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Chhaupadi

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A na-eme ka ụmụ agbọghọ mara ihe site na agụmakwụkwọ iji gbanwee ma ọ bụ kpochapụ omume nke chhaupadi na Nepal.

Chhaupadi (Nepali: छाउपडी [t͡sʰau̯pʌɽi] ⓘ) bụ ụdị nsọ nsọ nke na-amachibido ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ isonye na mmemme ezinaụlọ nkịtị mgbe ha na-ahụ nsọ, n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dị ka "adịghị ọcha". Ekwuru na a na-eme Chhaupadi n'ụzọ bụ isi na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Nepal, mana otu ahụ ka ọ dịkwa maka ndị bi n'obodo. A na-eme ya na obodo niile nwere aha dị iche iche ma na-eme ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche

N'oge chhaupadi, a na-amachibido ụmụ nwanyị iwu n'ụlọ ma mee ka ha biri n'ụlọ ehi (karịsịa na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ), ma ọ bụ ebe obibi nke a na-akpọ ụlọ nsọ nwanyị, ruo ogologo oge nke oge ha. Ịmụ nwa na Nepal na-ebutekwa n'ụdị njide yiri nke ahụ. N'oge ịhụ nsọ, a na-amachibido ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha na-ekere òkè n'ihe omume ndụ kwa ụbọchị nakwa ka ha na ndị obodo ha na-akpakọrịta..

Mmalite

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Okwu Chhaupadi sitere na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Nepal. Omume chhaupadi sitere na nkwenkwe ụgha na ịhụ nsọ na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịdị ọcha nwa oge. Echiche ụgha a sitere n'akụkọ ifo na Indra kere nsọ nsọ ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ isi kesa ọbụbụ ọnụ.[1][2] N'usoro nkwenye a, a na-eche na ọ bụrụ na nwanyị na-ahụ nsọ emetụ osisi aka, ọ gaghị amị mkpụrụ ọzọ; ọ buru na ọ rie miri-ara-ehi, ehi ahu agaghi-enye kwa miri-ara-ehi ọzọ; ọ bụrụ na ọ gụọ akwụkwọ, Saraswati, chi nwanyị mmụta, ga-ewe iwe; ọ bụrụ na o metụ nwoke aka, ọ ga-arịa ọrịa.

Obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ nke dị na Mugu district nke Far-Western Nepal.

Omume a na-aga n'ihu n'ime ime obodo bụ isi na Western Nepal. A na-akpọkwa ya 'chhue' ma ọ bụ 'bahirhunu' na Dadeldhura, Baitadi na Darchula, 'chhaupadi' na Achham, na 'chaukulla' ma ọ bụ 'chaukudi' na mpaghara Bajhang.[1] A na-emekwa ya na mba niile, naanị ihe dị iche bụ ụzọ omume na otú ọ siri sie ike.


Nkọwa

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Omenala a na-amalite site n'oge ịhụ nsọ nke mbụ nwa agbọghọ nọ n'afọ iri na anọ, mgbe ọ na-anọ n'ime ụlọ a na-ehi ụra ruo ụbọchị iri na anọ; emesia, ọ ga-anọrịrị oge nke oge ọnwa ọ bụla n'ụlọ awụsara ahụ, ruo mgbe ọ ga-eru nso. Ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị bi n'obodo ukwu na-agbasokwa omume ahụ site n'ibi ndụ iche n'ime otu ọnụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ. Ọzọkwa, ndị inyom ka mụrụ ọhụrụ ga-anọrịrị n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ha na ụmụ ha ruo izu abụọ.[1]

A na-achọ ka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-ahụ maka ịhụ nsọ nọpụrụ iche n'ezinụlọ ha, a machibido ha ịbanye n'ụlọ, kichin, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ nsọ. N'oge a, ha na-anọ n'ihe a na-akpọkarị ụlọ nsọ, nke a na-ejikarị osisi ma ọ bụ nkume eme. N'ebe ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịnọpụ iche na ezinụlọ ha n'ime ụlọ dị iche na ụlọ ahụ, dị ka ụlọ nkwakọba ihe eji echekwa ngwá ọrụ. Ngwongwo ya dị obere, yabụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ehi ụra n'ala na naanị obere kapet maka okpomọkụ.[2] Ha nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụ ndị òtù ezinụlọ aka, ọkachasị ndị òtù ezinụlọ nwoke, a na-enyekwa ha nri na mmiri n'ụzọ ga-eme ka ha ghara imetụ ha aka. A na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ịhụ nsọ isonye na mmemme ezinụlọ, okpukpe ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka ịga ụlọ nsọ ma ọ bụ ịga agbamakwụkwọ, a na-egbochikwa ụmụ agbọghọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ.[3]

A na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ nsọ iri mmiri ara ehi, yogọt, bọta, anụ, na nri ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ, n'ihi egwu na adịghị ọcha ha ga-eme ka ehi na-arịa ọrịa. Nri a na-eri n'oge ịhụ nsọ gụnyere nri kpọrọ nkụ, nnu, na osikapa. A na-egbochikwa ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ nsọ iji isi iyi mmiri obodo ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị dị ka ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụ ịsa ákwà.[4]

N'agbanyeghị na ndị chhaupadi nọpụrụ iche, ụmụ nwanyị ka ga-arụ ọrụ, mgbe mgbe n'ọhịa, n'oge ịhụ nsọ.[5]

Omenala Ndị Dị n'Oge Chhaupadi [6]
Omenala Ndị Dị Ndụ Pasentị nke Ndị Inyom Mmetụta
Ojiji nke Ngwá Ọrụ Dị iche iche 64.2%
A naghị ekwe ka Anyanwụ Ahụ 35.8%
Enweghị ikike ịpụ n'èzí 51.6%
Enweghị ikike isi nri 76.0%
Mmachibido Nri A Na-eri Nri 56.9%
A machibidoro ya ife Chineke ofufe 74.3%
A na-eri ya n'ebe dị iche 55.5%
A naghị ekwe ka mmadụ hie ụra n'Ụlọ ihi ụra 67.5%
A machibidoro ya imetụ ndị ikom aka 46.4%
Chhaupadi kacha nwee ahụmịhe (Ụlọ Mmekọrịta) n'oge Mmekọrịta 94.5%

Ihe ize ndụ ahụike na nchekwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike na nchekwa mgbe ha na-eme chhaupadi. A na-arụkarị ụlọ nkwari akụ na-adịghị mma ma ghara inwe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ikuku, na-ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ihu igwe yana oke okpomọkụ n'oge dị iche iche n'afọ. Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịrịa ọrịa dịka oyi ịba n'ahụ ma ọ bụ afọ ọsịsa mgbe ha na-eme chhaupadi, ha nwekwara ike ịnwe nsogbu nke agwọ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe ize ndụ nke iku ume dị elu ma ọ bụrụ na nwanyị amalite ọkụ n'ime ụlọ ahụ iji mee ka ọ dị ọkụ n'oge oyi. A na-edekwa ụmụ nwanyị n'ike mgbe ha na-eme chhaupadi.[7][8] Na mgbakwunye, nnyocha nke Ranabhat et al. mere banyere ụmụ nwanyị dị afọ 12-49 na mpaghara Bardiya na Kailali nke Nepal gosipụtara na omume nke chhaupadi nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na nsogbu ahụike ọmụmụ dịka dysuria na ịta ahụ. [9]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi adịghị, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-anwụ kwa afọ mgbe ha na-eme chhaupadi. Karịsịa na mpaghara ndị dị anya na etiti ọdịda anyanwụ nke Nepal, ọtụtụ ọnwụ nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ojiji nke ụlọ ndị a. Ihe na-akpata ya na-adị site na mwakpo ụmụ anụmanụ, na akpị ma ọ bụ agwọ, na ọrịa sitere na ikpughe.[10] Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke ọnwụ ndị mere n'ihi chhaupadi:

  • Otu nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na otu nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2010 site na afọ ọsịsa na mmiri ịta n'ahụ n'ihi na a na-edebe ya n'ụlọ nsọ. Ezinụlọ ya na ndị agbata obi ya jụrụ ịkpọbata ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ha ga-abụ ndị na-adịghị ọcha ma ọ bụrụ na ha metụ ya aka.[10]
  • Ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ nwụrụ na ngwụcha afọ 2016 site na iku ume anwụrụ ọkụ na nsị carbon monoxide mgbe ha gbasịrị ọkụ n'ụlọ ndị na-ahụ nsọ.[11]
  • Na Mee 2017, Lalsara Bika, onye dị afọ iri na anọ, nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa oyi siri ike site n'ibi n'ụlọ nsọ.[12]
  • N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, Tulasi Shahi dị afọ iri na itoolu nwụrụ site na agwọ "ugboro abụọ, n'isi ya na ụkwụ ya," mgbe ọ bi n'ụlọ ehi a na-eji dị ka ụlọ nsọ.[13]
  • Na Jenụwarị 2019, otu nne Nepali na ụmụ ya nwoke, ndị dị afọ 9 na 12, nwụrụ n'ihi anwụrụ ọkụ mgbe ha bi n'ụlọ ha na-ahụ nsọ. [14][15][16]
  • Na mbido Febụwarị 2019, Parwati Bogati dị afọ iri abụọ na otu nwụrụ site na iku ume na iku ume anwụrụ ọkụ mgbe ọ gbasịrị ọkụ iji mee ka ọ dị ọkụ.[17]
  • N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Anita Chand dị afọ iri na isii nwụrụ site na ịta agwọ mgbe ọ na-ehi ụra.[18]

Omume ọha na eze megide Chhaupadi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Omume obodo na nke nhazi dị iji lụso omume ahụ ọgụ.[19] N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2019, ndị ọchịchị obodo chọrọ ka e bibie ụlọ ndị Chhaupadi na Bajura, obodo ebe otu nwanyị na ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ nwụrụ n'otu ụlọ. Nke a mere ka ewepụ ụlọ iri isii, na itinye ndị mmanye iwu ka ha na-agagharị maka iwepụ ha ọzọ.[20]

Sangita Rokaya, nwanyị Nepali dị afọ iri abụọ na isii rịgooro Ugwu Everest iji gbasaa mmata banyere omume a, na inye "ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-enweghị ike ikwu okwu" maka iwu ịhụ nsọ na-emerụ ahụ na Nepal.   [citation needed]

Ihe omume maka iwepụ Chhaupadi

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Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Nepal nyere iwu na 19 Baisakh 2062 iji kwupụta chhaupdi dị ka mpụ ma mee ntuziaka dị mkpa iji kwụsị omenala a. Mkpebi ikpe ahụ kwuru, sị:

  • Ọfịs Praịm Minista na Kansụl Ndị Minista kwesịrị ikwupụta omenala nke iziga ụmụ nwanyị na Chhaupadi Goth dị ka omenala ọjọọ.
  • Ministri ahụike kwesịrị ịmepụta kọmitii nyocha gụnyere ndị dọkịta iji chọpụta mmetụta nke omume a na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ma chọpụta ihe ngwọta.
  • Ngalaba na-ahụ maka mmepe obodo kwesịrị ịhazi ndị otu mpaghara iji mee ka a mara ndị chhaupadi.
  • Ministri nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka kwesịrị ịhazi ma wepụta ntuziaka iji kwụsị ụdị ịkpa ókè a megide ụmụ nwanyị.

Dabere na mkpebi ikpe dị n'elu nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, gọọmentị etinyela ntụziaka megide Chhaupadi. A kpọtụrụ usoro ihe omume nke Gọọmentị Nepal ga-etinye n'ọrụ iji kpochapụ usoro chhaupadi aha na ntuziaka ahụ dị ka ndị a:

a) Ihe omume ozugbo

  • Ntinye usoro iji mee ka ọha na eze mara megide ịnakwere nkwenkwe na omume oge ochie nke chhaupadi.
  • Inye ozi gbasara ọrụ ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ nye ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị na-emetụta chhaupadi.
  • Na-akwanyere onye ọ bụla, ezinụlọ na obodo kwụsịrị Chhaupadi ùgwù.

b) Usoro ihe omume ogologo oge

  • Site n'inye ụmụ nwanyị ike n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eme mmemme maka itinye aka nke ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara nyocha nke ndụ ọha na eze na nke mba.
  • Ịtọlite ọha mmadụ na-ahụ maka ịha nhata site n'ịkwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị site na usoro iwu. Na mgbakwunye na nke ahụ, e guzobere kọmitii iji mee mmemme n'okpuru nduzi nke ndị otu mpaghara na mpaghara, obodo, na obodo nta.

c) Nkwado megide Chaupadi site na Literature N'oge ikpeazụ, ndị na-ese ihe gbalịrị ikpochapụ ndị Chhaupadi na ọdịda anyanwụ Nepal. N'etiti, ederede egwu Ramesh Dahal dị ịrịba ama.[21]

N'ụzọ dị otú a, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ekwuola okwu megide Chhaupadi. Gọọmentị Nepal kwupụtara omenala a dị ka ihe ọjọọ na 26th nke Baisakh 2062 ma tinye ụkpụrụ nduzi ahụ n'ọrụ ma mee mmemme dị iche iche. Mana ụdị omume ọjọọ a, nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọha mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, agaghị akwụsị naanị na ọkwa gọọmentị. Maka nke ahụ, ndị otu obodo n'onwe ha kwesịrị ịma.

Ọrụ obodo

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E meela mmemme mmata ọha na eze dị iche iche na mpaghara obodo megide omenala Chhaupadi. Ndị mmadụ dị iche iche, òtù na ndị a na-emegbu amalitela ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha megide mpụ a. Dị ka mgbalị ha niile, omenala Chhaupadi amalitela ịtọpụ.

Iwu

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Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Nepal machibidoro Chhaupadi iwu n'afọ 2005, mana omenala ahụ ejirila nwayọ gbanwee.[22] N'afọ 2017, Nepal wepụtara iwu na-ata ndị na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị ịkwaga mba ọzọ n'oge ha na-ahụ nsọ na ihe ruru ọnwa atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ 3,000 Nepalese rupees. Otú ọ dị, n'ime ọnwa ise kemgbe iwu ọhụrụ ahụ malitere (n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018), ọ dịghị ikpe e tinyere megide ndị na-eme ka omume ahụ dị irè.[23][24][25] Na ngwụcha afọ 2018, gọọmentị distrikti dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ malitere ịjụ ọrụ nkwado gọọmentị nye ụmụ amaala ka na-eme ka omume nke chhaupadi dị irè, na mgbalị iji belata omume ahụ.[26]

Hụkwa

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Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Assessment Study on Chhaupadi in Nepal: Towards a Harm Reduction Strategy. Nepal Health Sector Programme. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved on August 1, 2018.
  2. ↑ Teen girl dies in menstruation hut in Achham district in Nepal. www.news.com.au (2016-12-23). Archived from the original on 2018-12-21. Retrieved on 2018-12-21.
  3. ↑ United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator's Office (April 1, 2011). FIELD BULLETIN: Chaupadi In The Far-West. United Nations Office of Human Rights. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved on July 31, 2018.
  4. ↑ Aldama. "Period shaming in Nepal: new law may finally end practice of banishing menstruating women", South China Morning Post, February 23, 2018. Retrieved on August 1, 2018.
  5. ↑ Gettleman. "Where a Taboo Is Leading to the Deaths of Young Girls", The New York Times, 19 June 2018. Retrieved on 2018-07-31. (in en)
  6. ↑ Parajuli. "Chhaupadi (Menstrual Taboo) and Its Impact on Adolescent Girls' Lives in Rural Nepal". Bibechana. ISSN 2091-0762. 
  7. ↑ Shelley. "In Nepal, Exiled Each Month", The New York Times, 2013-06-12. Retrieved on 21 September 2021.
  8. ↑ Shanti Kadariya (June 2015). "Chhaupadi practice in Nepal – analysis of ethical aspects". Medicolegal and Bioethics 53: 53–58. DOI:10.2147/MB.S83825. Retrieved on 2018-08-01. 
  9. ↑ Ranabhat (2015-08-27). "Chhaupadi Culture and Reproductive Health of Women in Nepal". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 27 (7): 785–795. DOI:10.1177/1010539515602743. ISSN 1010-5395. PMID 26316503. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved on 2019-02-01.
  11. ↑ McNamara. "A 15-Year-Old Girl Died When She Was Banished to a Hut for Menstruating", Teen Vogue. Retrieved on 2016-12-20.
  12. ↑ Pokharel (2017-07-10). Nepali ‘menstruation hut’ ritual claims life of teenage girl (en). CNN. Retrieved on 2024-09-17.
  13. ↑ Preiss (10 July 2017). Banished To A 'Menstrual Shed,' A Teen In Nepal Is Bitten By A Snake And Dies. NPR. Retrieved on 17 September 2024.
  14. ↑ Gupta (10 January 2019). Banished from home for menstruating, mother and two children die in Nepali hut - CNN. Edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved on 2019-01-11.
  15. ↑ Nepali woman, two children, die in outlawed 'menstruation hut' (10 January 2019). Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved on 11 January 2019.
  16. ↑ "Mother and sons die in 'menstruation hut'", BBC News, 2019-01-10. Retrieved on 2019-01-11. (in en-GB)
  17. ↑ "Woman suffocates in 'menstruation hut'", 2019-02-04. Retrieved on 2019-02-04. (in en-GB)
  18. ↑ "Teenage girl dies after being forced to stay in a 'period hut' in Nepal", 2023-08-11. Retrieved on 2023-08-11.
  19. ↑ Gaestel. "Out of The Sheds: Women Fight Segregation in Rural Nepal", The Christian Science Monitor, 2013-03-02.
  20. ↑ Locals tear down Chhaupadi huts amid wide concern over deaths in sheds (en-US). The Himalayan Times (2019-01-17). Archived from the original on 2019-02-04. Retrieved on 2019-02-04.
  21. ↑ ‘छाउपडि’ जनचेतनामुलक गीत सार्वजनिक.
  22. ↑ Nepal: Emerging from menstrual quarantine. Integrated Regional Information Networks (3 August 2011). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved on 13 June 2013.
  23. ↑ Preiss. "Why It's Hard To Ban The Menstrual Shed", NPR, 2019-05-19.
  24. ↑ roshan sedhai, associated press (2012-09-20). Nepal strengthens laws against dowry, menstrual exile - ABC News. Abcnews.go.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved on 2017-08-10.
  25. ↑ Criminal Code 'ineffective' to end Chhaupadi practice (en). kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. Archived from the original on 2019-01-27. Retrieved on 2019-01-26.
  26. ↑ Adhikari. "Destroy 'period huts' or forget state support: Nepal moves to end practice", The Guardian, 2019-01-14. Retrieved on 2019-01-26. (in en-GB)
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