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Comecrudan

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Comecrudan na-ezo aka n'ìgwè asụsụ ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị yiri ya a na-asụ n'akụkụ ndịda Texas na n'ebe ugwu Mexico n'akụkụ Rio Grande nke Comecrudo kacha mara. Ndị Comecrudo na-asụ ha. A maghị ihe dị ukwuu gbasara asụsụ ndị a ma ọ bụ ndị na-asụ ha. Ihe ọmụma banyere ha bụ ndepụta okwu ndị ndị ozi ala ọzọ na ndị nchọpụta Europe chịkọtara. Asụsụ Comecrudan niile agwụla.

Nkewa ezinụlọ

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Asụsụ atọ ahụ bụ:  

Mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

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N'ọkwa John Wesley Powell nke e kewara asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Amerịka n'afọ 1891, e jikọtara Comecrudo na asụsụ Cotoname na Coahuilteco n'ime ezinụlọ a na-akpọ Coahuiltecan.

John R. Swanton (1915) jikọtara asụsụ Comecrudo, Cotoname, Coahuilteco, Karankawa, Tonkawa, Atakapa, na Maratino n'ime otu Coahuiltecan.

Edward Sapir (1920) nabatara aro Swanton ma chịkọta Coahuiltecan a n'ime ngwaahịa Hokan ya.


Coahuiltecan mbụ nke Powell, nke a kpọrọ Pakawan ma gbasaa ya na Garza na Mamulique, bụ nke Manaster Ramer (1996) gbachitere, onye na-ahụkwa mmekọrịta ya na Karankawa na Atakapa dị ka ihe dị anya.[1] Campbell agbaghawo atụmatụ a, onye na-ewere nkwekọrịta ya dị mma na-enweghị nkwado ma na-ewere na ụfọdụ n'ime myirịta a hụrụ n'etiti okwu nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ịgbazite.[2]

Ihe akaebe

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Tebụl na-esonụ nke okwu ndị bụ isi bụ ihe akaebe zuru oke nke Goddard nyere (1979: 380) iji kwado ezinụlọ Comecrudan. Ihe odide Berlandier nwere naanị ihe ndekọ dị ugbu a nke Mamulique na Garza.

Ihe omuma Garza Ihe oyiyi ihe ọ pụtara
al ai atl 'anyanwụ'
eskan afọ kan 'ọnwa'
arịrịọ Ebe a na-azụ ụmụ anụmanụ - 'igwe'
na knarxe Kessem 'nwoke'
kem kem kem 'nwanyi'
Anyanwụ axis Aha (?) 'mmiri'
n'oge gara aga nweta ya - 'okporo ụzọ'
  • Asụsụ ndị American Indian
  • Nchịkọta nke asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke Amerịka
  • Atanaguaypacam Indianssite naAkwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Texas Online
  • Coahuiltecan

Edensibia

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  1. Ramer (1996). "Sapir's Classifications: Coahuiltecan". Anthropological Linguistics 38 (1): 1–38. ISSN 0003-5483. 
  2. Campbell (1996). "Coahuiltecan: A Closer Look". Anthropological Linguistics 38 (4): 620–634. ISSN 0003-5483. 

Akwụkwọ

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Ebe ndebe ihe ochie

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  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.  ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Goddard, Ives. (1979). The languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.) The languages of native America (pp. 355–389). Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.  ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
  • Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996).  ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
  • Manaster Ramen, Alexis. (1996). Sapir's Classifications: Coahuiltecan. Anthropological Linguistics 38/1, 1–38.
  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk);  .
  • Saldivar, Gabriel. (1943). Los Indios de Tamaulipas. Mexico City: Pan American Institute of Geography and History.
  • Sapir, Edward. (1920). The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1 (4), 280–290.
  • Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
  • Swanton, John R. (1915). Linguistic position of the tribes of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. American Anthropologist, 17, 17–40.

Njikọ mpụga

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  • Atanaguaypacam Indianssite naAkwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Texas Online