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Cocaine

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Cocaine
Cocaine
Names
Pronunciationkəʊˈkeɪn
Trade namesNeurocaine,[1] Goprelto,[2] Numbrino,[3] others
Other namesBenzoylmethylecgonine, coke, blow, crack (in freebase form)
Clinical data
Drug class
Dependence riskHigh[4]
Addiction riskHigh[5]
Pregnancy
category
    Routes of
    use    		Topical, by mouth, insufflation, intravenous
    Onset of actionseconds to minutes[6]
    Duration of action5 to 90 minutes[6]
    Urine detection3 days[7]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetics
    Bioavailability
    Metabolismliver CYP3A4
    MetabolitesNorcocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene
    ExcretionKidney
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC17H21NO4
    Molar mass303.353 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    Melting point98 °C (208 °F)
    Boiling point187 °C (369 °F)
    Solubility in water≈1.8

    Cocaine, nke a makwaara dị ka coke, bụ ihe na-akpali akpali nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ ntụrụndụ.[13] A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe, na-eku ume dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ na-agbaze ma na-agba ya n'ime akwara.[6] Mmetụta uche nwere ike ịgụnye enweghị ike ịbịakwute eziokwu, mmetụta siri ike nke obi ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara.[6] Mgbaàmà anụ ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye obi na-akụ ngwa ngwa, ọsụsọ, na nnukwu nnwa anya.[6] Ọgwụ dị elu nwere ike ịkpata ọbara mgbali elu ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ ahụ.[14] Mmetụta na-amalite n'ime sekọnd ruo nkeji nke e ji ya mee ihe ma na-adịgide n'etiti nkeji ise na iri itoolu.[6] Cocaine nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọgwụgwọ a nabatara dị ka ịkpọnwụ ahụ na ibelata ọbara ọgbụgba n'oge ịwa ahụ metụtara imi.[15]

    Cocaine na-ama ahụ n'ihi mmetụta ya na rịwọọd patiwee n'ụbụrụ.[13] Mgbe obere oge nke iji ya mee ihe gasịrị, e nwere ohere dị ukwuu na ịdabere na ya ga-eme.[13] Ojiji ya na-emekwa ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa strok, ọrịa obi, nsogbu akpa ume n'ime ndị na-ese ya, Ọrịa ọbara, na ọnwụ obi mberede.[13][16] A na-agwakọta cocaine a na-ere n'ógbè n'ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ, ọka, quinine, ma ọ bụ shuga, nke nwere ike ịkpata nsị ọzọ.[17] Site na ịṅụ ọgwụ a ugboro ugboro, mmadụ nwere ike belata ikike inwe obi ụtọ ma bụrụ onye ike gwụrụ.[13]

    Cocaine na-arụ ọrụ site na igbochi reuptake nke serotonin, norepinephrine, na dopamine.[13] Nke a na-eme ka ụbụrụ atọ a gbasaa.[13] Ọ nwere ike ịgafe Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe ma nwee ike iduga na mmebi nke ihe mgbochi ahụ.[18][19] N'afọ 2013, e mepụtara kilogram 419 n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.[20] A na-eme atụmatụ na ahịa iwu na-akwadoghị maka cocaine bụ 100 ruo US $ 500 ijeri kwa afọ.[13] Site na nhazi ọzọ, enwere ike ịmepụta crack cocaine site na cocaine.[13]

    Cocaine bụ ọgwụ iwu na-akwadoghị nke abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ụwa niile, mgbe cannabis gasịrị.[21] N'etiti nde mmadụ iri na anọ na iri abụọ na otu na-eji ọgwụ ahụ eme ihe kwa afọ.[13] Ojiji kachasị elu na North America na Europe na South America sochiri.[13] N'etiti otu na pasent atọ nke ndị mmadụ nọ n'ụwa ndị mepere emepe ejirila cocaine mee ihe n'oge ụfọdụ na ndụ ha.[13] N'afọ 2013, iji cocaine eme ihe kpatara ọnwụ 4,300, site na 2,400 na 1990.[22] A na-akpọ ya aha osisi <i id="mw1A">coca</i> nke e kewapụrụ ya.[6] Ndị Peru na-eji akwụkwọ osisi ahụ eme ihe kemgbe oge ochie.[17] A chọtara cocaine na mbụ site na akwụkwọ ya na 1860.[13] Kemgbe 1961, otu mba ụwa maka ọgwụ ọjọọ achọrọ ka mba mee ka ojiji ntụrụndụ nke cocaine bụrụ mpụ.[23]

    Ihe odide

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]
    1. ↑ (2002) The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781581124040. 
    2. ↑ Goprelto- cocaine hydrochloride solution (3 January 2020).
    3. ↑ Numbrino- cocaine hydrochloride nasal solution (28 February 2020).
    4. ↑ (2010) Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment, 4, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48567-8. 
    5. ↑ (2007) Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press, 222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. 
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (October 2012) "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics 28 (4): 517–26. DOI:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988. 
    7. ↑ Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT).
    8. ↑ DEA / Drug Scheduling.
    9. 1 2 (July 2000) "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 56 (4): 305–10. DOI:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344. 
    10. ↑ (1981) "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3 (2–3): 353–66. DOI:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115. 
    11. ↑ (1989) "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204. 
    12. ↑ (March 1980) "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 27 (3): 386–94. DOI:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795. 
    13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (2012) "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry 19 (33): 5647–57. DOI:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655. 
    14. ↑ (November 2013) "Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 347 (2): 251–7. DOI:10.1124/jpet.113.206383. PMID 23978563. 
    15. ↑ (October 2006) "Cocaine: what role does it have in current ENT practice? A review of the current literature". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 120 (10): 808–11. DOI:10.1017/s0022215106001459. PMID 16848922. 
    16. ↑ (September 2014) "Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review". Drug and Alcohol Dependence 142: 1–13. DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041. PMID 25066468. 
    17. 1 2 (January 2009) "Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity--a review". Disease-A-Month 55 (1): 6–38. DOI:10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.10.002. PMID 19081448. 
    18. ↑ (2009) "Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neurotoxicity". International Review of Neurobiology 88: 297–334. DOI:10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88011-2. PMID 19897082. 
    19. ↑ Karch (2009). Karch's pathology of drug abuse, 4, Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-7881-2. 
    20. ↑ (2015) Narcotic Drugs 2014. International Narcotics Control Board. ISBN 9789210481571. 
    21. ↑ (January 2014) "[Cocaine addiction: current data for the clinician]". Presse Médicale 43 (1): 9–17. DOI:10.1016/j.lpm.2013.01.069. PMID 23727012. 
    22. ↑ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet 385 (9963): 117–71. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMID 25530442. 
    23. ↑ (January 2012) "How well do international drug conventions protect public health?". Lancet 379 (9810): 84–91. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61423-2. PMID 22225673. 
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