of Collections 21 (1): 125–142. DOI:10.1093/jhc/fhp003. 
  26. ↑ Schechter (1910). Fragments of a Zadokite Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
  27. ↑ The Fragments of Hebrew Manuscripts discovered in the binding of books in the Biblioteca del Dottorato of the University of Perugia. University of Perugia. Retrieved on 23 February 2013.
  28. ↑ "Ancient manuscripts indicate Jewish communities once thrived in Afghanistan", CBS, 3 January 2013. Retrieved on 4 December 2013.
  29. ↑ Kahle (1959). The Cairo Geniza, 2nd, Blackwell. ISBN 9780835779616. Retrieved on 2014-01-10. 
  30. ↑ Cairo Genizah : Book of Josippon. Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved on 2025-06-02.
  31. ↑ Zooniverse. Scribes of the Cairo Geniza. Retrieved on 15 September 2017.
  32. ↑ Text Searchable Database. Princeton Geniza Lab. Princeton University. Retrieved on 6 October 2023.
  33. ↑ Handwritten Text Recognition. Princeton Geniza Lab. Princeton university. Retrieved on 6 October 2023.
  34. ↑ Hawley (2005). Amitav Ghosh : an introduction. Delhi: Foundation Books. ISBN 81-7596-259-3. OCLC 63679806. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Testament of Time, Isi nke iri na asatọ, Knopf.
  • Glickman (2011). Sacred Treasure - The Cairo Genizah: The Amazing Discoveries of Forgotten Jewish History in an Egyptian Synagogue Attic. Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing. ISBN 978-1580234313. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ndụ Nzuzo nke ndị Juu nke Cairo", Book Review.
  • Reif (2000). A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo: The History of Cambridge University's Genizah Collection. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 978-0700713127. 

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