Charlotte Delbo
Charlotte Delbo (10 Ọgọst 1913 - 1 Machị 1985) bụ onye edemede French nke a maara nke ọma maka akụkọ ihe mere eme ya n'oge ọ bụ onye mkpọrọ na Auschwitz, ebe e zigara ya maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye otu French Resistance .
Oge ọ malitere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Charlotte Delbo na Vigneux-sur-Seine, Essonne nso Paris na 1913, nwa Charles Delbo si na ngalaba French nke Sarthe, na Ermini (née Morero) onye si Ịtali kwaga France mgbe ọ dị afọ 18.[1][2]
Ọ dọtara mmasị na ihe nkiri na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ọ bụ nwata, sonyeere French Young Communist Women's League na 1932. Ọ zutere ma lụọ George Dudach afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. Ka e mesịrị n'ime afọ iri ahụ, ọ gara rụọ ọrụ maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri Louis Jouvet ma soro ụlọ ọrụ ya na Buenos Aires mgbe ndị agha Wehrmacht wakporo ma weghara France na 1940.
Ọ gaara echere ịlaghachi mgbe Philippe Pétain, onye ndú nke Ọchịchị Vichy, guzobere ụlọ ikpe pụrụ iche na 1941 iji mesoo ndị otu nnupụisi ahụ. Otu mara enyi ya, onye na-eto eto na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ aha ya bụ Andre Woog, ikpe ọnwụ. "Enweghị m ike iguzogide ịnọ n'udo mgbe a na-egbu ndị ọzọ", ka ọ gwara Jouvet. "Agaghị m enwe ike ile onye ọ bụla anya".
Nguzogide na njide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ihi ya, ya na Dudach laghachiri Paris, onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nguzogide ahụ dị ka onye ozi e kenyere onye na-ede uri a ma ama n'ụwa niile Louis Aragon. Di na nwunye ahụ jiri ọtụtụ oge n'oge oyi ahụ bipụta ma kesaa akwụkwọ nta na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emegide Nazi Germany na-agụ. Ha ghọrọ akụkụ nke otu dị gburugburu onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Kọmunist Georges Politzer, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo Lettres Françaises.
Na ụbọchị abụọ nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 1942, ndị uwe ojii sooro onye ozi na-enweghị nlezianya gaa n'ụlọ ha, wee jide George na Charlotte. Onye ozi ahụ nwere ike ịgbapụ site na windo azụ.
oge n'ogige
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A gbagburu Dudach n'ụtụtụ ụbọchị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Mee mgbe e kwechara ya ka nwunye ya sị ya gaa nke ọma.[3] E jidere Delbo n'ogige ndị na-agafe agafe dị nso na Paris maka afọ fọdụrụnụ; mgbe ahụ na 23 Jenụwarị 1943 ya na ụmụ nwanyị France 229 ndị ọzọ, ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ maka ọrụ nguzogide ha, ka a kpọgara n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè maka Ogige ịta ahụhụ Auschwitz, n'ihe a maara dị ka Convoi des 31000. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mkpọrọ ole na ole na-abụghị ndị Juu si France gaa n'ogige ahụ (ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka e zigara n'ogbe ịta ahụhụ Mauthausen-Gusen ma ọ bụ ogige ndị ọzọ maka ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị) na naanị ndị inyom. Naanị 49 laghachiri; o dere banyere ahụmịhe a mgbe e mesịrị na Le convoi du 24 janvier (nke e bipụtara n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka Convoy to Auschwitz). [4]
Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ a ma ama na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier, nwa nwanyị nke onye nchịkọta akụkọ magazin Lucien Vogel na onye na-eme ihe ike nke Communist Resistance, onye ga-emecha gbaa akaebe na Nuremberg Trials nke ndị omempụ agha; France Rondeaux, nwa nwanne André Gide; Vittoria "Viva" Daubeuf, nwa nwanyị onye ndú ndị Socialist nke Ịtali na onye ga-abụ osote praịm minista nke L'Humanité; Marie "Mai" Politzer, onye na onye na dọkịta Hautvin, onye na-Lange, ga-agba akaebe na onye na onye ọkachamara n'ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ndị Nazi; Ọ bụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ (ndị ọzọ bụ Laure Gatet na Madeleine Dechavassine) na a họọrọ mmadụ ole na ole, gụnyere Delbo, ka ha rụọ ọrụ ugbo kok-saghyz ma lanarị.
Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ bụ ndị ogbenye na ndị na-amaghị akwụkwọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Kọmunist niile. Otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, Danielle Casanova,ga-eto dị ka onye nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe ya na ihe nlereanya maka ọtụtụ afọ. Delbo mechara katọọ ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo Casanova. Ọ kwanyere ndị enyi ya na-arụ ọrụ dịka Lulu Thevenin, Christiane "Cecile" Charua (nke mechara lụọ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye Mauthausen dị ndụ Jose Borras), Jeannette "Carmen" Serre, Madeleine Doiret, na Simone "Poupette" Alizon, ọtụtụ n'ime ha pụtara ìhè na akụkọ ihe mere anya ya.
Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọ na Auschwitz, nke mbụ na Birkenau ma mesịa n'ogige Satellite Raisko, ruo ihe dị ka otu afọ tupu e zigara ha Ravensbrück ma mesịa hapụ ha n'aka ndị isi Swedish nke International Red Cross na 1945 ka agha ahụ na-eru nso. Mgbe ọ gbakere, Delbo laghachiri France.
Mgbe agha biri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]O dere nnukwu ọrụ ya, trilogy bipụtara dị ka Auschwitz and After ("Ọ dịghị onye n'ime anyị ga-alọghachi", "Ihe Ọmụma Na-abaghị Uru" na "Ụkpụrụ nke Ụbọchị Anyị,") n'afọ ndị ahụ ozugbo agha ahụ gasịrị mana o kwụsịtụrụ ibipụta akụkụ mbụ ahụ ruo 1965 iji nye akwụkwọ ahụ ule oge, n'ihi egwu o nwere na ọ gaghị eme ihe ziri ezi nye ọdachi kachasị ukwuu nke ụmụ mmadụ maara. E bipụtara mpịakọta ikpeazụ na 1970 na 1971.
Egwuregwu "Qui Rapportera Ces Paroles?" (Ònye ga-ebu Okwu?) bụ maka ahụmịhe Delbo na Birkenau.
N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ hapụrụ Ọchịchị Kọmunist, nke nwere mmetụta dị ka ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide (David Rousset na Jorge Semprún n'etiti ha) site na ikpughe ogige ịta ahụhụ na Soviet Union.
Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nọgidere na-adị ike: n'oge Agha Algeria, o bipụtara "Les belles lettres", nchịkọta nke arịrịọ na-eme mkpesa megide iwu ndị France. Ọ lụbeghị di ọzọ.
N'ime afọ 1960, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka United Nations na ọkà ihe ọmụma Henri Lefebvre, onye ya na Politzer rụkọtara ọrụ tupu agha ahụ.
Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa akpa ume n'afọ 1985.
Emume ncheta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A kpọrọ ọbá akwụkwọ dị na Paris aha ya: Bibliotheque Charlotte Delbo [5]
Ọrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ amaghị Delbo nke ọma, n'ime obodo ndị na-ede akwụkwọ banyere Holocaust, a na-akwanyere ya ùgwù nke ukwuu, a malitekwara inye ọrụ ya dịka akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mahadum.
Ihe omimi a bụ n'ihi na ọrụ ya pụtara na nso nso a na nsụgharị Bekee; nakwa n'ihi nde akwụkwọ edemede Holocaust lekwasịrị anya na ndị edemede dịka Anne Frank, Primo Levi na Elie Wiesel bụ ndị nọ na-ebipụta ogologo oge.
Mana ọ bụ usoro ya bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi iji merie. Dị ka Tadeusz Borowski, onye ọzọ na-abụghị onye Juu e zigara Auschwitz maka ọrụ nguzogide, ọ họọrọ ụzọ na-adịchaghị mma ịkọ ahụmahụ ya karịa akụkọ Levi na Wiesel.
Inga Clendinnen kwuru na Delbo dekọrọ "ahụmịhe kachasị omimi nke onwe ya," okwu gbasara ime obodo, ụjọ na nkụda mmụọ n'oge ime ihe ike n'ogige ndị ahụ.[6]
Ụkpụrụ nduzi ya bụ, dịka ọ na-akọwa ya mgbe niile, Essayez de regarder. Essayez pour voir, ma ọ bụ nke a sụgharịrị mgbe ọ na-apụta dị ka ihe na-emegharị n'ọrụ ya, "Gbalịa ile anya. "
Delbo's work has been very influential already for a number of other scholars in addition to Haft and Lamot, such as Lawrence L. Langer, Nicole Thatcher, Geoffrey Hartman, Marlene Heinemann, Robert Skloot, Kali Tal, Erin Mae Clark, Joan M. Ringelheim, Debarati Sanyal, and many others. Feminists are showing an increasing interest in her work, though Delbo did not identify herself as a feminist. [citation needed]
Ntụgharị Bekee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E bipụtara nsụgharị Bekee nke Aucun de nous ne reviendra (Ọ dịghị onye n'ime anyị ga-alọghachi), nke John Githens sụgharịrị, na 1968 site n'aka Grove Press.
Nsụgharị nke Qui Rapportera Ces Paroles? (Who Will Carry the Word?) bụ nke Dr. Cynthia Haft dechara ma gosipụta na 'The Theatre of the Holocaust' nke Robert Skloot dezigharịrị ma bipụta na 1982 site na Mahadum Wisconsin Press. A sụgharịrị Auschwitz na After trilogy dum, nke Rosette C. Lamont, na US na 1995, afọ iri mgbe onye edemede ahụ nwụsịrị.[7]
Delbo bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị French Resistance n'akwụkwọ A Train in Winter nke onye Britain na-ede akụkọ ndụ Caroline Moorehead, bipụtara na 2011.
Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Auschwitz and After, Yale University Press, (1997), Ọ dịghị onye n'ime anyị ga-alaghachi ihe ọmụma na-abaghị uru The Measure of Our Days
- Ọ dịghị Onye n'ime Anyị ga-alaghachi
- Ihe ọmụma na-abaghị uru
- Ụkpụrụ Anyị Na-erule Ụbọchị Anyị
- Ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Jenụwarị 24 (Convoy to Auschwitz), Northeastern University Press, (1997),
- Ònye Ga-eburu Okwu ahụ
- Akwụkwọ ozi ndị mara mma
- Ụbọchị na Ncheta[8]
Edensibịa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ "Delbo, Charlotte (1913–1985)". encyclopedia.com.
- ↑ Moorehead, Caroline (2011-11-01). A Train in Winter: An Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship and Survival in World War Two (in Bekee). Random House of Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-36667-2.
- ↑ "Bibliothèque municipale Charlotte Delbo -- Bibliothèque municipale de Paris". librarytechnology.org. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
- ↑ Clendinnen, Inga (2002). Reading the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. pg. 51-52
- ↑ Hedges, Inez (2021). Staging History: Three Plays and Essays on WWII and its Aftermath (in English). London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3–4, 19–26, 40–41, 87–93. ISBN 978-3-030-84009-9.
{{cite cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ "Days and Memory by Charlotte Delbo". www.publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
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