Comecrudan
Comecrudan na-ezo aka n'ìgwè asụsụ ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị yiri ya a na-asụ n'akụkụ ndịda Texas na n'ebe ugwu Mexico n'akụkụ Rio Grande nke Comecrudo kacha mara. Ndị Comecrudo na-asụ ha. A maghị ihe dị ukwuu gbasara asụsụ ndị a ma ọ bụ ndị na-asụ ha. Ihe ọmụma banyere ha bụ ndepụta okwu ndị ndị ozi ala ọzọ na ndị nchọpụta Europe chịkọtara. Asụsụ Comecrudan niile agwụla.
Nkewa ezinụlọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ atọ ahụ bụ:
Mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ọkwa John Wesley Powell nke e kewara asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Amerịka n'afọ 1891, e jikọtara Comecrudo na asụsụ Cotoname na Coahuilteco n'ime ezinụlọ a na-akpọ Coahuiltecan.
John R. Swanton (1915) jikọtara asụsụ Comecrudo, Cotoname, Coahuilteco, Karankawa, Tonkawa, Atakapa, na Maratino n'ime otu Coahuiltecan.
Edward Sapir (1920) nabatara aro Swanton ma chịkọta Coahuiltecan a n'ime ngwaahịa Hokan ya.
Coahuiltecan mbụ nke Powell, nke a kpọrọ Pakawan ma gbasaa ya na Garza na Mamulique, bụ nke Manaster Ramer (1996) gbachitere, onye na-ahụkwa mmekọrịta ya na Karankawa na Atakapa dị ka ihe dị anya.[1] Campbell agbaghawo atụmatụ a, onye na-ewere nkwekọrịta ya dị mma na-enweghị nkwado ma na-ewere na ụfọdụ n'ime myirịta a hụrụ n'etiti okwu nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ịgbazite.[2]
Ihe akaebe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tebụl na-esonụ nke okwu ndị bụ isi bụ ihe akaebe zuru oke nke Goddard nyere (1979: 380) iji kwado ezinụlọ Comecrudan. Ihe odide Berlandier nwere naanị ihe ndekọ dị ugbu a nke Mamulique na Garza.
| Ihe omuma | Garza | Ihe oyiyi | ihe ọ pụtara |
|---|---|---|---|
| al | ai | atl | 'anyanwụ' |
| eskan | afọ | kan | 'ọnwa' |
| arịrịọ | Ebe a na-azụ ụmụ anụmanụ | - | 'igwe' |
| na | knarxe | Kessem | 'nwoke' |
| kem | kem | kem | 'nwanyi' |
| Anyanwụ | axis | Aha (?) | 'mmiri' |
| n'oge gara aga | nweta ya | - | 'okporo ụzọ' |
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asụsụ ndị American Indian
- Nchịkọta nke asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke Amerịka
- Atanaguaypacam Indianssite naAkwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Texas Online
- Coahuiltecan
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Ramer (1996). "Sapir's Classifications: Coahuiltecan". Anthropological Linguistics 38 (1): 1–38. ISSN 0003-5483.
- ↑ Campbell (1996). "Coahuiltecan: A Closer Look". Anthropological Linguistics 38 (4): 620–634. ISSN 0003-5483.
Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ebe ndebe ihe ochie
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- National Anthropological Archives, MS 297: Comecrudo na Cotoname Vocabularies
- National Anthropological Archives, MS 2440: English-Comecrudo Vocabulary
- National Anthropological Archives, MS 4279: Nkwekọrịta n'etiti Asụsụ Atọ nke Coahuiltecan: Cotoname, Comecrudo, na Coahuilteco
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Goddard, Ives. (1979). The languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.) The languages of native America (pp. 355–389). Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
- Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
- Manaster Ramen, Alexis. (1996). Sapir's Classifications: Coahuiltecan. Anthropological Linguistics 38/1, 1–38.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); .
- Saldivar, Gabriel. (1943). Los Indios de Tamaulipas. Mexico City: Pan American Institute of Geography and History.
- Sapir, Edward. (1920). The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1 (4), 280–290.
- Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
- Swanton, John R. (1915). Linguistic position of the tribes of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. American Anthropologist, 17, 17–40.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Atanaguaypacam Indianssite naAkwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Texas Online