Dyirbal asụsụ

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Dyirbal / ˈdʒɜːr bəl / [ (nakwa Djirubal ) bụ asụsụ Aboriginal Australia nke ndị Dyirbal na-asụ na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Queensland . N’afọ 2016, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Statistics Australia kọrọ na e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ 8. Ọ bụ onye otu obere ngalaba Dyirbalic nke ezinụlọ Pama–Nyungan . O nwere ọtụtụ ihe pụtara ìhè mere ka a mara ya nke ọma n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ .

N'ime afọ kemgbe e bipụtara ụtọ asụsụ Dyirbal nke Robert Dixon na 1972, Dyirbal ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abịaru nso na ikpochapụ dịka ndị na-eto eto amụtaghị ya. ^[1]

Olumba

Enwere ọtụtụ otu dị iche iche na-asụ olumba nke asụsụ Dyirbal. Onye nyocha Robert Dixon na-eme atụmatụ na Dyirbal nwere, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya kacha elu, olumba iri. ^[2]

Olumba gụnyere: ^[3]

Dyirbal (ma ọ bụ Jirrbal ^[3] ) nke Dyirbalŋan na-asụ
Mamu, nke Waɽibara na-asụ, Dulgubara, Bagiɽgabara, Dyiɽibara, na Mandubara ^[4] (E nwekwara ụdị Mamu dị iche iche nke otu n'otu n'otu na-asụ, dị ka Warribara Mamu, na Dulgubara Mamu ^[3] )
Giramay (Ma ọ bụ Girramay ^[3] ), nke ndị Giramaygan na-asụ ^[4]
Gulŋay (ma ọ bụ Gulngay ^[3] ), ndị Malanbara na-asụ ^[4]
Dyiru (ma ọ bụ Djirru ^[3] ), nke ndị Dyirubagala na-asụ ^[4]
Ngadyan (ma ọ bụ Ngadjan ^[3] ), nke ndị Ngadyiandyi ^[4] na-asụ.
Walmalbarra ^[3]

Ndị na-asụ olumba ndị a na-ewerekarị olu ha dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche. Onye nyocha Robert Dixon kewara ha dị ka olumba, onye kewara ha dị ka ndị a dabere na njirisi asụsụ na myirịta ha, ụfọdụ olumba na-ekekọrịta ihe ruru 90% nke okwu ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-ele olumba ahụ anya dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, asụsụ ahụ enweghị aha nkịtị, ya mere Dixon nyere asụsụ ahụ aha Dyirbal, na-akpọkwa ya Jirrbal, bụ́ olumba ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu nke ndị na-asụ ya n’oge ọ na-amụ ya. ^[2]

Asụsụ ndị agbata obi

Asụsụ ndị agbata obi ọtụtụ olumba Dyirbal gụnyere: ^[2]

Ngaygungu
Mbabaram
Muluriji
Yidiny
Warungu
Wargamay
Nyawaygi

	Mpụta		Laminal	Apical
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Alveolar	Retroflex
Plosive	p	k	c	t
imi	m	ŋ	ɲ	n
Trill				r
Odika	w		j	l

Usoro ụdaume Dyirbal bụ nke Australia, nwere ụdaume atọ: /i/, /a/ na /u/, ezie /u/ a ghọtara dị ka [o] n'ebe ụfọdụ na /a/ nwere ike ịghọta dị ka [e], daberekwa na gburugburu ebe ekwentị na-egosi. Ya mere, n'ezie nchịkọta ụda dị ukwuu karịa ngwa ngwa nke fọnịm ga-atụ aro. Nchegbu na-adaba na mkpụrụokwu mbụ nke otu okwu ma na-abụkarị n'ọdịdị mkpịrịsị ọnụ ọgụgụ na-adịghị mma ma e wezụga ultima, nke na-enweghi nrụgide mgbe niile. Ihe si na nke a pụta bụ na mkpuruokwu mmegide n'usoro anaghị eme.

Ụtọ asụsụ

A maara asụsụ ahụ nke ọma maka usoro nke klas aha ya, yana ọnụọgụ anọ na mkpokọta. A na-ekewa ha n'etiti ahịrị semantic ndị a:

M - ihe kacha ndụ ndụ, ndị nwoke
II – ụmụ nwanyị, mmiri, ọkụ, ime ihe ike na anụmanụ pụrụ iche ^[5]
III - mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri oriri
IV - dị iche iche (gụnyere ihe anaghị ekewa na atọ mbụ)

Klas a na-akpọkarị "nwanyị" (II) kpaliri aha akwụkwọ George Lakoff Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things . Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro nhazi dị otú ahụ na nkewa nwoke na nwanyị n'ime ụdị nke "nwanyị", "nwoke" na (mgbe ụfọdụ) "neuter" nke a na-achọta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ asụsụ Indo-European .

Dyirbal na-egosi usoro nkewa-ergative . Ahịrịokwu ndị nwere nnọchiaha onye nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ nwere akara arụmụka ngwaa ha maka ikpe n'ụkpụrụ na-eṅomi asụsụ nhọpụta – ebubo ebubo . Ya bụ, nnọchiaha mmadụ nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ na-apụta na nke kacha nta akara mgbe ọ bụ isiokwu (n'agbanyeghị transitivity nke ngwaa), na nke kacha akara mgbe ọ bụ kpọmkwem ihe. Ya mere Dyirbal na-ebo ebubo morphologically na mmadụ nke mbụ na nke abụọ, mana morphologically na-ezitere ebe ọzọ; ma ọ ka na- enwe mmetụta mgbe niile.

Taboo

A na-enwebu usoro mgbochi dị mgbagwoju anya na omenala Dyirbal. Amachibidoro onye na-ekwu okwu kpamkpam ka ya na nne di ya, ọgọ nwa ya, nwa nwanne nna ya ma ọ bụ nwa nwanne nne ya na-ekwurịta okwu, na ịgakwuru ndị a ma ọ bụ lee anya ozugbo. ^[6] Amachibidoro ndị ikwu okwu ka ha na ndị ikwu ha na ndị ikwu ibe ha na-ekwurịta okwu n'ihi na ndị ikwu ndị ahụ so na ngalaba nke mmadụ ga-alụ, mana ha na-abụkwa ndị ikwu na-ahọrọ dị ka onye òtù ọlụlụ, n'ihi ya, zere nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndabere nke na-egosi na onye ọ bụla enweghị mmekọahụ. ^[6]

Ọzọkwa, n'ihi na alụmdi na nwunye na-ewerekarị n'ọgbọ dị n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru, nwa nwanne nwoke nke ndị na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-abụkarị nne di ma ọ bụ nna di. ^[7] Na mgbakwunye, mgbe n'ime ịnụ nso nke taboo ikwu na onye a chọrọ iji a pụrụ iche na mgbagwoju ụdị nke asụsụ na nnoo otu fọnịm na ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ, ma na a lexicon na-akọrọ ọ dịghị okwu na ọkọlọtọ asụsụ ma e wezụga n'ihi anọ lexical ihe na-ezo aka na nne na nna ochie n'akụkụ nne na nna. ^[8]

Mmekọrịta ahụ taboo bụ nke ọzọ. N’ihi ya, a naghị ekwe ka mmadụ na nne di ya kwurịta okwu, ọ bụkwakwa ihe a na-adịghị mma maka nne di ịgwa ọgọ ya nwoke okwu. ^[6] Mmekọrịta a dịkwa n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị nke mere na a machibidoro nwunye nwa ikwu okwu ozugbo ma ọ bụ gakwuru nna di ya na nke ọzọ. Nke a taboo dị adị, mana ọ naghị akwadosi ike, n'etiti ndị otu nwoke na nwanyị nke mere na nwoke kwesịrị iji ụdị okwu nkwanye ùgwù n'ihu nna di ya, ma nna nwunye nwere ike ikpebi ma ọ ga-eji ụdị okwu ọnụ kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ụdị nkwanye ùgwù n'ihu ọgọ ya nwoke. ^[6]

Ụdị asụsụ ahụ pụrụ iche na mgbagwoju anya, Dyalŋuy, ka e ji mee ihe n'ihu ndị ikwu taboo ebe a na-eji ụdị nke a na-akpọ n'ọtụtụ olumba dị ka Guwal n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ niile. ^[6] Dyalŋuy ahụ nwere otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe omimi dị ka asụsụ kwa ụbọchị nke na-ebelata ọdịnaya semantic na nkwurịta okwu n'ezie n'ihu onye ikwu taboo. ^[9] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Dyalŋuy ngwaa 'ịjụ' bụ baŋarrmba-l . Na Guwal, 'aju' bu ŋanba-l, 'ịkpọ onye ọbịbịa' bụ yumba-l, 'ịkpọ mmadụ ka o soro onye' bụ bunma-l na 'ịnọgide na-arịọ mgbe a gwachara ya' bụ gunji-y . Enweghị akwụkwọ ozi na ngwaa 3 ọzọ nke Guwal na Dyalŋuy. ^[8]

Iji nweta gburugburu mmachi a, ndị na-ekwu okwu Dyirbal na-eji ọtụtụ aghụghọ okwu syntactic na semantic mee ya na obere okwu nke na-ekpughe ọtụtụ ihe nye ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ gbasara ọdịdị ọmụmụ nke Dyirbal. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Guwal na-eji ihe ndị na-akpata lexical, dị ka bana- ' gaynyja- ' . Nke a yiri English "Ọ mebiri iko" (transitive) vs. "The iko mebiri." (intransitive). Ebe Dyirbal nwere lexeme ole na ole, morpheme -rri- a na-eji ya dị ka suffix mwepu intransitive. Ya mere, ihe dakọtara Dyalŋuy nke okwu abụọ a dị n'elu bụ yuwa transitive na intransitive yuwa-rri- . ^[10]

Ihe ndị a chọtara na Dyalŋuy bụ isi ihe sitere na isi mmalite atọ: "ịgbazinye ego site n'akwụkwọ ndekọ aha kwa ụbọchị nke olumba ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndị agbata obi, imepụta ụdị [Dyalŋuy] ọhụrụ site na nrụrụ ụda nke lexemes site n'ụdị asụsụ nke ya kwa ụbọchị, na ibiri okwu ndị dịbu n'ụdị asụsụ [Dyalŋuy] ma ọ bụ ụdị onye agbata obi". ^[11]

Otu ihe atụ nke ibiri n'etiti olumba bụ okwu maka anyanwụ na olumba Yidin na Ngadyan. N'ime Yidin, okwu style Guwal maka anyanwụ bụ [buŋan], na otu okwu a bụkwa ụdị Dyalŋuy nke okwu maka anyanwụ n'olumba Ngadyan. ^[6] A na-eche na ụmụ ebo Dyirbal na-atụ anya inweta ụdị okwu Dyalŋuy afọ na-esote ha nwetara ụdị okwu kwa ụbọchị site n'aka ndị ikwu ibe ha ga-ekwu okwu na Dyalŋuy n'ihu ha. Site na mmalite nke ntolite, nwa ahụ nwere ike na-asụ Dyalŋuy nke ọma ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị. ^[7] Ihe omume a, nke a na-akpọkarị asụsụ nne di, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ ndị amaala Australia. Ọ dị adị ruo n'ihe dị ka 1930, mgbe usoro taboo dara nke ọma.

Dyirbal na-eto eto

N'afọ ndị 1970, ndị na-asụ olumba Dyirbal na Giramay zụtara ala na Murray Upper, site n'enyemaka nke gọọmenti etiti Australia ma guzobe obodo. N'ime obodo a ngbanwe asụsụ malitere ime, ya na ya wee pụta ụdị ọhụrụ nke Dyirbal, nke onye nyocha Annette Schmidt kpọrọ ya "Young Dyirbal" ma ọ bụ "YD". Asụsụ a dị iche na "Traditional Dyirbal" ma ọ bụ "TD". ^[12]

Dyirbal na-eto eto dị iche na ụtọ asụsụ dị iche na Dyirbal Omenala, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọ na-adị ka Bekee, dị ka mwepu nke ntachi obi nke mkpagharị mmejọ, dị ka a na-ahụ na Dyirbal Omenala, na-akwado ụdị ntụgharị uche karịa nke a na-ahụ na bekee. ^[12]

Ihe ndetu

↑ Schmidt (1985). Young People's Dyirbal: An Example of Language Death from Australia. Cambridge University Press.
1 2 3 Dixon (1991). "A Changing Language Situation: The Decline of Dyirbal, 1963-1989". Language in Society 20 (2): 183–200. DOI:10.1017/S0047404500016262. ISSN 0047-4045. Dixon, R. M. W. (1991).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dixon (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47378-0. OCLC 70724682. Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002).
1 2 3 4 5 Dixon, R. M. W., ed. (1972), "Dyirbal: The Language and ITS Speakers", The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 22–38, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084987.003, ISBN 978-0-521-09748-2, retrieved 2020-12-09
↑ Lakoff (1990). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. University of Chicago Press.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Dixon (1972). The Dyirbal language of north Queensland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dixon, R. M. W. (1972).
1 2 Dixon (1989). "The Dyirbal kinship system". Oceania 59 (4): 245–268. Dixon, R. M. W. (1989).
1 2 Dixon (1990). "The origin of "mother-in-law vocabulary" in two Australian languages". Anthropological Linguistics 32 (1-2): 1–56. Dixon, R. M. W. (1990).
↑ Silverstein (1976). "Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description", in Basso: Meaning in Anthropology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 11–55.
↑ Dixon (2000). "A Typology of Causatives: Form, Syntax, and Meaning", in R. M. W.: Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge University Press, 39–40.
↑ Evans (2003). "Context, culture, and structuration in the languages of Australia". Annual Review of Anthropology 32: 13–40.
1 2 Schmidt (1985). "The Fate of Ergativity in Dying Dyirbal". Language 61 (2): 378–396. DOI:10.2307/414150. ISSN 0097-8507. Schmidt, Annette (1985).

Ntụaka

Dixon (1972). The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-08510-6.

Njikọ mpụga

Ihe nkuzi nkuzi gbasara asụsụ nne di na Dyirbal
Archived akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Dyirbal na akụrụngwa asụsụ , na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies
Archived akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Girramay na akụrụngwa asụsụ , na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies
Akwụkwọ edemede nke ndị Gulngay na akụrụngwa asụsụ , na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies
Ọrụ Rosetta: Ndepụta Swadesh Dyirbal
Ndekọ Asụsụ Jirrbal, Ọbá akwụkwọ steeti nke Queensland

[1] Schmidt (1985). Young People's Dyirbal: An Example of Language Death from Australia. Cambridge University Press.

[:0-2] 1 2 3 Dixon (1991). "A Changing Language Situation: The Decline of Dyirbal, 1963-1989". Language in Society 20 (2): 183–200. DOI:10.1017/S0047404500016262. ISSN 0047-4045. Dixon, R. M. W. (1991).

[:32-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dixon (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47378-0. OCLC 70724682. Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002).

[:1-4] 1 2 3 4 5 Dixon, R. M. W., ed. (1972), "Dyirbal: The Language and ITS Speakers", The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 22–38, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084987.003, ISBN 978-0-521-09748-2, retrieved 2020-12-09

[5] Lakoff (1990). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. University of Chicago Press.

[Dixon1972-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dixon (1972). The Dyirbal language of north Queensland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dixon, R. M. W. (1972).

[Dixon,_R._M._W._1989-7] 1 2 Dixon (1989). "The Dyirbal kinship system". Oceania 59 (4): 245–268. Dixon, R. M. W. (1989).

[Dixon,_R._M._W._1990-8] 1 2 Dixon (1990). "The origin of "mother-in-law vocabulary" in two Australian languages". Anthropological Linguistics 32 (1-2): 1–56. Dixon, R. M. W. (1990).

[9] Silverstein (1976). "Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description", in Basso: Meaning in Anthropology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 11–55.

[10] Dixon (2000). "A Typology of Causatives: Form, Syntax, and Meaning", in R. M. W.: Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge University Press, 39–40.

[11] Evans (2003). "Context, culture, and structuration in the languages of Australia". Annual Review of Anthropology 32: 13–40.

[:2-12] 1 2 Schmidt (1985). "The Fate of Ergativity in Dying Dyirbal". Language 61 (2): 378–396. DOI:10.2307/414150. ISSN 0097-8507. Schmidt, Annette (1985).

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