Carib asụsụ

Carib ma ọ bụ Kariʼnja bụ asụsụ Cariban nke ndị Kalina (Caribs) nke South America na-asụ. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 7,400 na-asụ ya na Brazil, Guianas na Venezuela . A na-ekewa asụsụ a ugbu a dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe egwu dị ukwuu, ^[1] n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị ndị okenye na-asụ ya.

Aha

A na-eji ọtụtụ aha mara asụsụ a ma ndị na-asụ ya ma ndị si mba ọzọ. Na omenala, a mara ya dị ka "Carib" ma ọ bụ "Carib kwesịrị ekwesị" na bekee, mgbe ndị na-asụ ya, na-akpọ "Caribs" na bekee. A maara ya Caribe na Spanish, Galina na French, na Karaïeb na Dutch. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-akpọ onwe ha Kalina ma ọ bụ Karina (a na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche), ma na-akpọ asụsụ ha Karyana auran [kaɽiɁnʲauɽaŋ] . ^[2] Ndị ọzọ dị iche iche gụnyere Kaliʼna, Kariʼnja, Cariña, Kariña, Kalihna, Kalinya ; Aha obodo ndị ọzọ gụnyere Maraworno na Marwarno .

Na Suriname, e nwere obodo a na-akpọ Konomerume nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wajambo. Ebe ihe dị ka mmadụ 349 bi n’ebe ahụ, ihe ka n’ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ekwu na ha bụ ndị Kariʼnja si n’agbụrụ nakwa ndị maara asụsụ ahụ, a na-akọ na ndị toro eto ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ maara ya nke ọma. Ndị na-erubeghị afọ 65 na-eji asụsụ ahụ dị ka asụsụ mbụ n'etiti ndị otu obodo. Ndị na-ekwu okwu n'agbata afọ 45 na 65 na-eji asụsụ ahụ naanị mgbe ha na ndị agadi bi ma ọ bụ ndị okenye nke ezinụlọ ha na-ekwurịta okwu, ebe ọtụtụ akụkụ na-eji asụsụ gọọmentị: Dutch na Sranan Tongo . Ndị na-eto eto nọ n’agbata afọ 20 na 40 na-aghọtakarị asụsụ ahụ ma ha adịghị asụ ya, ụmụaka na-amụtakwa ihe banyere Kariʼnja n’ụlọ akwụkwọ. ^[3]

Olumba

Olumba Carib (nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu egosiri na mbikọ): ^[2]

Venezuelan Carib (1000)
Guyanese Carib (2000)
Western Surinamese Carib (500)
Eastern Surinamese na French Guianese Carib (3000)
- Suriname nwere olumba abụọ nke Kariʼnja: Aretyry nke a na-asụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe etiti mba ahụ, na Tyrewuju bụ ihe ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Kariʼnja na Suriname ji eme ihe. ^[1]

fonology

N’asụsụ Kariʼnja, e nwere ụkpụrụ okwu ọnụ anọ: V, CV, VC, CVC; C na-eguzo maka consonants ebe V pụtara ụdaume. Banyere fọnịm, a na-ekewa consonants ụzọ abụọ: ihe mgbochi (nkwụsị na-enweghị olu—p, t, k) na resonants (nkwụsị olu—b, d, g, s). ^[4]

Kariʼnja nwere usoro udaume 6 na-ahụkarị mgbe *ô jikọtara ya na * o, ịbụ aeiou ï. E jiri ya tụnyere Kariʼnja gara aga, Kariʼnja nke oge a edochiela e n'ọtụtụ okwu ka o . ^[5]

Consonants
		Bilabial	eze	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Ihu imi		m	n
Plosive	enweghị olu	p	t			k	ʔ ~ h
Plosive	kwuputara	b	d			ɡ
Nke na-ese okwu				s
Kpatụ/Kwụsịa				ɾ
Semivowel		w			j

Udaume
	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i	ɨ	u
N'etiti	e		o
Mepee		a

Allphone maka /rwt/ gụnyere ụda dị ka [ɽ β, v tʃ]. /s/ tupu /i/ enwere ike ịkpọ ya [ʃ]. /n/ tupu e nwee ike ịkpọ consonant dị ka [ŋ] na kwa [ɲ] n'ebe ọzọ. Ụda ọzọ, nke na-agba [h~x], na-apụtakarị n'ihu consonant a na-ekwu ma ọ bụ na-enweghị olu, ma na-agachite ụdaume, ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ allophone nke /ʔ/. ^[4] ^[2]

Alphabet

Mkpụrụedemede Carib nwere mkpụrụedemede iri na ise:

a, e, i, j, k, `, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y . ^[2]

Ụtọ asụsụ

Enwere irighiri ihe iri na asaa n'ime Kariʼnja nke gunyere ky- prefix na suffix -ng . ^[6]

Okwu okwu

Olumba niile nke Kariʼnja nwere okwu mbinye ego sitere n'asụsụ isi obodo (Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana). Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị Kariʼnja a na-asụ n’asụsụ Suriname si na Dutch na Sranantongo nweta okwu . ^[1]

Ihe atụ

Bekee	Kari'nja nke oge a
abuo	[oko]
nkume	[topu]
ahuhu	[siko]
ugwu	[wipi]
axe	[wïwï]
onye	[itoto]
nke e gwuru	[Ø-atoka-apo]
onye nwuru	[i-tjoroty-ypo]
peccary/javelina	[pakira]

Ụfọdụ okwu ndị ahụ na-egosi ihe atụ ndị e ji dochie o na Kariʼnja nke oge a. ^[5] Okwu abụọ dị n'okpuru mkpụrụokwu otu na-egosi ihe atụ nke suffixes abụọ. ^[7]

Ntụaka

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Carlin (2014). In and Out of Suriname: Language, Mobility and Identity (in en). BRILL. ISBN 9789004280120. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Courtz (2008). A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Magoria Books. ISBN 978-0978170769. Retrieved on May 22, 2014. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Yamada (2014). "Training in the Community-Collaborative Context: A Case Study". Language Documentation & Conservation 8: 326–344.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 (1972) in Grimes: Languages of the Guianas. Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. Grimes, Joseph E., ed. (1972). Languages of the Guianas (PDF). Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Gildea (2010). "The Story of *ô in the Cariban Family", in Berez: Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 91–123. Gildea, Spike (2010). "The Story of *ô in the Cariban Family" (PDF). In Berez, Andrea L.; Mulder, Jean; Rosenblum, Daisy (eds.). Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 91–123. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Yamada (2011). "A New Approach to ky- and -ng in Kariʼnja: Evidentiality or Something Else?". International Journal of American Linguistics 77 (1): 59–89. DOI:10.1086/657328.
↑ Patient Nominalization > Passive in Panare and Ye'kwana (Cariban). voice-systems-workshop.wdfiles.com. Retrieved on 2016-05-04.

Njikọ mpụga

Ndepụta okwu Ka'lina (Carib) (sitere na ebe nchekwa data nbinye ego ụwa)
Surinamese Carib - Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị
Akụrụngwa ọdịyo sitere na ebe nchekwa MPI-PL maka akụrụngwa asụsụ, nke sitere na data nke Dr. Berend Hoff na oge 1955-1965
Otu esi agụta na Kali'na
Vidio nke onye na-asụ Kariʼnja dịkwa ebe a .
Asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ Kariʼnja profaịlụ
Kariʼnja isi nkebiokwu vs akpaokwu ahapụtara
Nkuzi nkuzi nke Kariʼnja
Carib fonology
JSTOR 1264257 Asụsụ Carib
Ihe ndekọ ELAR nke Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Kariʼnja na akwụkwọ vidiyo
De'kwana ( Intercontinental Dictionary Series )
Portal Japiim (akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị)

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Carlin (2014). In and Out of Suriname: Language, Mobility and Identity (in en). BRILL. ISBN 9789004280120. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[:2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Courtz (2008). A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Magoria Books. ISBN 978-0978170769. Retrieved on May 22, 2014. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content

[3] Yamada (2014). "Training in the Community-Collaborative Context: A Case Study". Language Documentation & Conservation 8: 326–344.

[:3-4] 4.0 ^4.1 (1972) in Grimes: Languages of the Guianas. Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. Grimes, Joseph E., ed. (1972). Languages of the Guianas (PDF). Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content

[:1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Gildea (2010). "The Story of *ô in the Cariban Family", in Berez: Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 91–123. Gildea, Spike (2010). "The Story of *ô in the Cariban Family" (PDF). In Berez, Andrea L.; Mulder, Jean; Rosenblum, Daisy (eds.). Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 91–123. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

[6] Yamada (2011). "A New Approach to ky- and -ng in Kariʼnja: Evidentiality or Something Else?". International Journal of American Linguistics 77 (1): 59–89. DOI:10.1086/657328.

[7] Patient Nominalization > Passive in Panare and Ye'kwana (Cariban). voice-systems-workshop.wdfiles.com. Retrieved on 2016-05-04.

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