Ebrahim Ebrahim
Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim OLG (1 Julaị 1937 – 6 Disemba 2021) bụ onye South Africa na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ sitere na India bụ onye so na ndị otu African National Congress's ngwa agha uMkhonto we Sizwe. A gbara ya ikpe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị mebiri emebi nke Pietermaritzburg na 1963 ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ 15 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nchekwa kacha elu nke Robben Island.
Onye a ma ama dị ka Ebee, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye omebe iwu na gọọmentị mbụ a họpụtara n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa n'afọ 1994 ma bụrụkwa osote onye minista na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba ụwa n'etiti 2009 na 2014.
Oge ọ malitere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Ebrahim na Durban na 1937 na nne na nna, Hafeeza na Mohammed Adam Modan, ndị India. Nna ya si Gujarat ma gaa South Africa na 1933, ebe a mụrụ nne ya na South Africa. Nna ya were aha nna ya bụ Ebrahim n'aka ezinụlọ ya na ha gara South Africa.[1][2]
Nne nne ya lekọtara agụmakwụkwọ Ebrahim mgbe ndị ọchịchị jụrụ ya ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, na-ekwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ India jupụtara ma ha enweghị ike ịnabata ya. Nke a gara n'ihu ruo afọ ise ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri. Ọ sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị na-akwado The Hindu Tamil Institute . [1]
Ọrụ na ime ihe ike
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ebrahim zutere okwu sitere n'aka ndị isi African National Congress (ANC) na Natal Indian Congress (NIC) mgbe ọ gara nzukọ ha na Durban mgbe ọ dị afọ 13. N'oge a, a mara ya na mmegide nke na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè megide ndị India na mba ahụ.[1] Ọ bụ onye na-enwe mmasị n'òtù mmegide nke Mahatma Gandhi, ma gaa nzukọ ebe onye isi ANC Albert Luthuli kwuru okwu.[3]
Ebrahim sonyeere òtù na-mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site na isonye na NIC na 1952 n'oge mkpọsa Defiance. [1] N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye otu ANC Youth League. Dị ka onye otu NIC ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya na Congress of the People nke nabatara Freedom Charter na 1955.[4][5]
Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ onye otu ANC Umkhonto We Sizwe na 1961 ma bụrụ onye otu nzukọ nke mere mmebi na mba ahụ.[1][6] Ọ ga-emecha kwuo na ogbugbu Sharpeville nke 1960, ebe ndị uwe ojii Transvaal gbagburu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe iri isii na itoolu, gbanwere obi ya banyere ụzọ udo nke ime ngagharị iwe na nguzogide na-enweghị isi, na-eduga ya isonyere akụkụ agha nke ANC.[3]
E jidere ya na 1963 n'okpuru iwu Sabotage . [4][5] E kpere ya ikpe na Pietermaritzburg Sabotage Trial nke gụnyere ndị ọzọ 18 na-eme ngagharị iwe ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 15 na Robben Island Maximum Security Prison. Oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dakọtara na oge ndị ọzọ a ma ama gụnyere Nelson Mandela nọ n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.[4] N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ya na Jacob Zuma, onye ga-emesị bụrụ onye isi ala nke mba ahụ, nọrọ n'ụlọikwuu ya.[3]
Ebrahim ga-ede n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya mgbe e mesịrị banyere mmetọ anụ ahụ, mmekpa ahụ, na nhụjuanya a na-eme n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-asị, "N'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a wakporo anyị, agụụ na-agụ anyị, na-eyi anyị uwe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma na-eweda anyị ala n'ụzọ kachasị njọ. Anyị kụwara nkume ma rie nri. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, a mere ka anyị guzo ọtọ ruo ogologo oge n'ogige mepere emepe, mgbe ụfọdụ na ihu igwe na-adịghị ahụkebe. " N'agbanyeghị nke a, o ji oge ya n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ nweta akara abụọ na Mahadum nke Bachelor of Commerce South Africa. [3][5]
A tọhapụrụ Ebrahim n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'afọ 1979, na ọnọdụ na ọ gaghị etinye aka na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, [1] ma soro iwu ANC ka ọ gaa mba ọzọ n'afọ sochirinụ. [5] Otú ọ dị, e jidere ya ọzọ na 1989 maka ịkụ ogbunigwe n'ugbo ndị ọcha na Swaziland (nke bụzi Eswatini) na 1986, ya na ndị ọzọ abụọ. Ndị ọrụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke South Africa tọọrọ ya na Swaziland ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 20, ọzọ na Robben Island.[4][7][8] A tọhapụrụ Ebrahim n'afọ 1991; a kpọrọ ntọrọ ahụ iwu na-akwadoghị ebe ọ bụ na ọ mere n'èzí ikike South Africa.[1]
Ebrahim so na Gọọmentị mbụ a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa na 1994, [4] nke mbụ dị ka onye otu National Assembly, wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ, na-enyere aka na esemokwu dị n'etiti Ndị Palestine na Israel, Democratic Republic of the Congo na Rwanda, na Nepal, Bolivia, Kosovo, na Burundi. [9] Dị ka onye ogbugbo na esemokwu Israel-Palestine, ọ kwadoro maka etiti etiti n'etiti ọtụtụ òtù ndị Palestine. Ọ zutere onye isi Palestine Liberation Organization Yasser Arafat na 2001 na West Bank n'oge a. N'afọ 2002, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu South Africa kpọrọ oku ka ndị Palestine kwụsị Israel ma kpọọ oku ka a machibido mba Israel iwu.[10] N'afọ 2010, ọ rịọrọ ka a kwụsị "ịsacha ndị Palestine na Jerusalem" na-ekwu na "esemokwu Israel na Palestine (bụ) bụ maka nnwere onwe ibi ndụ na ùgwù".[11]
A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye ozi mba ofesi na 2009 wee jee ozi n'ọnọdụ ahụ afọ isii n'etiti 2009 na 2014.[1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye so na National Executive Committee of the African National Congress ruo ihe karịrị afọ 26 n'etiti 1991 na 2017.[2] Ọ nọchitere anya mpaghara Chatsworth na KwaZulu-Natal. [12]
Ndụ onwe onye
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ebrahim, onye a makwaara dị ka Ebie, [1] zutere nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu Shannon née Field, onye ọrụ United Nations, na 1998. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ n'afọ 2000 wee gaa n'ihu mụọ nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị. O nwekwara nwa nwanyị ọzọ site na mmekọrịta mbụ ya na onye nkuzi America Julia Wells.[a][13][14]
Ebrahim bụ onye na-akwado egwu ihe nkiri India, na-ege ndị egwu egwu gụnyere Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi, Kishore Kumar, na Geeta Dutt. Achọpụtara na mgbe ọ nọ n'okpuru ala na ụlọ ọrụ redio na-enyocha ọrụ redio, gụnyere Radio Moscow, Voice of America, South African Broadcasting Corporation, na BBC, ọ ga-ahụ onwe ya na-ekiri All India Radio na-ege egwu ihe nkiri India.[1] Mgbe e nyere ndị mkpọrọ a tụrụ mkpọrọ na Robben Island ohere ịhọrọ egwu maka mgbasa ozi, ọ ga-ahọrọ egwu Bollywood iji mee ka ndị na-elekọta ụlọ mkpọrọ nwee mgbagwoju anya.[1] Ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado ọrụ onye edemede Soviet bụ Nikolai Ostrovsky[13]
Ebrahim nwụrụ na 6 Disemba 2021 n'ụlọ na Johannesburg. Ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na anọ.[4] Ógbè Gauteng nyere ya olili ozu steeti na Westpark Cemetery . [15]
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Explained: Who was Ebrahim Ebrahim, the Indian-origin anti-apartheid veteran? (en). The Indian Express (7 December 2021). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Ebrahim, Shannon. Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim : a gentle revolutionary. OCLC 1061275307. Retrieved on 8 December 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 S.African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84 (en). gulfnews.com (7 December 2021). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 South African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim dies at 84 (en). South China Morning Post (6 December 2021). Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim (en). People's Assembly. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved on 8 December 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kasrils (8 December 2021). Remembering Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim. Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved on 9 December 2021.
- ↑ S. African anti-apartheid veteran Ebrahim dies aged 84 (en). France 24 (6 December 2021). Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021.
- ↑ Battersby. "Afrikaner Paper Urges Talks With Mandela", The New York Times, 17 January 1989. Retrieved on 8 December 2021. (in en-US)
- ↑ South African Anti-Apartheid Veteran Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim Dies At 84. NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021.
- ↑ Call for South Africa to cut ties with Israel (en). www.iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021.
- ↑ AFP and TOI staff. South African anti-apartheid, Palestinian rights advocate Ebrahim dies at 84 (en-US). www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021.
- ↑ Kianja. Ebrahim Ebrahim – Farewell to a Gentle Revolutionary (en-gb). www.thediplomaticsociety.co.za. Retrieved on 2022-08-28.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ebrahim Ebrahim obituary: A life that leaves behind a substantial legacy of kindness and compassion (en). www.iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021.
- ↑ Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim | South African History Online. www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved on 2022-10-30.
- ↑ WATCH: Gauteng Premier David Makhura pays tribute to Struggle stalwart Ebrahim Ebrahim (en). www.iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved on 8 December 2021.