Chaatị osisi nke Marshall Islands

Ndị Marshallese mere ma jiri chaatị mkpịrịsị jiri ụgbọ mmiri gagharịa n'Oké Osimiri Pasifik n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri Marshall Islands. Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ nke oke osimiri na-esikwa ike yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, nke a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-aza nke ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.

A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na etiti nke ahịhịa akị bekee ndị a na-eke ọnụ iji mepụta usoro mepere emepe. A na-anọchite anya ebe agwaetiti site na mkpokoro ndị e kegidere na etiti ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na njikọ nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Akara ndị ahụ na-anọchite anya oke osimiri na ntụziaka ha weere ka ha na-eru nso n'àgwàetiti ma zute oke mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri ya nke e guzobere site na mbata na mbata nke ndị na-emebi ihe. Chaatị nke ọ bụla dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere chaatị ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ojiji nke chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị mgbe teknụzụ eletrọniki ọhụrụ mere ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịnya ụgbọ mmiri na njem n'etiti agwaetiti site na ụgbọ mmiri belata.

Mkpa ọ pụtara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eserese

Chaatị osisi bụ onyinye dị ịrịba ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eserese n'ihi na ha na-anọchite anya usoro eserese nke oke osimiri, nke a na-emetụbeghị. Ha na-ejikwa ihe dị iche iche sitere na nke a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ha bụ ihe na-egosi na mapụ oge ochie nwere ike ịdịworị dị nnọọ iche, ma tinyekwa ihe dị iche iche n’ụwa, site na maapụ ndị anyị na-eji taa.

A na-amụ ma buru map ndị ahụ n'isi tupu njem, ma na-ajụ ha n'oge njem, ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro njem ọdịnala ebe a na-enyocha map ugboro ugboro ma na-eme atụmatụ isi na ọmụmụ ma tupu ma n'oge ịnya ụgbọ mmiri. Ndị na-eme njem n'ụgbọ mmiri na Marshallese jiri ikike ha na ncheta ha na-eduzi ha na njem site na ikpere ala ma ọ bụ dinara n'ụgbụgbọ mmiri iji nwee mmetụta nke a na-atụgharị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ site na mbugharị dị n'okpuru.

Mmiri nke oké osimiri nke Marshallese ghọtara

Ndị Marshallese ghọtara nnukwu oke osimiri anọ: rilib, kaelib, bungdockerik na bundockeing.^[1] Ndị na-eme njem na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta nke agwaetiti na igbochi mgbagwoju anya na ịmepụta mgbagwoju ike ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ma ha lekwasịrị anya karịsịa na ntugharị nke swells ka ha na-ezute na mkpọda ugwu nke agwaetiti dị n'okpuru osimiri na mgbada nke zara gburugburu agwaetiti ka ha na-emekọrịta ihe na ọzịza na-esi n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-abịa. A na-eji osisi na eri gbagọrọ agbagọ nọchiri anya ụdị mgbawa anọ ahụ n'ọtụtụ eserese osisi.

Rilib Mgbasawanye

Rilib swells bụ nke kachasị ike n'ime mmiri anọ dị n'oké osimiri ma a na-akpọ ya "backbone" swells. Ha na-emepụta site na ifufe azụmahịa nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ma na-adị n'oge afọ dum, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha na-abanyeghị n'ebe ndịda dị ka Marshall Islands. Marshallese weere na mgbawa nke rilib na-abịa site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọ bụ ezie na akụkụ nke ifufe yana mmetụta nke oke osimiri gbanwere ntụziaka mgbawa.

Kaelib Mgbasawanye

Mgbasawanyenke kaelib adịghị ike karịa rilib na naanị ndị maara ihe ga-achọpụta ya, mana ọ dịkwa ugbu a n'afọ.

Bungdockerik Mgbasawanye

bungdockerik na-adịkwa n'afọ niile ma na-ebilite na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Mmiri a na-adịkarị ike dị ka rilib na agwaetiti ndịda.

Bundockeing Mgbasawanye

Ọfụma bundockeing bụ nke kachasị ike n'ime ọfụma anọ ahụ, a na-enwekarị mmetụta na agwaetiti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu.

Ụdị chaatị

Chaatị osisi na-adaba n'ụdị atọ: mattang, meddo (ma ọ bụ medo), na rebbelib (ma ọ bụrụ Nnupụisi).

Chaatị Mattang

Chaatị osisi mattang bụ chaatị a na-ejighị n'aka nke a na-eji maka ntụziaka na maka ịkụzi ụkpụrụ nke ịgụ otu agwaetiti si emebi ọfụma.

Chaatị Meddo

Chaatị meddo gosiri ezigbo agwaetiti na ndị ikwu ha ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ha. Chaatị Meddo gosikwara ntụzịaka nke nnukwu oke osimiri na-agbaze, ka etu ọzịza ndị ahụ si agba gburugburu agwaetiti ndị akọwapụtara ma jikọta ibe ha, na anya site na ụgbọ mmiri nke enwere ike ịhụ agwaetiti. Chaatị meddo gosipụtara naanị otu akụkụ nke otu n'ime agbụ agwaetiti abụọ ahụ.

Chaatị Rebbelib

Eserese Rebbelib gosipụtara otu ozi dị ka eserese meddo, mana ọdịiche dị na nsonye nke agwaetiti ndị ahụ. Chaatị Rebbelib, n'adịghị ka eserese meddo, gụnyere ihe niile ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ n'agbụ nke agwaetiti.

Mbufe ihe ọmụma

Ndị Marshall Island niile emebeghị ma jiri eserese mkpịrịsị. Naanị ndị ọchịchị ole na ole ahọpụtara maara usoro e si eme maapụ ahụ, a na-ebufekwa ihe ọmụma ahụ naanị site na nna gaa na nwa nwoke. Ka ndị ọzọ wee nwee ike jiri nka nke onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe, ụgbọ mmiri iri na ise ma ọ bụ karịa na-eso otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nwere nkà n'iji chaatị ndị ahụ.

Ọ bụghị ruo na 1862 ka e kpughere usoro ụgbọelu a pụrụ iche na ọkwa ọha na eze nke onye ozi ala ọzọ bi na ya kwadebere. Ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 1890 ka onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, Captain Winkler nke Imperial German Navy kọwara ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu.^[2]Winkler abụrụla onye ọchịagha nke SMS Bussard, guzo na 1896 na Marshall Islands nke, n'oge ahụ, nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị German; O mechara kọwaa usoro ahụ na mbipụta 1898. Winkler nwere mmasị na chaatị osisi nke na o mere nnukwu mbọ iji chọpụta ụkpụrụ ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'azụ ha wee 'kwenye' ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ka ha kesaa otu esi eji chaatị osisi.

Hụkwa

Weriyeng
Map osisi Ammassalik

Ihe edeturu

↑ Lewis (1994). We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific, Second, University of Hawaii Press.
↑ Finney (1998). "13: Nautical Cartography and Traditional Navigation in Oceania", in Woodward: The History of Cartography.

Edensibia

Ascher, Marcia
- Ihe nlereanya na map sitere na Marshall Islands. A case in etnomathematics, Historia Mathematica, 22 (1995) 347-370.
- mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ebe ọzọ. Nnyocha nke Echiche n'ofe Ọdịbendị, Princeton University Press, 2002, peeji nke 89, 95-97, 101-125.
Bagrow, L. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Cartography. Mbipụta nke Abụọ. Chicago, Precedent Publishing, Inc., 1966.
Genz, J., Aucan, J., Merrifeld, M. , Finney, B., Joel, K., na Kelen, Alson, Wave Navigation in the Marshall Islands, Oceanography 22 (2009), No. 2., 234–245.
Woodward, D. na Malcolm Lewis, G. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eserese: eserese na ọdịnala Africa, America, Arctic, Australia, na Pacific Societies. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eserese: eserese na omenala Africa, America, Arctic, Australia, na Pacific Societies. Mpịakọta nke Abụọ, Akwụkwọ nke Atọ. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago na London, 1998.

Njikọ mpụga

Dirk HR Spennemann. Ụdị nkwurịta okwu ọdịnala na nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na Marshall Islands, isiokwu gụnyere nkọwa zuru oke nke chaatị osisi
Polynesian Stick Charts, gụnyere ọtụtụ foto
Micronesian Stick Charts[usurped], eserese na foto. E debere ya.
stampụ Marshall Islands nwere chaatị osisi, na nkọwa
Onye nduzi nke Marshall Islands
Tingley. "The Secrets of the Wave Pilots", The New York Times, 2016-03-17. Retrieved on 2016-05-15.
Vidio dị mkpirikpi banyere igodo site na mgbagwoju anya nke oké osimiri na chaatị mkpịsị aka site na NOAA.
Reddit posts na-egosi chaatị osisi: 1, 2
Nkwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụgbọ mmiri mara mma: ntụgharị, ntụgharị, na ime ka "ụgbọ mmiri dị elu" dịghachi ndụ, Joseph H. Genz, 2016

[1] Lewis (1994). We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific, Second, University of Hawaii Press.

[2] Finney (1998). "13: Nautical Cartography and Traditional Navigation in Oceania", in Woodward: The History of Cartography.

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