Carib asụsụ
Carib ma ọ bụ Kariʼnja bụ asụsụ Cariban nke ndị Kalina (Caribs) nke South America na-asụ. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 7,400 na-asụ ya na Brazil, Guianas na Venezuela . A na-ekewa asụsụ a ugbu a dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe egwu dị ukwuu, [1] n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị ndị okenye na-asụ ya.
Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-eji ọtụtụ aha mara asụsụ a ma ndị na-asụ ya ma ndị si mba ọzọ. Na omenala, a mara ya dị ka "Carib" ma ọ bụ "Carib kwesịrị ekwesị" na bekee, mgbe ndị na-asụ ya, na-akpọ "Caribs" na bekee. A maara ya Caribe na Spanish, Galina na French, na Karaïeb na Dutch. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-akpọ onwe ha Kalina ma ọ bụ Karina (a na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche), ma na-akpọ asụsụ ha Karyana auran [kaɽiɁnʲauɽaŋ] . [2] Ndị ọzọ dị iche iche gụnyere Kaliʼna, Kariʼnja, Cariña, Kariña, Kalihna, Kalinya ; Aha obodo ndị ọzọ gụnyere Maraworno na Marwarno .
Na Suriname, e nwere obodo a na-akpọ Konomerume nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wajambo. Ebe ihe dị ka mmadụ 349 bi n’ebe ahụ, ihe ka n’ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ekwu na ha bụ ndị Kariʼnja si n’agbụrụ nakwa ndị maara asụsụ ahụ, a na-akọ na ndị toro eto ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ maara ya nke ọma. Ndị na-erubeghị afọ 65 na-eji asụsụ ahụ dị ka asụsụ mbụ n'etiti ndị otu obodo. Ndị na-ekwu okwu n'agbata afọ 45 na 65 na-eji asụsụ ahụ naanị mgbe ha na ndị agadi bi ma ọ bụ ndị okenye nke ezinụlọ ha na-ekwurịta okwu, ebe ọtụtụ akụkụ na-eji asụsụ gọọmentị: Dutch na Sranan Tongo . Ndị na-eto eto nọ n’agbata afọ 20 na 40 na-aghọtakarị asụsụ ahụ ma ha adịghị asụ ya, ụmụaka na-amụtakwa ihe banyere Kariʼnja n’ụlọ akwụkwọ. [3]
Olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba Carib (nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu egosiri na mbikọ): [2]
- Venezuelan Carib (1000)
- Guyanese Carib (2000)
- Western Surinamese Carib (500)
- Eastern Surinamese na French Guianese Carib (3000)
- Suriname nwere olumba abụọ nke Kariʼnja: Aretyry nke a na-asụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe etiti mba ahụ, na Tyrewuju bụ ihe ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Kariʼnja na Suriname ji eme ihe. [1]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N’asụsụ Kariʼnja, e nwere ụkpụrụ okwu ọnụ anọ: V, CV, VC, CVC; C na-eguzo maka consonants ebe V pụtara ụdaume. Banyere fọnịm, a na-ekewa consonants ụzọ abụọ: ihe mgbochi (nkwụsị na-enweghị olu—p, t, k) na resonants (nkwụsị olu—b, d, g, s). [4]
Kariʼnja nwere usoro udaume 6 na-ahụkarị mgbe *ô jikọtara ya na * o, ịbụ aeiou ï. E jiri ya tụnyere Kariʼnja gara aga, Kariʼnja nke oge a edochiela e n'ọtụtụ okwu ka o . [5]
| Bilabial | eze | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ihu imi | m | n | |||||
| Plosive | enweghị olu | p | t | k | ʔ ~ h | ||
| kwuputara | b | d | ɡ | ||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | s | ||||||
| Kpatụ/Kwụsịa | ɾ | ||||||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||||
| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i | ɨ | u |
| N'etiti | e | o | |
| Mepee | a |
Allphone maka /rwt/ gụnyere ụda dị ka [ɽ β, v tʃ]. /s/ tupu /i/ enwere ike ịkpọ ya [ʃ]. /n/ tupu e nwee ike ịkpọ consonant dị ka [ŋ] na kwa [ɲ] n'ebe ọzọ. Ụda ọzọ, nke na-agba [h~x], na-apụtakarị n'ihu consonant a na-ekwu ma ọ bụ na-enweghị olu, ma na-agachite ụdaume, ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ allophone nke /ʔ/. [4] [2]
Alphabet
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụedemede Carib nwere mkpụrụedemede iri na ise:
a, e, i, j, k, `, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y . [2]
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere irighiri ihe iri na asaa n'ime Kariʼnja nke gunyere ky- prefix na suffix -ng . [6]
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Olumba niile nke Kariʼnja nwere okwu mbinye ego sitere n'asụsụ isi obodo (Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana). Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị Kariʼnja a na-asụ n’asụsụ Suriname si na Dutch na Sranantongo nweta okwu . [1]
Ihe atụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Bekee | Kari'nja nke oge a |
|---|---|
| abuo | [oko] |
| nkume | [topu] |
| ahuhu | [siko] |
| ugwu | [wipi] |
| axe | [wïwï] |
| onye | [itoto] |
| nke e gwuru | [Ø-atoka-apo] |
| onye nwuru | [i-tjoroty-ypo] |
| peccary/javelina | [pakira] |
Ụfọdụ okwu ndị ahụ na-egosi ihe atụ ndị e ji dochie o na Kariʼnja nke oge a. [5] Okwu abụọ dị n'okpuru mkpụrụokwu otu na-egosi ihe atụ nke suffixes abụọ. [7]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Carlin (2014). In and Out of Suriname: Language, Mobility and Identity (in en). BRILL. ISBN 9789004280120. Carlin, Eithne B.; Léglise, Isabelle; Migge, Bettina; Tjon Sie Fat, Paul B. (2014). In and Out of Suriname: Language, Mobility and Identity. BRILL. ISBN 9789004280120.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Courtz (2008). A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Magoria Books. ISBN 978-0978170769. Retrieved on May 22, 2014. Courtz, Henk (2008). A Carib Grammar and Dictionary (PDF). Magoria Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0978170769. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
- ↑ Yamada (2014). "Training in the Community-Collaborative Context: A Case Study". Language Documentation & Conservation 8: 326–344.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 (1972) in Grimes: Languages of the Guianas. Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gildea (2010). "The Story of *ô in the Cariban Family", in Berez: Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 91–123.
- ↑ Yamada (2011). "A New Approach to ky- and -ng in Kariʼnja: Evidentiality or Something Else?". International Journal of American Linguistics 77 (1): 59–89. DOI:10.1086/657328.
- ↑ Patient Nominalization > Passive in Panare and Ye'kwana (Cariban). voice-systems-workshop.wdfiles.com. Retrieved on 2016-05-04.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndepụta okwu Ka'lina (Carib) (sitere na ebe nchekwa data nbinye ego ụwa)
- Surinamese Carib - Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị
- Akụrụngwa ọdịyo sitere na ebe nchekwa MPI-PL maka akụrụngwa asụsụ, nke sitere na data nke Dr. Berend Hoff na oge 1955-1965
- Otu esi agụta na Kali'na
- Vidio nke onye na-asụ Kariʼnja dịkwa ebe a .
- Asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ Kariʼnja profaịlụ
- Kariʼnja isi nkebiokwu vs akpaokwu ahapụtara
- Nkuzi nkuzi nke Kariʼnja
- Carib fonology
- JSTOR 1264257 Asụsụ Carib
- Ihe ndekọ ELAR nke Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Kariʼnja na akwụkwọ vidiyo
- De'kwana ( Intercontinental Dictionary Series )
- Portal Japiim (akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị)