Gaa na ọdịnaya

Chicana feminism

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Osisi ụmụ agbọghọ na LA Plaza de Cultura y ArtesEbe Ọdịbendị na Nkà

Chicana/o femism bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, echiche, na praxis nke na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, ime mmụọ, agụmakwụkwọ, na akụ na ụba na-emetụta Chicanas na obodo Chicana / ma ọ bụ na United States.[1] Chicana femism na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịma ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze aka ma na-ewere onye ọ bụla dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke na-alụ ọgụ maka njedebe nke Mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị na obodo.[1][2]

Feminism nke Chicana gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nwetaghachi ịdị adị ha n'etiti na n'etiti Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ site na 1960 ruo 1970. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana ghọtara na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ga-enye obodo Chicana/o ike, ma na-eche mmegide ihu mgbe niile. Mmepe dị egwu n'ọhịa, gụnyere site na ndị nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị nke Chicana, gbasaara obere echiche nke Chicana karịa nghọta nkịtị.

Xicanisma hibere dị ka ntinye aka dị mkpa nke Ana Castillo mepụtara na 1994 iji mee ka nwanyị chicana nwee ume ma mata mgbanwe n'ime mmụọ nke mere kemgbe Chicano Movement, dị ka ndọtị na mgbasawanye nke Chicanismo. O nwere akụkụ kpaliri nguzobe nke Xicanx. Ihe mmepụta omenala Chicana, gụnyere nka, akwụkwọ, uri, egwu, na ihe nkiri na-aga n'ihu na-akpụzi chicana feminism n'ụzọ ọhụrụ. A na-etinyekarị okpukpe chicana na mkparịta ụka ya na feminism decolonial.

  1. 1 2 (2014) "The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse", in West: Feminist Nationalism (in en). Routledge, 247–268. DOI:10.4324/9781315022277. ISBN 9781136669675. 
  2. ↑ NietoGomez (1997). "Chicana Feminism", in Garcia: Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings. Psychology Press, 52–57. ISBN 978-0-415-91801-5. 

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụmụaka Mexico nọ n'ụlọ obibi ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na Corcoran, California (1940) [1]

Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị America ndị Mexico tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị mbụ. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a gụnyere ndị inyom dị ka Adelina Otero-Warren na Maria de G.E. Lopez. A mụrụ Otero-Warren n'ezinụlọ Hispano a ma ama. Ọtụtụ ndị America America, ọkachasị ndị na-enweghị ego na ndị na-adịghị ọcha, ndị na-etoliteghị n'ezinaụlọ ndị ama ama nọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche.

Mendez v. Westminster (1947) kwụsịrị Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. A malitere ikpe ahụ mgbe a jụrụ Sylvia Mendez (nke e sere na foto) ka ọ ghara idebanye aha na "ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha. " Ụmụaka ndị Mexico America, ọkachasị ndị nwere akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị, ka a na-ekwe ka ha mụta agụmakwụkwọ aka, ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ "Mexican, a na-akụziri ụmụ agbọghọ naanị ịkwa akwa na ime ụlọ.[2]

Tupu ngwụcha 1940s, ụmụaka ndị America Mexico na-etolitekarị na colonias kewapụrụ iche na obodo ụlọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụ naanị gọọmentị US nyere ụmụaka Mexico, ọkachasị akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị ka ha gaa "ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico" kewapụrụ iche. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na "ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico" ka a na-ekwe ka a kuziere ụlọ na ịkwa akwa, ebe a na-akụziri ụmụ nwoke ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Nke a na-echekwa klaasị na nkewa ego. A kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke De jure na 1947 na Mendez vs Westminster, ma nkewa ka nọgidere na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-aga n'ihu na mmegide Mexico.

A na-elegharakarị Pachucas anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico America n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị ma mesoo ha dị ka "nwoke dị ize ndụ nwanyị dị egwu". [3][and]

Pachucas, ndị bụ onye mmekọ na Pachucos na 1940s, ejirila lens nwanyị megharịa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Pachuca anaghị abụkarị onye a na-eme ememe na akụkọ ihe mere eme America nke Mexico, na mmepụta omenala Chicano, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'okwu nwanyị nke Chicana, bụ nke ekwuru na ụzọ Pachucas siri gbaghaa ọrụ nwanyị na ezinụlọ omenala. Pachucas na-ejikarị ngwa agha nchebe onwe ya, dị njikere ịchụpụ ndị nwere ike ịwakpo. A na-emeso Pachuca ahụ dị ka "nwoke dị ize ndụ na nke nwanyị." Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ajụ njirimara Chicana ma na-ahọrọ ịkọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Hispanic nwere ike "agaghị ahụ ma ọ bụ chọọ ịmata onwe ya" na ọnụ ọgụgụ Pachuca.

N'adịghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha anaghị emeso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ndị inyom Europe-American ma ọ bụ ndị ọcha lụrụ ọgụ megide ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị ọcha site na ebili mmiri nke nwanyị; Ebili nke mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma nke abụọ lekwasịrị anya n'okwu gbasara mmekọahụ, ọha na eze na nzuzo, ikike ịmụ nwa, na ndina n'ike. Otú ọ dị, a napụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị ndị a. Nke a gbara Chicanas ume bụ ndị bụ ndị nwanyị ma chọọ inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ịkatọ na ịzaghachi nchụpụ ha site na ma ndị Chicano na ndị isi ọgbọ nke abụọ, bụ ndị ghọrọ ntọala nke chicana feminism site na 1960.

Usoro iheomume

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Chicanas na Chicano Movement (1960s-1970s)

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nwa agbọghọ na-agwa otu ìgwè ụmụ okorobịa okwu na El Segundo Barrio, El Paso (1971)

Ọ bụ ezie na a haziri Chicano Movement iji nye ndị Mexico America ike, akụkọ na uche nke Movement leghaara ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-etinye aka na nhazi n'oge nnupụisi obodo a anya.[4][5] N'ime ihe omume ndị a, ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ha ghọtara mkpa ọ dị ijikọ okwu gbasara okike na ebumnuche nnwere onwe ndị ọzọ nke Chicano Movement.

Chicanas gbahapụrụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ maka enweghị ike itinye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. Chicanas n'oge a chere na a chụpụrụ ha n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na ha nwere mkpa, nchegbu, na ihe achọrọ dị iche iche. Site na mmegide na-aga n'ihu na nchụpụ ha, ụmụ nwanyị esila na a na-akpọ Ụmụ nwanyị Chicano gaa na Chicanas iji webata nkuchi nke a / o ma ọ bụ o / a dị ka ụzọ isi kweta nwoke na nwanyị mgbe ha na-atụle obodo.[6][7]

Alma Garcia dere na e kere òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Chicana ka ọ na-agbasosi nsogbu ndị ahụ metụtara ụmụ nwanyị Chicana, ma malite na ọgwụgwọ ha na Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ. Ha chọrọ ka a na-emeso ha otu ihe nakwa ka a kwanyere ha ùgwù. Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Chicana mere ka ọtụtụ ndị Chicanas na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-agbachitere ikike ha ọ bụghị nanị dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di, kama dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikọta ọnụ na-agbakọta ọnụ na-etolite obodo na-enye aka nhata.

Nhazi nke Chicana walkout (1968)

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Onye guzobere onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza Ruth Robinson (n'aka nri) na Margarita Sanchez na Belmont High School walkout, akụkụ nke usoro ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ 1968 maka mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ na LA.

Na Machị 1, 1968, ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 15,000 sonyere na ihe a bịara mara dị ka East Los Angeles School Blowouts. Ụmụ akwụkwọ Chicano n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị asaa dị na East Los Angeles siri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha pụọ na ngagharị iwe a haziri ahazi. Ụmụ akwụkwọ haziri maka mkpesa na-ekerịta gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ego ezughị oke, na nleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Mexico n'ime usoro mmụta dị ugbu a. Ndị nwoke sonyere na njem ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ nlebara anya mgbasa ozi, ọkachasị ndị nwoke na-ahazi ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na atọ bụ ndị ejidere ma tụọ mkpọrọ maka ebubo izu nzuzo. Dolores Delgado Bernal, onye nyocha Chicana, na-ekwu na site n'itinye uche naanị na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke, nsonye na idu ndú nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị belatara nke ukwuu yana ebelata mgbalị a chọrọ iji hazie njem njem ahụ.

Ka e mesịrị n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, Dolores Delgado Bernal gbara ụmụ nwanyị asatọ dị mkpa sonyere ma ọ bụ ndị isi ajụjụ ọnụ, na-ewetara ụmụ nwanyị ndị mgbasa ozi leghaara anya: Celeste Baca, Vickie Castro, Paula Crisostomo, Mita Cuaron, Tanya Luna Mount, Rosalinda M. González, Rachael Ochoa Cervera, na Cassandra Zacarías.[8] Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a kpughere na ha haziri nzukọ obodo, guzobere njikọ, n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ gafee ụlọ akwụkwọ na òtù dị iche iche, ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo iji gbasaa okwu nke mmegharị ahụ ma nata ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na nkwado. [8]

Otu afọ mgbe ngagharị iwe ahụ gasịrị, e mere Nzukọ Nnwere Onwe Ndị Ntorobịa Chicano na 1969. Ihe dị ka 1,500 ndị Mexico American nọ n'afọ iri na ụma si n'akụkụ nile nke mba ahụ gara nzukọ ahụ, nke dugara n'ịkpọpụta okwu "Chicanismo," "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," na MEChA, nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mba niile.[9] Na nnọkọ ahụ, a haziri ogbako iji kwurịta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ na mmegharị ahụ na iji dozie nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Otú ọ dị, ogbako ahụ kwubiri na, "Ọ bụ nkwekọrịta nke otu ahụ na nwanyị Chicana achọghị ka a tọhapụ ya. " Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez, na-ahụ nkwupụta a dị ka otu n'ime omume ndị siri ike nke kpaliri Chicana Feminist Movement. [10]

N'ịgbaso nkwupụta a, e mere Nzukọ Chicana nke mbụ na Houston, Texas na Mee 1971. Nzukọ ahụ dọtara ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 600 si n'akụkụ nile nke United States iji kwurịta okwu gbasara ohere nhata maka agụmakwụkwọ, ikpe ziri ezi nke ọmụmụ, ịmepụta ebe nlekọta ụmụaka, na ndị ọzọ. A haziri nzukọ ahụ n'ime ogbako itoolu dị iche iche: "Mmekọahụ na Chicana: Aha na Okwu," " Nhọrọ maka Chicanas: Mmụta na Ọrụ," "Alụmdi na nwunye: Chicana-Style," "Okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị - Anyị Nwere Ebe na Ya?," "Njuputa ụmụ nwanyị - Echiche Chicana, "Ndị inyom na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - Onye ọ bụla nọ n'ebe ahụ, "Militancy / Conservatism: Olee Ụzọ Na-aga n'ihu," na "De Colores y Klas dị iche iche iche.[11]

Ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume ahụ bụ nnukwu nnọkọ mbụ nke ụdị ya, nzukọ ahụ n'onwe ya jupụtara na esemokwu dị ka Chicanas si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche lụrụ ọgụ maka ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime òtù Chicano. Esemokwu ndị a dugara n'ịgba arụkwaghịm n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke nnọkọ ahụ.[12] Dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez si kwuo, "mgbaghara ahụ mere ka esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Chicana na ndị na-akwado ya".

A na-ele ha anya dị ka ndị sabo na Movement

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ịbụ ndị ọkà mmụta Maylei Blackwell kọwara dị ka "vendida logic", a na-ebo ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị ebubo na ha bụ "vendidas" ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ọchịchị Chicano mgba okpuru, nke a kọwara dị ka ndị na-emegide ezinụlọ, ndị na-egbochi mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị Chicano. N'akụkụ vendida, a na-akpọ ndị Chicana femists "women's libber," "agringadas," ma ọ bụ lesbians. A maara Chicanas ndị butere ụzọ na ihe kpatara ya dị ka ndị Loyalists.[12]

Ụmụ nwanyị chọkwara ịlụ ọgụ nke ịkpọasị onwe onye nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọchịchị nke ndị ha. Nke a gụnyere imebi akụkọ ifo mujer buena/mujer mala, ebe a na-ele nwanyị Spanish anya dị ka onye dị mma na nwanyị ụmụ amaala nke bụ akụkụ nke obodo anya dị ka ihe ọjọọ. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana pụtara dị ka nzaghachi nye nna ochie, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa oke, na ọchịchị nchịkwa yana nzaghachi maka ụzọ niile ihe nketa mmegbu ndị a si abanye n'ime.[13]

Ụmụ agbọghọ n'ezinụlọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nwanyị Mexico America na-asa uwe na San Antonio, Texas (1944)

Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana gbara aka ọrụ ha nyere n'iwu na la familia, ma chọọ ka ha nweta ahụmịhe intersectional nke ha chere ihu. Chicanas na-amata dị ka ndị maara nke ọma, kpebisiri ike, na mpako maka mgbọrọgwụ, ihe nketa, na ahụmahụ ha mgbe ha na-ebute La Raza ụzọ. Site na mmalite nke Chicano Movement, usoro ezinụlọ Chicano hụrụ mgbanwe dị egwu. Kpọmkwem, ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịjụ ajụjụ dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ike ezinụlọ guzosiri ike na ebe ebe ha nọ n'ime mgba mba Chicano.

Ọ bụghị nanị na Chicanas nwetara mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na ndị ọcha America, kamakwa mmekọahụ n'ime ezinụlọ nke ha. N'okwu seminal "La Chicana", Elizabeth Martinez, na-ekwu na: "[La Chicana] na-emegbu ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu, na mmekọahụ. Nke a nwere ike ikwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị niile na-adịghị ọcha na United States. Mmegbu ya site n'aka ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu dị ka nke ndị ikom anyị na-atachi obi. Mmegbu site na mmekọahụ, naanị ya. "

Nhazi ọrụ Chicana

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụmụ nwanyị America nke Mexico na-arụ ọrụ na Friedrich Air Conditioning (1942)

Emma Tenayuca bụ onye na-ahazi ọrụ na Mexico America na Dolores Huerta bụ isi ike na nzukọ ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo.[14] Ihe akaebe nke onye ọrụ ugbo na-akwaga mba ọzọ bụ Maria Elena Lucas na-ekpughe nnukwu ihe isi ike nke ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo.[15]

Farah Strike, 1972-1974, nke a na-akpọ "strike nke narị afọ," bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Mexico America haziri ma duzie karịsịa na El Paso, Texas.[16] Ndị ọrụ nke Farah Manufacturing Company mere ngagharị iwe iji kwado nchekwa ọrụ na ikike ha iguzobe ma sonye n'òtù ndị ọrụ.[17]

Chicana Feminist Organizations (1960s-1970s)

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Otu n'ime òtù Chicana mbụ bụ East Los Angeles Chicana Welfare Rights Organization, nke Alicia Escalante guzobere na 1967. [18] Ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya olu nke East Los Angeles na nzukọ mkpọsa ebe ọ dịghị onye ọzọ si n'ógbè ahụ nọ.[19] Ọ kwuru okwu megide imerụ ndị na-enweta ọdịmma, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na Black.[20] N'otu edemede 1968 maka Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza, o dere na steeti kwenyere na ndị na-enweta ọdịmma "kwesịrị ihere maka ndụ". Ọ haziri ime mkpesa maka mbelata ego ọdịmma maka mkpa ndị dị mkpa nke steeti kpọrọ "mkpa pụrụ iche". [19][19]

Chicana Brown Berets (1970)

The Brown Berets were a youth group that took on a more militant approach to organizing for the Mexican-American community formed in California in the late 1960s.[21] They heavily valued strong bonds between women, stating that women Berets must acknowledge other women in the organization as hermanas en la lucha and encouraging them to stand together. Membership in the Brown Berets helped to give Chicanas autonomy, and the ability to express their own political views without fear.[22] An important Chicana in the Brown Berets was Gloria Arellanes, the only female minister of the Brown Berets.[23]

E hiwere Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional (CFMN) na 1973. [24] Echiche maka CFMN malitere n'oge National Chicano Issues Conference mgbe otu ìgwè ndị Chicanas na-aga chọpụtara na echeghị nchegbu ha nke ọma na nzukọ Chicano. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ zutere n'èzí nzukọ ahụ wee dee usoro maka CFMN nke guzobere ha dị ka ndị isi obodo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndị maara ihe nke ndị mmadụ.[25]

Vilma Martinez (nke e sere na foto) guzobere Chicana Rights Project na 1974.

Emebere Chicana Rights Project na 1974 dị ka ọgbakọ iwu gbasara nwanyị nke Chicana iji chebe ikike iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị America America. Vilma Martinez butere ya wee kwuo okwu gbasara ọrụ, ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ na ikike ụlọ maka Chicanas. Ọ na-enyocha mmejuputa iwu zuru oke nke ọrụ na ọzụzụ (CETA), bụ nke butere mmụba nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na mmemme San Antonio. Ndị otu a gbakwara akwụkwọ maka mmetọ mmetọ nwoke na nwanyị Latina na Texas. O mere mgbanwe ná ndụ ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị. Nzukọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 1983.

Ọganihu dị egwu (Ọgwụgwụ afọ 1970s-1980s)

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Martha P. Cotera onye dere Diosa y Hembra (1976) na The Chicana Feminist (1977)

Site na ngwụcha afọ 1970 ruo mmalite afọ 1990, Chicana femism mere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta Chicana critical consciousness site na ọtụtụ ederede ntọala na-ekpuchi ndụ na ahụmịhe Chicana.[5] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a kpuchiri isiokwu ndị a na-enyochabeghị n'ụzọ miri emi, gụnyere mmekọahụ, Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ikike ọmụmụ, ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, na nkatọ ụcha. [5][26]

Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mkpa dị oke mkpa nke ederede ndị a, a nọgidere na-ahapụ ọtụtụ n'ime okwu nkatọ na ọmụmụ Chicana / ma ọ bụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, a ka na-elegharakarị anya.[26] Nke a gosipụtara na Chicanismo na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwoke jụrụ ịgbanwe echiche ya ma nye echiche Chicana.[26] Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa metụtara oge a bụ ntọala maka ọmụmụ Chicana / o, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-anabata ya, gụnyere: [26][5]

  • Diosa y Hembra: The History and Heritage of Chicanas in the U.S. (1976) nke Martha P. Cotera dere
  • The Chicana Feminist (1977) nke Martha P. Cotera dere
  • Essays on La Mujer (1977) ed. nke Rosaura Sánchez na Rosa Martinez Cruz dere
  • Ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na United States (1980) nke Magdalena Mora na Adelaida R. Del Castillo dere
  • Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back (1981) ed. nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga dere
  • Ịhụnanya n'Afọ Agha: Ihe Ọ dịghị Mgbe Ọ gafere n'Ebe Mgbere Ya (1983) nke Cherríe Moraga dere
  • Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) nke Gloria Anzaldúa
  • Ndị ibe: Latina Lesbians (1987) ed. nke Juanita Ramos dere
  • The Sexuality of Latinas (1989) ed. site na Norma Alarcon, Ana Castillo, na Cherrie Moraga
  • Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991) ed. nke Carla Trujillo dere

Xicanisma (1990s-Ugbu a)

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ana Castillo mepụtara Xicanisma iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị Chicana dị ike ma gosipụta mgbanwe n'ịmara ihe kemgbe Chicano Movement.
X na Xicanisma abụghị naanị mkpụrụedemede, kama ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ma ọ bụ ịdị na nkuku ụzọ.

Okporo ụzọ a ma ọ bụ X na-ezo aka na ndụ ụmụ amaala ka ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ọchịchị colonial gasịrị. Ọ na-ekweta na oge “ebe ụmụ nwoke kpachaara anya weghara ikike okike nke ụmụ nwanyị” site na nchịkwa nke okike amachibidoro ụmụ nwanyị. Xicanisma na-ekwu maka mkpa ọ dị ọ bụghị nanị iji nwetaghachi mgbọrọgwụ na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ mmadụ, kamakwa iji "weghachi nwanyị ahụ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na nsụhọ anyị" nke ndị ọchịchị colonial wedara. Ya mere, ọ na-ama aka na akụkụ ndị nwoke na-eme ka mmegharị ahụ na ajọ mbunobi nke asụsụ Spanish: ịbụ Xicanisma karịa Chicanismo.

Castillo na-ekwu na iji X dị ka akara ntụziaka dị mkpa n'ihi na "asụsụ bụ ụgbọ nke anyị na-ahụ onwe anyị n'ihe metụtara ụwa." Ihe ọ pụtara bụ na ọ bụrụ na anyị agbanwee asụsụ anyị ji aghọta onwe anyị, anyị nwere ike ịgbanwe otú anyị si ele ihe na otú anyị si eme ihe n’ụwa. Ebumnuche nke Xicanism maka Castillo abụghị iji dochie nna ochie na matriarchy, kama ịmepụta "obodo na-enweghị ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya na mmegbu nke ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ịzụlite na ịchịkwa obodo" na ebe a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ha nọ ugbu a site na ọchịchị okike.

Isiokwu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-enyocha nsogbu nke onyinyo onwe onye na Latin American femism n'ozuzu ya.

Enwere ọtụtụ isiokwu dị mkpa nke chicana feminism nke Chicanas mepụtara. Chicana feminism na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta mmegharị ka ukwuu karịa ka ọ na-emekarị; a na-enye ọtụtụ ndị nta n'otu ikpo okwu iji lụso ndị na-emegbu ha ọgụ, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị ikpe na-ezighị ezi. Ntọhapụ nke Chicana na-emebi ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, yana ndị buru ibu n'ozuzu ha, na-enye ha ohere ibi ndụ dịka masịrị ha-na nkwanye ùgwù omenala na nha anya. Nkwụghachi azụ bụ isi isiokwu nke chicana feminism: ike ọ na-ewe ọ bụghị nanị iji kewaa kamakwa ịmepụta echiche ọhụrụ nke nha anya.

Ụdị ụmụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Isi ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọtụtụ ndị inyom Chicana bụ ịmaliteghachi ụdị nwanyị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, La Llorona, na La Malinche.[1] Ụdị ndị a egbochila Chicanas ịnweta mmekọahụ na ịdị mma nke ahụ n'ihi otú e si wuo ha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ụdị ọjọọ site na oghere nke ndị nna ochie na ọchịchị. Ịgbanwe akụkọ sitere na ihe nnọchianya ọdịnala (ndị nna ochie) nke ụdị ndị a na nghọta nke oge a banyere ụmụ nwanyị bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ nwanyị chicana, ma na-anọchite anya mmalite maka ịnaghachi ike ụmụ nwanyị Chicane, mmekọahụ, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ. Ọrụ canonical nke Gloria Anzaldúa Borderlands / La Frontera na-ekwu maka ike na-akpaghasị nke ịweghachi ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala iji wepụ ihe owuwu na ihe mgbochi ndị inyom, mmekọahụ ha, na nghọta ha banyere ịbụ nne: "Agakwaghị m enwe ihere nke ihe dị adị. M ga-enwe olu m: India, Spanish, ọcha. "

Ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen de Guadalupe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A kwadoro La Virgen de Guadalupe n'obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ọcha na ịbụ nne ọma, nke a na-aghọta dị ka njirimara na-akọwa uru ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nwanyị.[27]

A na-ewere La Virgen de Guadalupe, n'okwukwe Katọlik dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ịdị ọcha nke nwanyị na ịbụ nne, karịsịa na omenala Mexico na Chicano. Ndị otu Chicana feminist ije, dị ka onye na-ese ihe bụ Yolanda Lopez, achọla ị nwetaghachi ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen ma mebie echiche ahụ na amaghị nwoke bụ nanị ihe e ji amata uru na omume ọma nwanyị. Maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Lopez, onyinyo nke Guadalupe nwere ihe ọ pụtara nke na-abụghị okpukpe ọ bụla.

A na-ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ La Virgen de Guadalupe tụnyere La Malinche, nke na-egbochi Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na dichotomy patriarchal nke puta / nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke: ihe nlereanya dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma. A na-eweli ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-aga n'ihu n'ihu ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na Chicanas dị ka ihe oyiyi na enyo iji nyochaa onyinyo onwe ha ma kọwaa ùgwù onwe ha.[27]

Ihe osise nke La Llorona

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-eji ihe oyiyi nke Malintzin mee ihe na obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya iji gbochie nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, site na ịhazi ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ngosipụta mmekọahụ dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru.[27]

Malintzin (ndị Spanish maara dị ka Doña Marina ma ọ bụ "La Malinche" mgbe Mexico nwesịrị nnwere onwe na Spain) mụrụ na 1505 na ndị nne na nna nwere ezigbo ego n'ime ime Mexico. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe dị ka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge a, nne ya na di nke abụọ nne ya raara ya nye ma resị ya ndị Maya ịbụ ohu iji nweta ihe nketa maka nwanne ya nwoke mụrụ ọhụrụ. N'agbata afọ 12-14, e rere ya Hernan Cortés dị ka iko nwanyị, na n'ihi ọgụgụ isi ya na nkà ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, a kwalitere ya na "nwunye" ya na onye nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu Cortés, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmeri Spanish nke Tenochtitlan na, site na mgbakwunye, mmeri nke Alaeze Ukwu Aztec. Ọ mụrụ nwa Cortés, Martín, onye a na-ewere dị ka mestizo mbụ na mmalite nke agbụrụ "Mexica".

When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, a person was needed to be executed to uphold centuries of colonial rule. Because of Malintzin's association with Cortés and her role as a translator and informant in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, she was seen as a traitor to her own race. In contrast, Chicana feminism calls for a different understanding.[1] Since patriotism was a concept unknown to natives in the sixteenth century, Malintzin had no sense of herself as an "Indian," making it impossible for her to demonstrate ethnic loyalty or conscientiously act as a traitor. Malintzin was one of the millions of women bought and sold in pre-colonial Mexico. Unable to escape a group of men, and raped, Malintzin showed loyalty to Cortés to ensure her survival.

La Malinche abụrụla ihe nnọchianya nke adịghị arụ ọrụ, "ndina n'ike," na ikpe mgbe niile maka mwakpo mmekọahụ. Kama ịbụ onye sabo ma ọ bụ "nwanyị akwụna," Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta ya dị ka onye nnọchiteanya, iguzogide ndina n'ike na mmekpa ahụ (dị ka ọ na-emekarị n'etiti ndị ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ) site n'ịghọ onye mmekọ na onye ntụgharị okwu nke Cortés. Ịkatọ mmeri Mexico na Malinche na-emepụta ihe ndabere maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ nke ọha mmadụ na ịta ha ụta maka mmekọahụ ha, nke na-emegide nghọta. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta Malinche dị ka onye Cortés tara ahụhụ, kama ịbụ akụkọ ifo. Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta nke a na-eto ya maka iguzogide mgbanwe ndị o mechara weta na ndụ.

Site n'ịgba ndị nnọchi anya ndị nna ochie na ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ndị edemede Chicana na-eweghachi mmekọrịta ha na La Malinche na ndị ọzọ dị ike, ma megharịa ha imepụta mmụọ na njirimara nke na-atọhapụ ma na-enye ike. La Malinche bụ ihe atụ nke ọtụtụ narị afọ nke akụkọ ifo ndị nna ochie emetụtala nhụta ụmụ nwanyị Mexico, mgbe mgbe n'amaghị ya.

Ihe osise nke La Llorona

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A maara La Llorona dị ka akụkọ ifo nke nne na-abọ ọbọ nke na-erikpu ụmụ ya mgbe ọ chọpụtara na di ya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi. Ekwuru na mmuo ya na-aghari na mmiri. Ebufela akụkọ a site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ, omenala Chicano na ịrị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana chegharịala ya ọzọ. La Llorona ka eweghachiri dị ka dike siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana nwere ike imekọrịta ma mata ya. Akụkọ ifo nke La Llorona, nke a na-ahụta dị ka nne na-atụ egwu, enyochala ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị edemede Chicana site n'echiche dị iche iche nke ha na-ahụ onwe ha na La Llorona. Ndị na-ede Chicana ejirila ọnụ ọgụgụ a mee ka a mara echiche ndị nna ochie nke ndị nọ n'èzí na n'ime omenala ha tinyeworo na Chicanas. Emepụtara akụkọ ọdịnala nke ọdachi ahụ dịka ntuziaka maka mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-eche ihu.

Duality na "The New Mestiza"

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọrụ na echiche nke Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa (September 26, 1942 - May 15, 2004) bụ ntọala maka mmeghachi omume na Chicana femism.

Echiche nke "Mestiza Ọhụrụ" sitere n'aka onye edemede nwanyị bụ Gloria Anzaldúa. N'akwụkwọ ya, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, ọ na-ede, sị: "Na a mgbe nile ọnọdụ nke uche nepantilism, okwu Aztec pụtara adọwara n'etiti ụzọ, la mestiza bụ a ngwaahịa nke nyefe nke omenala na ime mmụọ ụkpụrụ nke otu ìgwè ọzọ. N'ịbụ tricultural, monolingual, asụsụ abụọ ma ọ bụ multilingual, na-ekwu okwu a patois, na na a ọnọdụ nke ụdị nke perstimma ihu: nke meghere nke perstima. N'ime anyị na n'ime la Cultura Chicana, a na-ekwenyekarị na nkwenkwe nke omenala ndị Mexico, ma ọgụ abụọ a na-enwekarị nkwenkwe nke omenala ụmụ amaala, anyị na-ahụ ọgụ megide onwe anyị na nkwenkwe anyị dị ka ihe iyi egwu na anyị na-anwa igbochi. "

Anzaldúa na-ewepụta ụzọ ịbụ ndị Chicanas na-asọpụrụ echiche ha pụrụ iche na ahụmahụ ndụ ha. Echiche a nke ọdịdị na-enye ụzọ nke ịbụ ndị Chicanas bụ ndị na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka mgbe nile banyere njikọ omenala na esemokwu, n'ụzọ ndị na-enye nghọta ọhụrụ na nghọta nke onwe ha, mgbe mgbe na nkwụsị nke ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche. Echiche a na-ekpughe otú mmegide na-apụghị ịbụ ụzọ ndụ n'ihi na ọ dabeere n'iwu nke ịchịisi, n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, mba, na omenala. Ọnọdụ mmegide na-eme ka mmadụ banye n'ọgụ n'etiti onye mmegbu na onye mmegbu; ndị kpọchiri n'agha na-egbu egbu, dị ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị omekome, na-agbadata n'otu ime ihe ike.

Ịbụ naanị onye na-emeghachi omume pụtara na ọ dịghị ihe e kere, megharịa, ma ọ bụ megharịa n'ọnọdụ nke omenala na-achị achị na omenala ahụ aghaghị ịnọgide na-achịkwa iji guzogide ịdị adị. Maka Anzaldua n'echiche nke a, a ga-enwerịrị ohere maka okike ọhụrụ. "Mestiza ọhụrụ" bụ ederede na-akọwa ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ Chicana. N'echiche a, ịbụ Chicana gụnyere ngwakọta, esemokwu, nnabata maka enweghị mgbagwoju anya, na, nke kachasị, ọ dịghị ihe a na-ajụ ma ọ bụ wepụ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe nketa nke mmegbu. Ọzọkwa, echiche a nke ọdịdị na-achọ ijikọta akụkụ niile nke njirimara na ịmepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ, ọ bụghị nanị ijikọta ma ọ bụ jikọta akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara.

Onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụbọchị Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile (2014) na Oakland, California

The term mujerista was coined by Ada María Isasi-Díaz in 1996 and was heavily influenced by the African American feminist "Womanist" approach proposed by Alice Walker. This Latina feminist identity is rooted in the core idea of feminism by fighting inequality and oppression through participation in justice movements within the Latina/o community. Mujerismo is rooted in social relationships and emphasizes the individual's experience of "community struggles" to define Latina/o identity.

Mujerismo na-anọchi anya ahụ nke ihe ọmụma mgbe Mujerista na-ezo aka na onye na-egosipụta nkwenkwe ndị a. Mmalite nke okwu ndị a laghachiri na Gloria Anzaldúa's Bridge a Anyị na-akpọ Ụlọ (1987), Massacre Ana Castillo of the Dreamer: Essays in Xicanisma (1994), na Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga's This Bridge Called My Back (1984). Mujerista bụ ụzọ "nwanyị" Latina na-elekwasị anya na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na mmekọrịta. Ọ na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị ijikọta ndụ ọha na eze nke ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ onwe nke omenala na ụlọ site n'ịkwalite ahụmahụ omenala. Dị ka nke a, ọ dị iche na Feminista, nke na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị. Ịbụ Mujerista bụ ijikọta ahụ, mmetụta, mmụọ na obodo n'otu njirimara. Mujerismo ghọtara ka ahụmahụ onwe onye si bụrụ isi iyi bara uru nke ihe ọmụma. Mmepe nke ihe ndị a niile bụ ihe ndabere maka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ụdị omume.

Mmụọ Nepantla

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ejikọta Nepantla na onye edemede Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldúa, onye chepụtara okwu ahụ, "Nepantlera." Nepantla bụ okwu Nahua nke sụgharịrị "n'etiti ya" ma ọ bụ "n'etiti". Enwere ike ịkọwa Nepantla dị ka echiche ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke enwere ọtụtụ eziokwu n'otu oge (Duality). Dị ka onye Chicana, nghọta na inwe ihe ọmụma nke ndị nna ochie banyere ọnọdụ ime mmụọ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ụzọ nke ịgwọ ọrịa, ntọhapụ, ekele omenala, nghọta onwe onye, na ịhụ onwe ya n'anya.[1] "Nepantleras bụ ọnụ ụzọ ndị mmadụ; ha na-agagharị n'ime na n'etiti ọtụtụ, na-enwekarị esemokwu, ụwa ma jụ ịkwado onwe ha nanị na onye ọ bụla, otu, ma ọ bụ usoro nkwenye." Nepantla bụ ụdị nke ịbụ onye Chicana ma na-akọwa ụzọ o si enweta ụwa na usoro mmegbu dị iche iche.

ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Encarnación: Ọrịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anụ ahụ na Chicana Akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke Suzanne Bost na-enyocha otú Chicana feminism si gbanwee otú ụmụ nwanyị Chicana si ele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anya. Feminism agabigala nanị ilele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, ma ugbu a na-eleba anya na "mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ahụ, omenala, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Ọ na-ele anya ugbu a karịa agbụrụ, ma na-agụnye njikọ, yana ka mmegharị, ohere, ike, ndị nlekọta, na ọrụ ha na ndụ si arụ ọrụ na ahụ Chicana. A na-atụle ihe atụ nke Frida Kahlo na ike ya, yana ọrịa shuga Gloria Anzaldúa, iji gosi otú e si ele ike anya mgbe a na-ekwu maka njirimara. Bost na-ede na "Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị otu ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide jikọrọ ọnụ, nchọpụta anyị ga-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro omenala dị iche iche, mgbanwe mmetụta, na mgbanwe eziokwu. Echiche anyị banyere ahụ, njirimara, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-anọgide na-aga n'ihu. ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche ugbu a.

Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Chicana feminist theory gbanwere dị ka a theory of incodiment na a theory of flesh n'ihi canonical ọrụ nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherrie Moraga, ha abụọ na-akọwa dị ka queer. Ntinye aka nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana kpọrọ maka itinye na nsọpụrụ nke jotería ọdịbendị. [28] Na La Conciencia de la Mestiza, Anzaldúa dere na "ndị mestizo na ndị na-eme ihe ike dị n'oge a ma na-ezo aka na evolushọn na-aga n'ihu maka ebumnuche. Anyị na-agwakọta nke na-egosi na a na-akpa ọbara niile ọnụ ma na anyị sitere na mkpụrụ obi ndị yiri ya. " [28] Ntinye aka a na-eme ka ndị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke nnwere onwe, ahụmịhe dị ndụ nke a na-apụghị ileghara anya ma ọ bụ wepụ.

Na Queer Aztlán: The Reformation of Chicano Tribe, Cherríe Moraga na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere iwulite njirimara Chicano n'ihe gbasara queerness. Na-enye nkatọ banyere mwepu nke ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ime òtù ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na nwanyị nakwa homophobia na-arịwanye elu n'ime ndị na-ahụ mba Chicano.[29] Moraga na-atụle Aztlán, ala na mba metaphysical nke bụ nke echiche Chicano, yana otu echiche dị n'ime obodo si gaa n'ihu n'ime ụdị ọdịbendị na obodo ọhụrụ iji dịrị ndụ.[29] "Ndị nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka n'ichebe ọdịbendị Chicano, mana anyị maara na ọdịbendị anyị agaghị adị ndụ n'ike n'alụmdi na nwunye, iti ihe, ịlụ di na nwunye, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ na mmanya na-aba n'anya eme ihe, ọrịa AIDS, na nchụpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke. " [29] Moraga na-eweta nkatọ banyere Chicano Movement na otu o si eleghara nsogbu ndị dị n'ime òtù ahụ anya, na nke ahụ ga-edozi ya anya iji chekwaa ọdịbendị ahụ.[29]

Chicana lesbian femism

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Chicana Lesbians: Fear and Loathing in the Chicano Community [30] Carla Trujillo na-atụle etu ịbụ Chicana lesbian si sie ike nke ukwuu n'ihi atụmanya ọdịbendị ha na ezinụlọ na heteronormativity. Ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-aghọ ndị nne na-emebi atụmanya a ma na-atọhapụ ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta nke ọdịbendị ha.[31] Trujillo na-ekwu na ịdị adị nke ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ya na-emebi ụkpụrụ e guzobere nke mmegbu ndị nna ochie.[32] Ọ na-ekwu na a na-ele ụmụ nwanyị Chicana anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi na ha na-ama ndị nwoke na-achịkwa òtù Chicano aka; ha na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicane mara banyere nnwere onwe.[32] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na Chicanas, ma ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na ha abụghị, a na-akụziri ha ịgbaso ụzọ ụfọdụ nke omume gbasara mmekọahụ ha: a "na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị ịkwụsị ọchịchọ na mkpa mmekọahụ anyị site n'inye nwoke ihe ụtọ niile".[32]

N'afọ 1991, Carla Trujillo dezigharịrị ma chịkọta, akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991), nke Third Woman Press bipụtara.[30] Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gosipụtara ihe osise mkpuchi nke Ester Hernandez nke akpọrọ "La Ofrenda". [30] Vincent Carillo kwuru na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na-agbagha ihe ngosi omenala nke Chicanas na ike nwoke na nwanyị. [33] Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gụnyere uri na edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-emepụta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere onwe ha site na mmekọahụ na agbụrụ ha.[30]

Ihe osise Chicana

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Rosales (1997). Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Arte Público Press, 119. ISBN 9781611920949. 
  2. ↑ Gonzalez (2013). Chicano education in the era of segregation, 175–180. ISBN 978-1-57441-516-2. OCLC 843881943. 
  3. ↑ Ramírez (2009-01-16). The Woman in the Zoot Suit: Gender, Nationalism, and the Cultural Politics of Memory (in en). Duke University Press, 20. ISBN 978-0-8223-8864-7. 
  4. ↑ Gutiérrez-Jones (1995). Rethinking the Borderlands: Between Chicano Culture and Legal Discourse. University of California Press, 134. ISBN 9780520085794. 
  5. 1 2 3 4 Saldívar-Hull (2000). Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature. University of California Press, 29–34. ISBN 9780520207332. 
  6. ↑ (2014) "The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse", in West: Feminist Nationalism (in en). Routledge, 247–268. DOI:10.4324/9781315022277. ISBN 9781136669675. 
  7. ↑ (2011) in Stange: Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 249–251. 
  8. 1 2 Delgado Bernal (1998). "Grassroots Leadership Reconceptualized: Chicana Oral Histories and the 1968 East Los Angeles School Blowouts". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 19 (2): 113–142. DOI:10.2307/3347162. 
  9. ↑ Chicano Movement Geography - Mapping American Social Movements. depts.washington.edu. Retrieved on 2022-11-18.
  10. ↑ Nieto-Gomez, Anna: "La Feminista", 1974 | Special Collections & University Archives Finding Aid Database. archives.sdsu.edu. Retrieved on 2022-11-18.
  11. ↑ Reflecting on the Chicana Regional Conference of 1971: Fifty Years of Chicana Feminism in LA (in Bekee), 11 May 2021, retrieved 2022-11-18
  12. 1 2 Blackwell (2016). ¡Chicana Power!: Contested Histories of Feminism in the Chicano Movement. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 161–164. ISBN 978-1477312667. 
  13. ↑ Hurtado (2003). "Review of Part I: Implications for Feminist Theorizing", Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity. NYU Press, 94–96. ISBN 978-0-8147-3573-2. 
  14. ↑ Hurtado (2020-02-11). Intersectional Chicana Feminisms: Sitios y Lenguas (in en). University of Arizona Press, 14–15. ISBN 978-0-8165-4123-2. 
  15. ↑ Lucas (1993). Forged under the sun: the life of María Elena Lucas = Forjada bajo el sol, Women and culture series. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06432-8. 
  16. ↑ The Best of the Texas Century—Business (en). Texas Monthly (2013-01-20). Retrieved on 2018-12-07.
  17. ↑ Shabecoff. "Farah Strike Has Become War of Attrition", The New York Times, 16 June 1973.
  18. ↑ Logan (11 April 2017). A Chicana Warrior. UC Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 2017-04-15.
  19. 1 2 3 Theoharis (2018). A more beautiful and terrible history : the uses and misuses of civil rights history, 136. ISBN 978-0-8070-7587-6. OCLC 1008773899. 
  20. ↑ Chicana por mi Raza. chicanapormiraza.org. Retrieved on 2023-01-19.
  21. ↑ Herrera (22 January 2015). ¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and the Making of a Chicano Movement in El Monte and Beyond (en). Tropics of Meta.
  22. ↑ Espinoza (2001). "'Revolutionary Sisters': Women's Solidarity and Collective Identification among Chicana Brown Berets in East Los Angeles, 1967–1970". Aztlán 26 (1): 17–58. DOI:10.1525/azt.2001.26.1.17. Retrieved on 2020-08-23. 
  23. ↑ ¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and Women in the Chicano Movement (en). KCET (2015-03-26). Retrieved on 2021-11-19.
  24. ↑ Yo Soy Chicana: A Chicana Feminist Movement (en). KCET (7 November 2011). Retrieved on 24 March 2018.
  25. ↑ Leon (2013). "La Hermandad and Chicanas Organizing: The Community Rhetoric of the Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional". Community Literacy Journal 7 (2): 1–20. DOI:10.1353/clj.2013.0004. 
  26. 1 2 3 4 Esquibel (2009-09-15). With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians (in en). University of Texas Press, xvi-20. ISBN 978-0-292-78210-5. 
  27. 1 2 3 Hurtado (April 1998). "Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms". Hypatia 13 (2): 134–161. DOI:10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134. 
  28. 1 2 Anzaldua (1987). Borderlands La Frontera The New Mestiza, 4th Edition. San Francisco: aunt lute, 99–114. 
  29. 1 2 3 4 Vázquez (2009). Latino/a Thought : Culture, Politics, and Society. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 212. ISBN 9780742563544. 
  30. 1 2 3 4 Trujillo (1991). Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About. Third Woman Press, 186–195. ISBN 9780943219066. 
  31. ↑ Maythee (2009). Women of Color and Feminism. Berkeley, California: Seal Press. ISBN 978-1-58005-272-6. 
  32. 1 2 3 Alma M. (1997). Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings.. Routledge. 
  33. ↑ Carrillo (2020-12-01). "Vicente Carrillo. Review of "To Tame a Wild Tongue: Art after Chicanismo" ." (in en). Caa.reviews. DOI:10.3202/caa.reviews.2020.107. ISSN 1543-950X. 
Onye na-ese ihe na Chicana Nao Bustamante n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ (2012)

Art gives Chicana women a platform to voice their unique challenges and experiences, such as artists Ester Hernandez and Judite Hernandez.[1] During the Chicano Movement, Chicanas used art to express their political and social resistance. Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.[1][2] Chicana art utilizes many different mediums to express their views including murals, painting, photography, etc. to embody feminist themes.[1][2]

The momentum created from the Chicano Movement spurred a cultural renaissance among Chicanas and Chicanos. Political art was created by poets, writers, playwrights, and artists and used to defend against their oppression as second-class citizens. During the 1970s, Chicana feminist artists differed from their Anglo-feminist counterparts in the way they collaborated. Chicana feminist artists often utilized artistic collaborations and collectives that included men, while Anglo-feminist artists generally utilized women-only participants.[2] Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.[3]

Ndị Chicana

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụmụ nwanyị Muralist

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Precita Eyes (2015) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mujeres Muralistas.

Mujeres Muralistas bụ otu nka ụmụ nwanyị na Mission District nke San Francisco. Ndị otu gụnyere Patricia Rodriguez, Graciela Carrillo, Consuelo Mendez, Irene Perez, Susan Cervantes, Ester Hernandez, na Miriam Olivo.

Ndị otu Las Chicanas bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ma gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe Judy Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, na Josefina Quesada. N'afọ 1976, otu ahụ gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na Ụlọ Nwanyị. [2]

Ndị Anọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo Judithe Hernández sonyeere ndị ọrụ nka nwoke niile na 1974 dị ka onye otu ya nke ise. [2] Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere Frank Romero, Beto de la Rocha, Gilbert Luján, na Carlos Almaráz.[4] Ìgwè ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na 1970s ruo mmalite 1980s. [2]

Social Public Art Resource Center (SPARC)

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1976, ndị guzobere Judy Baca (naanị Chicana), Christina Schlesinger, na Donna Deitch guzobere SPARC. SPARC nwere oghere studio na oghere ọmụmụ ihe maka ndị na-ese ihe. SPARC na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe ngosi nka ma na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke mgbidi. Taa, SPARC ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma yie nke gara aga, na-agba ume maka njikọ aka Chicana / ma ọ bụ obodo na mkpọsa ọdịbendị na nka.[2]

Ụlọ Nwaanyị (1973-1991)

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

The Woman's Building meghere na Los Angeles, CA na 1973. Na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi nka na oghere studio. Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, gụnyere Chicanas, nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè n'ime ụlọ ahụ site n'aka ndị ọcha. Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe Chicana ka a hapụrụ isonye na ngosi ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi nke Ụlọ Nwaanyị. Ndị na-ese ihe Chicana Olivia Sanchez Brown na Rosalyn Mesquite so na ole na ole gụnyere. Na mgbakwunye, otu Las Chicanas gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na 1976. [2]

Mgbidi bụ ihe kachasị amasị ndị na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Chicana ji mee ihe n'oge Chicano Movement. Judy Baca duziri nnukwu ọrụ mbụ maka SPARC, The Great Wall of Los Angeles. O were oge okpomọkụ ise iji mezue mgbidi ahụ dị mita 700 n'ogologo. Ọ bụ Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, Isabel Castro, Yreina Cervántez, na Patssi Valdez rụchara ihe osise ahụ na mgbakwunye na ihe karịrị ndị omenkà 400 na ndị ntorobịa obodo. N'ịbụ nke dị na Tujunga Flood Control Channel na mpaghara Valley Glen nke San Fernando Valley, ihe osise ahụ na-egosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke California nke ndị na-acha uhie uhie na ndị ka nta.[2] N'afọ 1989, Yreina Cervántez na ndị enyemaka Claudia Escobedes, Erick Montenegro, Vladimir Morales, na Sonia Ramos malitere mural, La Ofrenda, nke dị na etiti Los Angeles. Ihe osise ahụ, otuto nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Latina / ma ọ bụ, gosipụtara Dolores Huerta n'etiti na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ n'akụkụ ọ bụla iji nọchite anya 'Onyinye, ụmụ nwanyị na United Farmer Workers Movement. Na mgbakwunye na mgbidi asatọ ndị ọzọ, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị weere La Ofrenda dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 2016, mweghachi nke La Ofrenda malitere mgbe e sere ihe odide na mgbidi ọzọ n'elu ya. [5]

Ihe ngosi nke LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes na California Historical Society haziri nke gosipụtara ihe osise ndị a na-emegbu emegbu ma ọ bụ ndị a na'enyocha n'oge gara aga họọrọ Barbara Carrasco's L.A History: A Mexican Perspective na mgbakwunye na ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1981 ma were ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ iji mechaa, mgbidi ahụ nwere akụkụ 43 dị mita asatọ nke na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ruo 1981. Carrasco nyochara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ma zute ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ na mbụ. A kwụsịrị ihe osise ahụ mgbe Carrasco jụrụ mgbanwe ndị a chọrọ n'aka Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo n'ihi ihe ngosi ya nke onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere bụbu ohu Biddy Mason, ụlọ mkpọrọ nke ụmụ amaala Japan America n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na 1943 Zoot Suit Riots.[6]

Ihe nkiri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Chicana, nke Sylvia Morales mepụtara na 1979, ka Library of Congress debere na National Film Registry na 2021.[7] A maara ihe nkiri ahụ maka ụzọ nka ya na ihe ngosi, na-etinye "ihe osise, ihe nkiri, akụkọ, na akaebe" site na oghere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana.[7]

Linda García Merchant bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Afro-Chicana nke e mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere Las Mujeres de la Caucus Chicana, Palabras Dulces, Palabras Amargas, na obere akụkọ ndụ onwe onye No Es Facil . [8][9]

Xandra Ibarra bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri na Chicana.

A naghị eji ihe osise eme ihe n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana mana ọ ka nwere ndị na-akwado ya. Patssi Valdez bụ onye otu egwu Asco site na mbido afọ 1970 ruo n'etiti afọ 1980. Ihe osise Asco kwuru banyere nsogbu ndị na-esite na Chicanas / ahụmahụ pụrụ iche bi na njikọ nke agbụrụ, okike, na mmegbu mmekọahụ.[2]

Laura Aguilar, bụ onye a maara maka "foto ọmịiko" ya, nke na-ejikarị onwe ya eme ihe dị ka isiokwu nke ọrụ ya kamakwa ndị mmadụ na-enweghị nnọchiteanya na ndị isi: Chicanas, obodo LBGTQ, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị ahụ dị iche iche. N'ime afọ ndị 1990, Aguilar sere foto ndị na-akwado ụlọ mmanya ụmụ nwanyị dị na Eastside Los Angeles. Aguilar jiri ahụ ya n'ọzara mee ihe dị ka isiokwu nke foto ya ebe ọ na-eji ya eme ihe iji yie ihe a tụrụ site na ala. N'afọ 1990, Aguilar mepụtara Three Eagles Flying, foto nwere akụkụ atọ nke gosipụtara onwe ya ọkara gba ọtọ n'etiti etiti ya na ọkọlọtọ Mexico na United States n'akụkụ dị iche iche ka eriri ahụ ya na-eke ya ma kpuchie ihu ya. Triptych ahụ na-anọchite anya mkpọrọ ọ na-enwe site na ọdịbendị abụọ ọ bụ.[10]

N'afọ 2015, Guadalupe Rosales malitere akaụntụ Instagram nke ga-aghọ Veterans na Rucas (@veterans_and_rucas). Ihe malitere dị ka ụzọ maka ezinụlọ Rosales iji jikọọ na ọdịbendị ha na-ekerịta site na itinye foto nke Chicana / o akụkọ ihe mere eme na nostalgia n'oge na-adịghị anya toro na ebe nchekwa a raara nye ọ bụghị naanị '90 Chicana / ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị ndị ntorobịa kamakwa laa azụ na 1940s. Tụkwasị na nke a, Rosales emeela ihe osise iji gosipụta ihe ndekọ ahụ site na usoro dijitalụ mbụ ya ma gosipụta onwe ya Echoes of a Collective Memory na Legends Never Die, A Collective Memory . [11]

Echiche nke ịkekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas / os abụwo ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana malite na 1970s ruo taa. Judy Baca na Judithe Hernández ejirila isiokwu ahụ ma ọ bụ dozie akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ezo aka na ọrụ mural ha. Na nka nke oge a, Guadalupe Rosales na-eji isiokwu nke ncheta mkpokọta iji kesaa akụkọ Chicana / o na nostalgia.

Nwa Agbọghọ Na-amaghị Nwoke

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nkọwa nke 1978 nke Yolanda Lopez nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, nke akpọrọ 'Portrait of the Artist as the Virgin of Guadalube'.

Yolanda López na Ester Hernandez bụ ndị Chicana abụọ na-ese ihe na-eji ntụgharị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe mee ka Chicanas nwee ike. La Virgen bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe ịma aka ndị Chicanas na-eche ihu n'ihi mmegbu pụrụ iche ha na-enwe n'okpukpe, ọdịbendị, na site na okike ha.[12]

Akwụkwọ Chicana

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Lorna Dee Cervantes (2017) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri Chicana kachasị nwee mmetụta.

Kemgbe afọ 1970, ọtụtụ ndị edemede Chicana (dị ka Cherríe Moraga, Gloria Anzaldúa na Ana Castillo) ekwupụtala nkọwa nke ha banyere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na akwụkwọ ha. Moraga na Anzaldúa dezigharịrị akwụkwọ edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara nke akpọrọ This Bridge Called My Back [13] (nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara) na mbido afọ 1980. Cherríe Moraga, ya na Ana Castillo na Norma Alarcón, gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ a n'ime ederede asụsụ Spanish nke akpọrọ Esta Puente, Mi Espalda: Voces de Mujeres Tercermundistas en los Estados Unidos. Anzaldúa bipụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Asụsụ Abụọ (Spanish / English), Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza . Mariana Roma-Carmona, Alma Gómez, na Cherríe Moraga bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ akpọrọ Cuentos: Stories by Latinas, nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara. A na-ezo aka n'asụsụ Spanish dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa maka ichekwa ọdịbendị Chicana.[14][15]

Chicana feminist poet ire'ne lara silva (2016)

E bipụtara Chicana Feminist Journal mbụ na 1973, nke a na-akpọ Encuentro Femenil: The First Chicana Feminista Journal, nke Anna Nieto-Gómez bipụtara.[16] Otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana mbụ bụ Sheila Ortiz Taylor's Faultline, nke e bipụtara na 1982. [17]

Juanita Ramos na Latina Lesbian History Project chịkọtara otu anthology gụnyere tatiana de la tierra's first published poem, "De ambiente", na ọtụtụ Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Latina lesbians a na-akpọ Compañeras: Latina Lesbians (1987). [17]

Onye na-ede uri Chicana lesbian-feminist Gloria Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ịkpọ aha onye edemede dabere na ọnọdụ ha na-enye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ohere ịghọta ebe onye edemede nọ na ọha mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpa ịmata na njirimara njirimara na-etinye onye edemede, ha anaghị egosipụta ederede ha. Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ụdị akara a nwere ike iwepụ ndị edemede na-agbasoghị na omenala a.

Kemgbe afọ 1990, e nweela ịrị elu na akwụkwọ Chicana na-anabata ụmụ nwanyị mba na Isiokwu ọdịbendị, ọkachasị ijikọ ahụmịhe Chicana na ọnọdụ Latin America.[18] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a gosipụtara nke a na ọrụ Graciela Limón In Search of Bernabe (1997) na Erased Faces (2001). [18]

Egwú Chicana

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Alice Bag, onye na-ese egwu Chicana (1980s)

N'ịnọgide na-anọghị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicano, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Chicana, dị ka Rita Vidaurri na María de Luz Flores Aceves, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Lucha Reyes, site na 1940s na 50s, nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ ọganihu nke Chicana Feminist movements mere na narị afọ gara aga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vidaurri na Aceves so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Mexico mbụ na-eyi uwe charro mgbe ha na-eme rancheras.[19]

E nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicana, onye ọ bụla na-enye Chicanas njirimara ọhụrụ site na egwu ha. Ihe atụ dị mkpa nke onye egwu Chicana bụ Rosita Fernández, onye na-ese ihe si San Antonio, Texas. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, Lady Bird Johnson kpọrọ ya "San Antonio's First Lady of Song", onye na-agụ egwu Tejano bụ ihe nnọchianya nke Chicana feminism maka ọtụtụ ndị Mexico America ka bụ taa.[20] A kọwara ya dị ka "onye buru ibu karịa ndụ", na-eme ihe ugboro ugboro na uwe China poblana, n'oge ọrụ ya, nke na-ewe ihe karịrị afọ 60. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwetụbeghị nnukwu aha na mpụga San Antonio, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchị ogologo oge ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị inyom Mexico America na-eme ihe nkiri ọha na eze na narị afọ nke 20.[20]

  • Chelo Silva - Tejana Onye na-agụ egwú[21]
  • Eva Ybarra - Onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na Tejana (1945-) [22]
  • Ventura Alonzo - Chicana Accordionist (1904-2000) [23]
  • Eva Garza - Tejana Singer[24]
  • Selena Quintanilla-Pérez - Tejana Singer (1971-1995)
  • Gloria Ríos - Onye na-agụ egwú Hispanic [25]
  • Girl in a Coma - Tejana indie rock band si San Antonio
  • Quetzal - East Los Angeles Chicano alternative rock band [26]
  • Bags - òtù egwu punk rock nke Los Angeles, nke Alice Bag duziri.

Ndị ama ama

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Alma M. Garcia - Prọfesọ nke Sociology na Mahadum Santa Clara.
  • Ana Castillo - Onye edemede, onye edemede, ode akwukwo, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye edemedo na onye na-ede egwuregwu nke a maara maka ịkọwa eziokwu nke ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Chicana.
  • Anna Nieto-Gómez - Onye isi nhazi nke Chicana Movement na onye guzobere Hijas de Cuauhtémoc.Ụmụ nwanyị Cuauhtémoc
  • Carla Trujillo - Onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi.
  • Chela Sandoval - Onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Chicano na Chicana na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara.
  • Cherríe Moraga - Onye edemede, onye na-ede uri, onye nkuzi na-eme ngagharị iwe, na onye na-ese ihe na Mahadum Stanford.
  • Adriana Yadira Gallego - Onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese foto ọha na eze, onye nchịkwa nka, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Arts Foundation maka Tucson na Southern Arizona.[27]
  • Dolores Huerta - Ya na César Chavez malitere National Farm Worker's Association na 1962 [28]
  • Ester Hernandez - Site n'iji nka, na-eji usoro dị iche iche dị ka pastel, mbipụta, na ihe osise, ọ nwere ike igosi ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Latina / Native.
  • Gloria Anzaldúa - Ọkà mmụta nke Chicana omenala na onye dere Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, n'etiti akwụkwọ Chicana ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta.
  • Judithe Hernandez - onye na-ese ihe na Los Angeles nke na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ Cesar Chavez iji see ihe osise ndị mebiri ihe mgbochi iji kwalite usoro Chicana.
  • Martha Gonzalez (onye egwu) - Chicana artivist na onye isi nke Quetzal (ìgwè) nwetara Grammy Award.
  • Martha P. Cotera - Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye edemede n'oge Chicana Feminist Movement na Chicano Civil Rights Movement.
  • Norma Alarcón - Onye edemede Chicana nwere mmetụta.
  • Sandra Cisneros - Onye isi na-enye aka na akwụkwọ Chicana.
  • Vicki L. Ruiz - onye America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị Mexico-America na narị afọ nke iri abụọ.
  • Elizabeth Martinez - onye na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na onye edemede ogologo oge.
  • Francisca Flores - Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Chicana. O so guzobe Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional .

Òtù ndị a ma ama

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Alianza Hispano-Americana - E hiwere ya na 1894, ndị otu Alianza na-akwalite omume ọma na omenala, na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na uru ahụike dị iche iche na mkpuchi maka ndị otu ya.[29]
  • Chicas Rockeras South East Los Angeles - Na-akwalite ọgwụgwọ, uto, na obi ike maka ụmụ agbọghọ site na agụmakwụkwọ egwu
  • California Latinas for Reproductive Justice - Na-akwalite ikpe ziri ezi na ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ Latina site na usoro ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ
  • Las Foto Project - Na-eme ka ndị ntorobịa Latina nwee ike, na-enyere ụmụ agbọghọ aka iwulite ùgwù onwe onye na obi ike site na foto na nkwupụta onwe onye
  • Museum of Latin American Art (MOLAA) - Nke dị na Long Beach, CA ebe ngosi nka a na-agbasawanye ihe ọmụma na ekele maka nka Latin America nke oge a na nke oge a.
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na United States, nke W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, na Moorfield Storey na Ida B. Wells guzobere na 1909 iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị Africa America.
  • National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference - Nke Crusade for Justice haziri, ihe omume ahụ sitere na El Plan Espiritual de Aztlan, nke chọrọ ịhazi ndị Chicano gburugburu mmemme mba.[29]
  • National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) - Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Congress guzobere na 1935 iji jikwaa National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) nke na-echebe ikike ndị ọrụ ịhazi na ma ọ bụ ije ozi na òtù dị ka ndị nnọchi anya na ndị were ha n'ọrụ.[29]
  • Ovarian Psycos - Ndị na-eto eto na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na East Los Angeles bụ ndị na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na'elu ha.
  • Radical Monarchs - otu ikpe ziri ezi nke dị na California, maka ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha uhie uhie iji nweta baajị ikpe ziri ezi. N'ịbụ ndị Brown Berets na Black Panthers nwere mmetụta, ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a chọrọ ịmepụta mgbanwe na obodo ha.[30]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Edensibia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. 1 2 3 Dicochea (2004). "Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 25 (1): 77–92. DOI:10.1353/fro.2004.0032. 
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Zetterman (1 March 2016). "Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s". American Studies in Scandinavia 48 (1): 61–83. DOI:10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361. 
  3. ↑ Langlois (March 3, 2017). How Mexico's Zapatistas Helped Inspire a Feminist, Chicana Art Movement of East L.A.. LA Weekly.
  4. ↑ The 'Fiery' Visions of Iconic L.A. Artist Carlos Almaráz (en-us). KQED (2017-09-15). Retrieved on 2018-12-07.
  5. ↑ Iconic LA mural SAVED: "La Ofrenda" by Yreina Cervantez (en-US). SPARCinLA. Archived from the original on 2018-12-09. Retrieved on 2018-12-07.
  6. ↑ Vankin (30 September 2017). After 27 years in a warehouse, a once-censored mural rises in L.A.'s Union Station. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2018-12-07.
  7. 1 2 Hinckle (2021-12-21). 2021 National Film Registry Selections Reflect Diversity & Challenge Stereotypes (en-US). ComingSoon.net - Movie Trailers, TV & Streaming News, and More. Retrieved on 2023-01-19.
  8. ↑ Linda García Merchant will present on "Intergenerational Witness as Praxis: Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage and Chicana por mi Raza Digital Memory Collective" (en). IC Events. Retrieved on 2023-01-19.
  9. ↑ Espinoza (2018-06-01). Chicana Movidas: New Narratives of Activism and Feminism in the Movement Era (in en). University of Texas Press, 304. ISBN 978-1-4773-1683-2. 
  10. ↑ Miranda (25 April 2018). Photographer Laura Aguilar, chronicler of the body and Chicano identity, dies at 58. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2018-12-07.
  11. ↑ Miranda (19 October 2018). Guadalupe Rosales used Instagram to create an archive of Chicano youth of the '90s — now it's an art installation. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2018-12-07.
  12. ↑ Serna (2017). "Locating A Transborder Archive of Queer Chicana Feminist and Mexican Lesbian Feminist Art". Feminist Formations 29 (3): 49–79. DOI:10.1353/ff.2017.0030. 
  13. ↑ Adair (June 2017). "The Digital Afterlives of This Bridge Called My Back : Woman of Color Feminism, Digital Labor, and Networked Pedagogy". American Literature 89 (2): 255–278. DOI:10.1215/00029831-3861505. 
  14. ↑ Hurtado (April 1998). "Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms". Hypatia 13 (2): 134–161. DOI:10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134. 
  15. ↑ Alma M. (1997). Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings.. Routledge. 
  16. ↑ Castillo (2014). Massacre of the Dreamers : Essays on Xicanisma. 20th Anniversary Updated Edition.. University of New Mexico Press, 35. ISBN 9780826353580. 
  17. 1 2 Esquibel (2009-09-15). With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians (in en). University of Texas Press, xvi-20. ISBN 978-0-292-78210-5. 
  18. 1 2 DeGuzmán (2012-07-09). Buenas Noches, American Culture: Latina/o Aesthetics of Night (in en). Indiana University Press, 241–42. ISBN 978-0-253-00190-0. 
  19. ↑ Vargas (2012). Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda. The University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7316-2. Retrieved on 2015-06-09. 
  20. 1 2 Vargas (2012). Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda. The University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7316-2. Retrieved on 2015-06-09. 
  21. ↑ Rodríguez. Silva, Consuelo [Chelo]. Texas State Historical Association.
  22. ↑ Eva Ybarra - American Sabor. Archived from the original on 2017-05-04. Retrieved on 2015-06-10.
  23. ↑ KUTX » Ventura Alonzo, Queen of the Accordion (31 December 2012).
  24. ↑ GARZA, EVA - The Handbook of Texas Online- Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) (30 June 2014).
  25. ↑ Gloria Ríos: La reina ignorada del rock and roll mexicano. Archived from the original on 2011-09-23. Retrieved on 2015-06-10.
  26. ↑ Women Who Rock Oral History Archive :: Martha Gonzalez.
  27. ↑ Adriana Yadira Gallego (en-US). Arts Foundation for Tucson and Southern Arizona. Retrieved on 2025-03-07.
  28. ↑ Dolores Huerta | Dolores Huerta Foundation. doloreshuerta.org. Retrieved on 2020-03-03.
  29. 1 2 3 Ruiz (1998). From Out of the Shadows. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.. 
  30. ↑ Radical Monarchs. Radical Monarchs (October 2018). Retrieved on October 8, 2018.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Anzaldúa, Gloria, and Cherríe Moraga, editors. This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color. Watertown, Massachusetts: Persephone Press, c1981., Kitchen Table Press, 1983  .
  • (1989) in Alarcón: The Sexuality of Latinas. Third Woman. OCLC 555824915. 
  • Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, Aunt Lute Books,  
  • Anzaldúa, Gloria. Making Face. Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative & Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color, Aunt Lute Books, 1990,  
  • Arredondo, Gabriela, et al., editors. Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2003.  ISBN 0-8223-3105-5.
  • Balderrama, Francisco. In Defense of La Raza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929–1936. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982.
  • Castillo (2005). Between Borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana History. Floricanto Press. ISBN 978-0-915745-70-8. 
  • Castillo, Ana. Massacre of the dreamers : essays on Xicanisma. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.  ISBN 0-8263-1554-2.
  • Cotera, Martha. The Chicana feminist. Austin, Texas: Information Systems Development, 1977.
  • Córdova (December 1998). "Anti-colonial Chicana feminism". New Political Science 20 (4): 379–397. DOI:10.1080/07393149808429837. 
  • Davalos (2008). "Sin Vergüenza: Chicana Feminist Theorizing". Feminist Studies 34 (1/2): 151–171. 
  • Dicochea (2004). "Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 25 (1): 77–92. DOI:10.1353/fro.2004.0032. 
  • DuBois, Ellen Carol, and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. Unequal Sisters: A multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History. New York: Routledge, 1990.
  • García, Alma M., and Mario T. Garcia, editors. Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings. New York: Routledge, 1997.  ISBN 0-415-91800-6.
  • Garcia (1989). "The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse, 1970-1980". Gender and Society 3 (2): 217–238. DOI:10.1177/089124389003002004. 
  • Havlin (2015). "'To Live a Humanity under the Skin': Revolutionary Love and Third World Praxis in 1970s Chicana Feminism". Women's Studies Quarterly 43 (3/4): 78–97. DOI:10.1353/wsq.2015.0047. 
  • Hurtado, Aida. The Color of Privilege: Three Blasphemies on Race and Feminism. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1996.  ISBN 978-0-472-06531-8.
  • Moya (2001). "Chicana Feminism and Postmodernist Theory". Signs 26 (2): 441–483. DOI:10.1086/495600. 
  • Ramos, Juanita. Companeras: Latina Lesbians, Latina Lesbian History Project, 1987,  
  • Rodriguez (2014). "Carving Spaces for Feminism and Nationalism: Texas Chicana Activism during the Chicana/O Movement". Journal of South Texas 27 (2): 38–52. Templeeti:EBSCOhost. 
  • Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
  • Roma-Carmona, Mariana, Alma Gomez and Cherríe Moraga. Cuentos: Stories by Latinas, Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press.
  • Roth, Benita. Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave, Cambridge University Press, 2003,  
  • Ruiz, Vicki L. From out of the Shadows. Oxford University Publishing Inc., 1998.
  • Saldivar-Hull (April 1999). "Women hollering transfronteriza feminisms". Cultural Studies 13 (2): 251–262. DOI:10.1080/095023899335275. 
  • Trujillo, Carla, ed. Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About. Berkeley, Calif.: Third Woman Press, 1991.
  • Pérez (2013). Radical Chicana Poetics. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-34358-1. 
  • Whaley, Charlotte. Nina Otero-Warren of Santa Fe. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.

Njikọ mpụga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicana_feminism&oldid=672532"