Dina nke Malkhuta dina

 

Dina d'malkhuta dina (spelling alternative: dina de-malkhuta dina; Imperial Aramaic: , lit. '',, ma ọ bụ "iwu ala bụ iwu") bụ ụkpụrụ dị n'iwu okpukperechi ndị Juu na iwu obodo nke mba ahụ na-ejide ndị Juu bi na mba ahụ, na, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a ga-ahọrọ ya karịa iwu ndị Juu. Iwu ala na njikọ ya na ụmụ amaala Juu metụtara, Otú ọ dị, naanị ihe gbasara ego..

Ụkpụrụ nke dina d'malkhuta dina pụtara na, maka ndị Juu, irube isi na iwu obodo nke mba ha bi na ya ka a na-ele ya anya dị ka ọrụ okpukpe na nnupụisi bụ mmebi iwu, dịka iwu ndị Juu si dị. Otú ọ dị, ụkpụrụ a n'ozuzu ya na-adabere na iru eru na gọọmentị na-eme iwu ga-abụ nke iwu ndị Juu nabatara dị ka nke nwere ikike; iwu ga-emetụta ndị niile bi na ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ndị Juu na ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu; iwu ahụ ekwesịghịkwa imegide mmụọ nke iwu ndị sitere na Torah ọbụlagodi na otu iwu nwere ike imegide ndokwa nke iwu ndịJuda. Mgbe ọ bụla iwu steeti mebiri mmachibido iwu (Hibru) nke edepụtara na Torah, ma ọ bụ mebie ihe enyere ikike (Hibru: היתר) na Torah، ma ọ bụ ọbụna omenala ndị Juu, iwu nke Dina d'malkhuta dina anaghị emetụta.Hebrew-language_text" id="mwIg" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>

Mmalite ya

Isi mmalite nke echiche a sitere n'akwụkwọ ozi Jeremaịa nye ndị Babilọn e mere ka ha jee biri n'ala ọzọ: "Chọọ udo nke obodo ahụ nke m mere ka unu jee biri n'ala ọzọ, kpeekwara Onyenwe anyị ekpere maka ya; n'ihi na n'udo ya ka unu ga-enwe udo" (Jeremaịa 29:7). N'uche ụfọdụ, maka ndị Juu e mere ka ha jee biri n'ala ọzọ, nrubeisi ha nye ndị ọchịchị mba ọzọ bụ ihe a na-ewere dị ka "nghọta bara uru nke ike obi ọjọọ" karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.[1] Ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ihe pụrụ iche n'ozi Jeremaịa na ndụmọdụ ya karịrị naanị nrubeisi nye mkpa ma rịọ maka ekpere maka "udo (שָׁלוֹם)" nke ndị ahụ e mere ka ha jee biri n'ala ọzọ n'etiti ha. 

Ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na ikike ndị eze nwere ime iwu na-ejide ndị mmadụ na ịkwụ ụtụ isi na ọrụ sitere na ihe omume Bible banyere ikpu eze okpueze (1 Samuel 8:11-18) .

Onye mbụ kwuru banyere ozizi n'okpuru ikike nke Dina d'malkhuta dina, onye tinyere ya n'ọrụ na ndị Juu bi n'okpuru iwu nke ala ndị mba ọzọ, bụ Mar Samuel (ihe dị ka 177-257), onye amamihe Talmudic si Babilọn.

Rabbi Hanina, onye bụ osote nnukwu onye nchụàjà tupu mmeri ndị Rom meriri Jerusalem na mbibi nke Ụlọ Nsọ nke Abụọ ka e depụtara na akwụkwọ (Talmud, Avot 6) ka ọ na-ekwu: "Kpee ekpere maka ọdịmma nke gọọmentị, n'ihi na ọ bụghị n'ihi egwu ya, ndị mmadụ ga-elo ibe ha na-adị ndụ"

N'ime halakha na Talmud

The dina etc. (= "law of the land") was the only extraneous element that was incorporated into the halakhic law structure, the foundation of jurisdictional autonomy of Jewish communities, and applies to raising taxes, duties and imposts, on the condition that the exacter is fully authorized and does not exact more than what he is entitled to exact, as also to a government's right to determine ways of commerce. In cases of abuse, it was permitted to evade customs (import tax). By definition, the term would also apply to the king's ability to expropriate lands under the laws of eminent domain for the building of new roads for his army during war. Not only is he permitted to build a road for his army, but according to Shemuel, in virtue of the powers vested in the government or in the king, he has the authority to cut down another's date-palm trees and to make from them bridges, while persons making use of the bridge need not suspect that the original owners have not despaired of retrieving their lost property and are still in possession of the timbers, seeing that, in fact, they have despaired of retrieving what was formerly theirs. Included in the general scope of the term's definition are the legal deeds (conveyances) and documents held in non-Jewish courts of law and registries, which are viewed as valid. The statement dina de-malkhuta dina, appears four times in the Babylonian Talmud and is a nod to Jewish acquiescence to Gentile authority, as also to Jewish secular authority.Washofsky (Oct 1989). "Halakhah and Political Theory: A Study in Jewish Legal Response to Modernity". Modern Judaism 9 (3): 294–295. DOI:10.1093/mj/9.3.289. Washofsky, Mark (Oct 1989). "Halakhah and Political Theory: A Study in Jewish Legal Response to Modernity". Modern Judaism. 9 (3): 294–295. doi:10.1093/mj/9.3.289. JSTOR 1396177.</ref>

Okwu dina etc. (= "iwu nke ala") ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-emetụta gọọmentị Israel ma ọ bụ ndị Juu, kamakwa gọọmentị ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu ebe ndị Juu na-emetụ n'ahụ na ebe a ga-akwanyere iwu gọọmentị ùgwù dị ka iwu nke Torah. Talmud (Baba Batra 55a) na-ekwu na, n'ihe banyere gọọmentị Peasia na iwu ya, usucaption (nchịkọta) nwere ike inweta ikike ala mgbe afọ iri anọ nke onye ọrụ ugbo bi, n'ime afọ ndị onye ọrụ ugpo ahụ enwetaghị mmegide ma ọ bụ mkpesa ọ bụla, ọ bụ ezie na iwu ndị Juu, otu na-enweta ikike ala site na usucaption na-arụ ọrụ ya naanị afọ atọ site na ụbọchị. N'okwu a, ndị Juu bi na Peasia ga-asọpụrụ iwu nke ala ahụ. Ihe ọhụrụ nke iwu ndị Peshia na-enye ohere ka onye ọrụ ugbo Peshia nke nwetara ihe onwunwe ahụ ree ndị ọzọ ihe onwunwa ahụ, ọbụnakwa ma ọ bụrụ na e mechara mụta na e zuuru ihe onwunwu ahụ n'aka onye nwe ya (onye na-emegideghị ikike ya maka ihe onwunw ahụ n'afọ ndị a niile), onye zụrụ ihe onwunwunwe ahụ - ma ọ bụrụgodị na onye nwe ya kwesịrị ekwesị na-ekwu ugbu a ga-azọrọ ihe onwunye ya ma chọọ ka e nyeghachi ya - ọ bụghị ihe onwunbe ya n'okpuru iwu ndị Pesanya, ihe onwunde, ihe onyinyo ahụ nke na-emegide iwu ndị Juu nke ziri ezi furu efu (mgbe onye nwe ya). Naanị n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ ebe iwu ndị Juu na-achịkwa ga-abụ na onye nwe ya mbụ, n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú a, ga-enwetaghachi ihe onwunwe ya zuru ohi, na-ahụ na enweghị ike inweta ihe onwunwa zuru ohi site na usucaption. Ala nke onye Juu zụrụ n'aka onye na-abụghị onye Juu, onye na-adịghị ka onye Juu ga-egosipụta nzụta ya site n'igosi akwụkwọ ikike nke ihe onwunwe ahụ.

Mmetụta nke dina na ndị Juu

Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị rabaị kwenyere na Dina d'malkhuta dina metụtara, ma gọọmentị ndị Juu ma ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu, Rashi Nissim, onye kwuru na Ndị Tosafist, ekwenyeghị, na-ekwu na n'ihe gbasara ụtụ isi ala nke gọọmentị na-achị, dịka n'ihe banyere eze Peasia nke nwere ikike ịkwụ ụtụ isi n'elu ndị ọ nọ n'okpuru ya, ma ndị na ala ha nwere ike ịnara ihe onwunwe ha, ma ọ bụ ndị dọk (nke ala nke ala na-abụghị Israel). Dị ka Maimonides si kwuo, gọọmentị nke mba ọ bụla nwere ikike ịkwụ ụtụ isi ala n'elu ndị ọ na-achị, na ndị na-akwụghị ụgwọ ya nwere ike ịnapụ ha ihe onwunwe ha, ma ọ bụ ndị na-agbazinye ụlọ ụgwọ ruo mgbe a kwụrụ ụgwọ. 

Ndị rabaị chọrọ "ikpe ziri ezi dị nta" site n'aka ndị ọchịchị na-abụghị ndị Juu, n'ihi ya, ka a nabata dina, e nwere ihe abụọ. Nkwupụta ndị a bụ na iwu ga-abụrịrị nke doro anya na nke zuru ụwa ọnụ, iji chebe ndị Juu pụọ na iwu ndị Jentaịl nke enwere ike iji megide ha.

Gọọmentị na-abụghị ndị Juu, ọ bụ ezie na e nyere ya ikike ịkwụ ụtụ isi, wdg, enweghị ikike ịhọpụta onye rabaị n'elu obodo ndị Juu na-enweghị nkwenye nke ọtụtụ ndị obodo ahụ, ọ gwụla ma onye rabaị ahụ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma nwee ncheta, yana ikike iche echiche pụrụ iche na ntinye siri ike (Responsa of Rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet, responsum no. 271). Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na onye Juu ahọpụta onye rabaị n'elu obodo ahụ, n'enwetaghị nkwado mbụ site n'aka obodo ahụ, omume ndị dị otú ahụ na-akwa ụta ma a ga-achọ ka ọ kọọ ihe omume ya (Responsa of Rabbi Shlomo ibn Aderet, responsum no. 637).

Ọnọdụ nke dina n'ihe gbasara obodo na okpukpe

Ndị rabaị mepụtara okwu ndị a ga-eji mee ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe ma mata maka ime ka ikike nke dina (= "iwu nke ala"), mamona ndị a (ihe gbasara obodo na akụ na ụba) bụ ebe dina nwere ike ịnọchi ọbụna iwu Torah, na isura (ihe a machibidoro iwu ma ọ bụ nke okpukpe) na a pụghị ileghara iwu ndị Jentaị anya megide Torah.

Talmud (Baba Metzia 28b) na-akọ akụkọ banyere oge mgbe Gọọmentị Peasia mere ya iwu na ego ọ bụla otu n'ime ụmụ amaala ya chọtara na-aghọ ihe onwunwe nke steeti. Rabbi Ammi na onye ọrụ ibe ya chọtara ego furu efu nke ndị nwe ya nwere, n'ụzọ doro anya, enweghị olileanya ịchọta. Otu onye rabaị ahụ maara ozizi ọnụ nke kụziiri na onye ahụ chọtara ego furu efu, ebe ọ na-enweghị ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama na-egosi onye ọ bụbu nke ya na ebe onye nwe ya enweghị olileanya ịchọta ego furu efu ahụ, onye chọtara ya na-aghọ onye nwe ya ọhụrụ na nke iwu kwadoro. Ya mere, na-adabere kpamkpam na nkuzi a, o nyere ntụziaka ka ị ghara ịhapụ ego ha chọtara, ma ọ bụ nye ya Gọọmentị. Ebe ọ bụ na iwu ndị Peshia megidere nke iwu ndị Juu, onye rabaị ahụ nwere ike ileghara ya anya, ọ bụrụhaala na ejideghị ya n'omume ahụ.

Ndị halakhist nke oge ochie mepụtara ụzọ abụọ maka ọchịchị dina. Nke mbụ bụ echiche "nkwekọrịta" ebe iwu nke eze na-achị na-ejikọta ndị nọ n'ala ahụ n'ihi na ha ekwekọrịtara tupu oge eruo ịnakwere iwu eze. Maimonides na Shulchan Arukh, ndị isi halakhic decisors (poskim), bụ ndị isi na-akwado echiche a. Nke abụọ bụ echiche "onwe", ebe ndị Juu ghọtara iwu eze dị ka ala bụ ihe onwunwe ya; ndị na-akọwa ihe nke Talmudic (Run na Tosafos) kwadoro echiche a.

Mmetụta maka Israel nke oge a

Banyere Israel nke oge a, e nwere ndị na-ekwu na Talmud kwuru na dina na-emetụta naanị iwu nke ọchịchị ndị Jentaịl, ebe ọbụbụeze nke eze ndị Juu, dịka ọ metụtara dina, anaghị ezo na Talmud. N'ime arụmụka na-akwado itinye dina n'ọrụ na steeti ndị Juu nke oge a, Tenbitsky, onye na-akọwa okwu banyere isiokwu a, gosipụtara ụkpụrụ nke niḥa lehū (Hibru: ניחא): nkwenye nke ndị Juu na ike ọchịchị maka usoro ọha na eze. N'iji arụmụka a, enwere ike itinye niḥa lehū n'ọrụ maka ebumnuche gọọmentị ọ bụla ziri ezi dịka ụtụ isi maka nchekwa mba, ya mere, enwere ike iji dina mee ihe na onye ọchịchị ndị Juu, ebe a pụghị ịgọnahụ ike dị mkpa dịka niḥa lehū. Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru "echiche nke onye nwe ala" enweghị ike itinye dina n'ọrụ na onye ọchịchị ndị Juu n'ala Izrel dịka ndị Juu niile nwere ala ahụ ọnụ, ya mere eze ma ọ bụ gọọmentị ndị Juu, onye nwe ala hà nhata, agaghị enwe ike ịchụpụ ndị ọzọ n'ógbè ha.

Ụlọ ikpe ndị rabaị megide iwu ndị na-abụghị nke steeti

Iwu ihe nketa nke Israel bụ ihe sitere na iwu ihe nketa British Mandate nke 1923, nke kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke nwere ikike nketa hà nhata. Otú ọ dị, na iwu Mosaic, ụlọ ikpe ga-ekewa ihe nketa ahụ n'otu n'otu site n'etiti ụmụ nwoke nke onye nwụrụ anwụ (a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị na ihe nketa, ọ gwụla ma edepụtara ha na Will Ikpeazụ ya, ma ọ bụ naanị ụmụ ya). Dị ka otu Iwu Mozis si kwuo, nwa mbụ nke ụmụ ya nwoke na-enweta akụkụ abụọ nke ihe nketa nkewa.

Ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ ikpe ndị rabaị enweghị ike ịgafe Iwu ụwa nke steeti ahụ, ha enweghịkwa ike ịkagbu iwu Bible, ha na-ezere okwu ahụ site n'ịgba onyeisi ezinụlọ ume ide Will Ikpeazụ tupu ọnwụ ya, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, nna ahụ nwere ike ịnye nwa ya nwoke nke okenye òkè dị ukwuu nke ihe nketa ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na enweghị Will Ikpeazụ nke nna ya mere tupu ọnwụ ya, mgbe ụmụnne nwoke na ụmụnne nwanyị bịara n'ihu ụlọ ikpe nke iwu ndị rabaị iji dozie ihe nketa ha, ụlọ ikpe, tupu ha ewepụta Iwu Ihe Nketa (Hibru: צו יר__tir____tir____tir__), na-agba mbọ ime ka nwa nwoke nke okenye jiri obi ya nyefee akụkụ nke ihe nketa ya ka nwanne ya nwanyị (s) wee nweta akụkụ nke otu ihe nketa ahụ, ha niile enyeghị nkwenye ha edere tupu ọnọdụ ahụ, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, n"ọkwaghị ihe nketa nke ụwa.

Hụkwa

• Hefker beth-din hefker
• Iwu nke ala
• Lex loci rei sitae
• Lex loci delicti commissi
• Ikike nke Ógbè A Ma Ama
• Yiush

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

• Schachter (1984). "`Dina De'malchusa Dina`: Secular Laws as a Religious Obligation", in Cohen, Alfred S.: Halacha and Contemporary Society (in en). KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 85–114. ISBN 9780881250428.