Gaa na ọdịnaya

Ecofeminism

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
9Onye edemede French bụ Françoise d'Eaubonne chepụtara okwu ahụ n'akwụkwọ 1974.

 Templeeti:Environmental social scienceEcofeminism na-ejikọta feminist na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị na-eche echiche banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-adabere n'echiche nke okike iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ụwa okike.[1] Ọ bụ onye edemede French bụ Françoise d'Eaubonne chepụtara okwu a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1974 bụ Le Féminisme ou la Mort .[2][3][4] Echiche nke Ecofeminist na-ewebata echiche ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Green ma na-akpọ maka otu ndị na-ahụ maka ịha nhata, ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ nke na-enweghị otu ìgwè na-achịkwa.[5]

Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba nke ekofeminizim (ecofeminism), nke ọ bụla nwere ụzọ na nyocha dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere ekofeminizim nnwere onwe (liberal ecofeminism), ekofeminizim ime mmụọ na omenala (spiritual/cultural ecofeminism), na ekofeminizim mmekọrịta ọha ma ọ bụ soshalist (social/socialist ecofeminism).(ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe ecofeminismo). [5] Nkọwa nke ecofeminism na otu esi etinye ya n'echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere nka ecofeminist, ikpe ziri ezi na Nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okpukpe, akụ na ụba, ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a, na akwụkwọ.

Nnyocha nke Ecofeminist na-ekwu maka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọdịbendị na-ewu n'etiti mmegbu nke Anụ ọhịa na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị a yiri ibe ha n’ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịdị ala (nature) dịka ihe onwunwe, ịhụ ụmụ nwoke dịka ndị na-elekọta omenala ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-elekọta ọdịdị ala, yana otú ụmụ nwoke si achị ụmụ nwanyị na otú mmadụ si achị ọdịdị ala. Ekofeminizim na-ekwusi ike na a ga-asọpụrụ ma ụmụ nwanyị ma ọdịdị ala..[6]

Mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Maria Mies, Ariel Salleh na Susan Mann niile na-ejikọta mmalite nke ecofeminism ọ bụghị na ndị inyom kama na ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche nke ghọtara njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, klas, na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-akwado echiche nke intersectionality site n'echiche na n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eche echiche ga-etinye ndị a na-emebi emebi na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mmalite nke North America gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-ekewa okwu agbụrụ na ọkwa mgbe ụfọdụ.[7]

Ụmụ nwanyị anọwo na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe Anụ ọhịa, nri, ikuku na mmiri.[8] Mgbalị ndị a dakọtara na mmepe ọhụrụ na echiche gburugburu ebe obibi site n'aka ndị edemede dịka Henry David Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, John Muir, na Rachel Carson.[9][10] Ihe atụ ndị yiri ibe ha sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ akwụkwọ Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson na Refuge nke Terry Tempest Williams.

Ecofeminist Karen Warren depụtara edemede Aldo Leopold "Land Ethic" (1949) ...dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke ukwuu n'ime nkà ihe ọmụma ekofeminizim nke ya, n'ihi na Leopold bụ onye mbụ dere ụkpụrụ omume gbasara ala nke na-ahụ akụkụ niile nke obodo ahụ na-abụghị mmadụ—dị ka anụmanụ, osisi, ala, ikuku, na mmiri—dị ka ndị ha na mmadụ hà nhata ma nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya na mmadụ.. Nghọta ahụ na-agụnye gburugburu ebe obibi nyeere aka ịmalite usoro nchekwa nke oge a na-egosi otu esi ele nsogbu gburugburu ebe obuibi anya site na usoro nlekọta.[11]

Na India, na steeti Uttarakhand na 1973, ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na mmegharị Chipko iji chebe ọhịa site na mgbukpọ ọhịa. N’oge a, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke na-akwaga n’obodo ukwu ịchọ ọrụ, ebe ụmụ nwanyị ndị fọdụrụ n’ime ime obodo India na-adabere n’ọhịa maka ihe ndị ha ji ebi ndụ na mkpa ha kwa ụbọchị.i.[12] Dị ka Vandana Shiva dere, a na-eji usoro mkpesa na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike mee ihe iji bi n'osisi ka ndị na-egbutu osisi ghara igbu ha.[11]

Onye Kenya na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Wangari Maathai

Na Kenya n'afọ 1977, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Prọfesọ Wangari Maathai malitere Green Belt Movement. Ọ bụ mmemme Ịkụ osisi n'ime ime obodo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eduzi, nke Maathai mepụtara iji nyere aka gbochie ọzara n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe omume ahụ mepụtara 'ihe mkpofu ahịhịa ndụ' nke ọ dịkarịa ala 1,000 osisi gbara obodo nta gburugburu, ma nye ndị sonyere ikike ilekọta obodo ha. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Green Belt Movement bụ onye na-akwado inye ụmụ amaala ihe ọmụma na inye ike site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe maka agụmakwụkwọ obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ijide ndị isi mba na-aza ajụjụ maka omume ha na ịkụnye ụlọ ọrụ na ụmụ amaala.[13] Ọrụ nke Green Belt Movement na-aga n'ihu taa.

N'afọ 1978 na New York, nne na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Lois Gibbs duuru obodo ya mee ngagharị iwe mgbe ọ chọpụtara na e wuru agbata obi ha dum, Love Canal, n'elu ebe a na-atụfu ihe na-egbu egbu. Mmetụta ndị dị n'ala na-akpata ọrịa n'etiti ụmụaka na nsogbu ọmụmụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, yana nkwarụ ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-ahụ nsí ahụ. Mgbalị Love Canal mesịrị mee ka gọọmentị etiti wepụ ma kwaga ebe ọzọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ezinụlọ 800.[14]

N'afọ 1980 na 1981, ụmụ nwanyị dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị bụ Ynestra King haziri ngagharị iwe udo na Pentagon. Ụmụ nwanyị guzo, n'aka n'aka, na-achọ ikike nhata (gụnyere ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na ịmụ nwa) yana njedebe nke omume agha nke gọọmentị na-eme na mmegbu nke obodo (ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi). A maara òtù a dị ka Women's Pentagon Actions . [15]

N'afọ 1985, Katsi Cook malitere Akwesasne Mother's Milk Project. Ọ bụ gọọmentị kwadoro nnyocha a, ma nyochaa otu ọkwa dị elu nke mmetọ na mmiri dị nso na ebe nchekwa Mohawk si emetụta ụmụ ọhụrụ. Ọ kpughere na site na mmiri ara, ụmụaka Mohawk na-ahụ 200% karịa nsí karịa ụmụaka na-anọghị na nchekwa ahụ. Mmetụta na-egbu egbu na-emetọ mmiri n'ụwa niile, mana n'ihi Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ụfọdụ ndị a na-ewepụ iche na-ahụkarị.[16]

The Greening of Harlem Coalition bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke òtù ecofeminist. N'afọ 1989, Bernadette Cozart guzobere njikọ ahụ, nke na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ Ogige obodo gburugburu Harlem. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ Cozart bụ ime ka ogige ndị tọgbọrọ n'efu bụrụ ogige obodo.[17] Nke a bara uru n’akụkụ akụ na ụba, ma na-enyekwa ụzọ ka obodo ndị mepere emepe nke ukwuu nwee mmekọrịta na ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ibe ha. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere mmasị n’ọrụ a (dị ka e kwuru n’afọ 1990) bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Site n’ubi ndị a, ha nwere ike isonye n’ọrụ obodo ha ma bụrụkwa ndị ndu n’ime obodo ha. A na-ahụkwa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'obodo ukwu n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1994, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America nọ na Detroit mepụtara ogige obodo, ma na-akpọ onwe ha ndị mmụọ ozi na-elekọta ubi. Omume ubi yiri nke a emeela n'ụwa niile.[18]

Na njedebe nke afọ iri, ecofeminism agbasaala na ụsọ oké osimiri USA ma kọwaa nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ikpeazụ, na-ama echiche nke ịkpa ókè gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ aka, na-eguzogide nsị na-egbu egbu na egwu ndị ọzọ na-eyi ndị ogbenye egwu.[19]

N'ihe gbasara mmegharị mba ụwa, akwụkwọ Ariel Salleh bụ Ecofeminism as Politics (nke ikpeazụ e bipụtara na 2017) nwere akụkọ zuru ezu banyere omume ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi site na Japan na Pacific ruo Scandinavia.[20][21]

Ọ bụ ezie na oke nyocha nke ecofeminist dị ike na echiche dịgasị iche iche nke ecofemenist apụtawo site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe na ndị na-eche echiche n'ụwa niile, ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ecofeminism abụwo nke mahadum North America. N'ihi ya, Charlene Spretnak kọwara ọrụ ecofeminist na-emepe emepe: 1) site na ọmụmụ nke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yana akụkọ ihe mere eme; 2) site na nkwenye na ọmụmụ nke Okpukpe ndị dabeere na okike; na 3) site na gburugburu ebe obibi.[22] N'otu edemede nke afọ 1993 nke akpọrọ "Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health", ndị edemede Greta Gaard na Lori Gruen kọwara ihe ha na-akpọ "usoro ecofeminist". Edemede ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ data na ọnụ ọgụgụ na mgbakwunye na ịkọwa akụkụ echiche nke nkatọ ecofeminist. Ebumnuche nke usoro ahụ bụ iji guzobe ụzọ isi lee anya ma ghọta nsogbu ụwa dị ugbu a iji ghọta nke ọma etu anyị si rute n'oge a na ihe a ga-eme iji melite ya.

N'ịdabere n'ọrụ Rosemary Ruether na Carolyn Merchant, Gaard na Gruen kwuru na e nwere ike anọ n'azụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a:

  1. Mmụba nke Okpukpe ndị nna ochie na nguzobe ha nke usoro okike nwoke na nwanyị tinyere ịgọnahụ chi ha.
  2. Ihe nlereanya nke ihe onwunwe nke eluigwe na ala nke sitere na Mgbanwe sayensị na mbelata nke ihe niile n'ime ihe onwunwa ka a ga-emeziwanye, ihe nwụrụ anwụ a ga-eji mee ihe.
  3. Omenala ọdịnala abụọ dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, onwe na ndị ọzọ, mmadụ na okike, na ike na nchịkwa ụkpụrụ omume ndị a.
  4. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mkpa ya dị mkpa maka iji anụmanụ, ala na ndị mmadụ eme ihe maka naanị ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akụ na ụba.

Ihe anọ ndị a emeela ka omenala ọdịda anyanwụ rute n’ọnọdụ nke ndị ecofeminist na-akpọ “nkewa dị n’etiti okike na omenala,” nke ha kwenyere na ọ bụ isi mmalite nsogbu ndị na-emetụta ụwa anyị.[23]

Ụzọ ụfọdụ nke ecofeminist mepụtara site na nchegbu anarcha-feminist iji kpochapụ ụdị ọchịchị niile, gụnyere àgwà mmegbu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụwa.[24] Dị ka akwụkwọ d'Eaubonne bụ Le Féminisme ou la Mort si kwuo, ecofeminism na-ejikọta mmegbu nke ndị otu niile a na-akparaghị ókè (ndị inyom, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, ụmụaka, ndị ogbenye) na mmegbu na ịchịkwa okike (anụmanụ, ala, mmiri, ikuku, wdg). O kwuru na ọchịchị, mmegbu, na ọchịchị n'okpuru ndị isi ọdịda anyanwụ emeela ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ghara ịgbanwe. Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye na-ahazi ihe, d'Eaubonne rụrụ ọrụ maka iwepụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi niile, ọ bụghị naanị ikpe na-enweghị isi megide ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi.[11]

Ihe odide ndị nwere mmetụta gụnyere: Women and Nature (Susan Griffin 1978), The Death of Nature (Carolyn Merchant 1980) na Gyn/Ecology (Mary Daly 1978), nke nyeere aka ịkwalite njikọ dị n'etiti ọchịchị ụmụ nwoke na ọchịchị nke ọdịbendị n'elu okike. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1980 gụnyere ndị na-eme ihe dị ka National Toxics Campaign, Mothers of East Los Angeles (MELA), na Native Americans for a Clean Environment (NACE) nke ụmụ nwanyị raara onwe ha nye nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi.[25] Ihe odide sitere na gburugburu a tụlere ecofeminism sitere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Green Party, òtù udo, na òtù na-eme ihe kpọmkwem.[15] Onye dị mkpa n'oge a bụ Petra Kelly, onye guzobere German Green Party.

Okike okike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Petra Kelly, onye guzobere Green Party na Germany

Nkwupụta a na-ekwughachi n'ime akwụkwọ ecofeminist bụ na usoro nwoke na-akwado ọchịchị ha site na mmegide abụọ, ndị a gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị: eluigwe / ụwa, uche / ahụ, nwoke / nwanyị, mmadụ / anụmanụ, mmụọ / ihe, ọdịbendị / okike, ọcha / na-abụghị ọcha, na ndị nwere ike / ndị nwere nkwarụ. A na-eme ka mmegbu sie ike site na itinye binaries ndị a na ikpe ọha na eze nke uru / enweghị uru.[26] Echiche nke Ecofeminist na-ekwusi ike na a na-ewulite Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụkpụrụ nna na nke nwoke, nke mere na mmetụta nke ọchịchị onye kwuo ego enweghị ike ịba uru ụmụ nwanyị.[27]

Ndị ọkà mmụta ecofeminist kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ "nwaanyị" ka ha na-emetụta okike, kama n'ihi nde ha na-enwe mmegbu site n'otu ike nwoke ahụ. A na-ahụkarị nke a n'asụsụ a na-ejikarị akọwa okike, dị ka "Nne Ụwa" ma ọ bụ "Nne Okike", na asụsụ anụmanụ a na-eji akọwa ụmụ nwanyị n'okwu mkparị.[28] N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị ọzọ ecofeminists na-ahọrọ ikwusi ike uru nke nkà ụmụ nwanyị mụtara site na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọdịnala dị ka 'onye nlekọta'.[29]

Onye India na-akwado echiche ecofeminism ma bụrụkwa onye mgba ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi, Vandana Shiva, dere na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere njikọ pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi site n’ahụmahụ ha kwa ụbọchị, nakwa na e legharala mkpa njikọ a anya ma ọ bụ e nyebeghị ya uru kwesịrị ekwesị.. Dị ka akwụkwọ Shiva Staying Alive (1989), ụmụ nwanyị nọ na akụ na ụba na-emepụta "akụ̀ na ụba na mmekorita ya na okike, abụwo ndị ọkachamara na ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro okike". Ọ na-ekwu na "ụzọ ndị ọzọ a nke ịmara, nke na-elekwasị anya na uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mkpa nke ihe oriri anaghị anabata ya site na usoro nke reductionist capitalist, n'ihi na ọ naghị aghọta njikọ nke okike, ma ọ bụ njikọ nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ na ihe ọmụma na okike nke akụ na ụba".[20] Shiva na-ekwu na ọdịda a sitere n’ịchịkwa ụwa dum site n’echiche ọdịda anyanwụ banyere mmepe na ọganihu. Dị ka Shiva aakwuo, nna ochie ahapụla ụmụ nwanyị, okike, na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ n'èzí akụ na ụba, na-akpọ ha "ndị na-adịghị arụpụta ihe". N'otu aka ahụ, Ariel Salleh na-eme ka usoro a nke ecofeminist dị omimi na mkparịta ụka dị oke egwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ecosocialism.[21]

Ụzọ e si ele ya anya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịhụnanya maka ihe onwunwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'akwụkwọ Ecofeminism (1993), Vandana Shiva na Maria Mies na-ajụ sayensị nke oge a na nnabata ya dị ka usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke na-enweghị uru. Ha na-ele usoro sayensị kachasị elu anya ọ bụghị dị ka ebumnuche kama dị ka ngosipụta nke Western patriarchal instrumentalism. Mkpebi nke ihe a na-ewere dị ka ihe ọmụma sayensị na ojiji ya bụ naanị ụmụ nwoke. Ihe atụ gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nke ịmụ nwa na mmepụta ihe nke ọmụmụ osisi.

Ndị isi na-eme ihe ike na ndị ọkà mmụta na-azụlite ihe onwunwe ecofeminism bụ Maria Mies na Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen na Germany; Vandana Shiva na India; Ariel Salleh na Australia; Mary Mellor na UK; na Ana Isla na Peru. A maghị ecofeminism nke ihe onwunwe n'ọtụtụ ebe na North America ma e wezụga akwụkwọ akụkọ na Capitalism Nature Socialism. Nnyocha ihe onwunwe na-amụ ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba dị ka ọrụ, ike, na ihe onwunwa dị ka usoro dị oke mkpa maka ịchịkwa ụmụ nwanyị na okike. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmepụta, nke a na-eji akpọrọ ihe, na mmepụta nke mmekọrịta dị ndụ, nke na-abụghị.[30] A na-akpọ ecofeminism a n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka "socialist feminist", "socialist ecofeminist", ma ọ bụ "Marxist ecofeminalism". Dị ka Carolyn Merchant si kwuo, "Social ecofeminism na-akwado nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị site na ịtụgharị usoro akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-agbanwe akụkụ niile nke ndụ ka ọ bụrụ ọha mmadụ ahịa nke taa ọbụna na-awakpo afọ".[5] Ecofeminism n'echiche a na-achọ iwepụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-akwado mmepụta nke ngwaahịa maka uru karịa ọmụmụ nke ihe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze nke a na-ahụkarị dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị.

Ịhụnanya maka ụmụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

ÒEcofeminism nke akwụkwọ nri bụ ụzọ dị oke egwu iji tinye mmegbu nke anụmanụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ n'ime nyocha ecofeminism. Ndị ọkà mmụta nkatọ na-ekwu na iwepu mmegbu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nyocha nke ecofeminist ekwekọghị na ntọala nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka òtù nke na-achọ ịkwụsị ụdị mmegbu niile.[31] A ga-achọpụta echiche ndị na-eri nri na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị site na ọmịiko maka ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ na mmegharị omenala nke 1960s na 1970s.[31] Dị ka Carol Adams si kwuo, "Anyị enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi ma maa mmegbu nke okike aka n'enweghị nghọta na ụzọ kachasị anyị na okike na-emekọrịta ihe bụ site na iri anụmanụ. " [31] "A na-ewu nwoke na ọdịbendị anyị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na ịnweta anụ na ịchịkwa ahụ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. [32] Greta Gaard na-ekwu na, "onye bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", ma na-akpọ iri anụ dị ka ụdị ime ihe ike nke nna, dịka ọ na-egosipụta ma na-eme ka usoro nke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa anụmanụ na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị.

Mmụọ na ọdịbendị ecofeminism

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ekofeminizim ime mmụọ bụ ụzọ echiche nke ndị odee si North America na-akwado ma na-ewu ewu n'etiti ha, dịka ndị a: ... (okwu a ka ezughị ezu, ya mere a hapụrụ ya ka ọ dị). Starhawk, Riane Eisler, Carol Christ and Carol Adams. Starhawk kpọrọ njọ màkà earth-based spirituality, Nke na-ekweta na Ụwa dị ndụ, nakwa na anyị niile nwere njikọ na mmekọrịta n’etiti onwe anyị.. Ekofeminizim ime mmụọ ejikọtaghị ya na okpukpe ọ bụla pụrụ iche, kama ọ dabere n’ụkpụrụ nke nlekọta, ịhụnanya, na ilekọta ibe mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. obi ebere na enweghị ime ihe ike. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ekofeminizim na-ezo aka n’omenala ochie, dịka ofufe Gaia, chi nwanyị nke okike na mmụọ (a na-akpọkwa ya Nne Ụwa)).[33] Wicca na Paganism nwere mmetụta pụrụ iche na ekofeminizim ime mmụọ. Wicca, karịsịa … Dianic Wicca, N’omenala, ọ na-egosipụta nkwanye ùgwù miri emi nye okike, echiche nwanyị, na ebumnuche ịzụlite ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta obodo siri ike.s.[34]

N’akwụkwọ ya Radical Ecology, Carolyn Merchant kpọrọ ekofeminizim ime mmụọ “ekofeminizim omenala” (cultural ecofeminism). Dị ka Merchant si kwuo, ekofeminizim omenala “na-eme emume ma na-asọpụrụ mmekọrịta dị n’etiti ụmụ nwanyị na okike site n’ịtụteghachi emume ochie ndị dabere n’ofufe chi nwanyị, ọnwa, anụmanụ, na …”, na usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. " [5] Omenala ecofeminist na-eme intuition na ụkpụrụ nke nlekọta na mmekọrịta mmadụ na okike.[5]

Ecofeminism na Latin America

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ecofeminism nke Latin America pụtara dị ka ihe dị iche n'ime nnukwu òtù ecofeminist. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ecofeminist mbụ bụ nke a kpụrụ na Global North, mbipụta nke Staying Alive nke Vandana Shiva na etiti afọ 1980 gosipụtara oge mgbanwe.[35] Ọrụ a webatara ntọala maka postcolonial ecofeminism nke ga-akpali ma gwa arụmụka na reformulations na Global South, gụnyere Latin America.

Latin America nwekwara usoro mmalite nke ecofeminist, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-enweghị mgbasa na mmetụta na echiche ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ga-ekwenye na a ka nwere ogologo ụzọ iji gaa n'iwulite Latin American ecofeminism, [36] nke na-ewere ọrụ na-eduga na ọgụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na Global South na-etinye aka na nkwado nke omume ha nke mmepụta nri, ndụ nke ezinụlọ ha, mmekọrịta obodo, akụ na ụba na-agụnye na nkwado nke ndụ mmadụ na nke na-abụghị mmadụ.

Site n'echiche nke Feminist Political Ecology, enwere nkwenye ọhụrụ site na mmetụta nke echiche post-humanist, yana echiche postcolonial na decolonial.[37] Mmetụta ọhụrụ ndị a na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na Latin America na Global South ecofeminisms, ebe ọ na-emeghe ohere maka itinye usoro echiche, ahụmịhe ndụ, na onyinye nyocha site na agụmakwụkwọ Latin America na ime ihe ike.

Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịkọwa ọrụ nke ime obodo dị ka ebe maka ime ihe ike miri emi megide ụmụ nwanyị, [36] Nke na-ewepụkarị akụkọ, ihe ọmụma, na ahụmahụ nke ọtụtụ mmadụ, bụ ndị a naghị enye ohere ikwu ma ọ bụ nyefee ihe ọmụma ziri ezi gbasara onwe ha na gbasara mmekọrịta nlekọta, ịdị adị, na nkwado ndụ ha na-ewu na okike, na-atụle nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na ịdịgide adịgide ya.

Ógbè

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Echiche nke "Cuerpo-Territorio" - Body-Territory bụ echiche dị mkpa n'ime Latin American ecofeminism, na-apụta site na ọgụ nke obodo ndị nwe obodo megide ụdị mmegbu ndị jikọtara ọnụ: nna ochie, ọchịchị nchịkwa, na iwepụ ihe. Ọ na-eje ozi ma dị ka usoro echiche na usoro dị irè nke iguzogide, na-ejikọta ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ókèala a ga-echebe na Ụwa dị ka ihe e nyere ikike megide mmegbu. A na-ekwu na ọ pụtara dị ka echiche na usoro sitere n'otu òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị Maya-Xinka na Guatemala ma bụrụkwa isi na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị inyom obodo.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala na-agụnye mmeri na mmegbu nke ókèala, nke na-agụnyekwa ịchịkwa ahụ, ọkachasị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'oge ndị Spain na-achị Amerịka, a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ịzụ ahịa, ndina n'ike, na igbu ọkpụkpụ. N'ihi ya, mmeri nke ala jikọtara ya na mmegbu nke ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka a chebe ókèala ahụ ha.

Mgbapụta echiche cuerpo-territorio n’etiti obodo ụmụ amaala abụghị ihe mere na mberede. A na-elekwasịkarị ókèala ndị a anya n’usoro ịwepụ akụ (extractivism) na mmepe ọchịchị kolonial. Ụmụ nwanyị n’obodo ndị a na-enweta mmetụta n’ahụ ha, ma ha na-ejikwa ahụ ha dịka ụzọ iguzogide na ịlụ ọgụ. A na-ewu ma na-eji echiche a megide nkewa na nhazi ọkwa dị elu (hierarchical dichotomy) n’etiti ahụ na okike, n’etiti ime na mpụta, nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-enye ikike iji mee ka a kwado mwepu na mmegbu okike site n’ahụ mmadụ..

Echiche nke cuerpo territorio na-ekwusi ike na ahụ dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ala, na-ahụ "ahụ dị ka ókèala, na ókèala dị ka ahụ [38]". Ọ na-eme ka ahụ dị ka "onye kachasị nso na ala [38] " ma na-akwado echiche ụwa nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke netwọk sara mbara nke ndụ niile.[38]

Lorena Cabnal nke Indigenous Women’s Association nke Santa María Xalapán kọwara na, “territorio cuerpo-tierra bụ okwu a ga-eweghachite, chebe ma mekwaa ka ọ bụrụ ọkọlọtọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n’ịgbachitere ala. Ọ bụ usoro ọgụ megide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na igwu ala (mining). Ọ bụ ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ekofeminizim obodo ụmụ amaala, ụzọ isi tụlee ma nwee mmetụta na ahụ mmadụ dịka ókèala dị ndụ ma nwee akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ na-ezo aka na nkọwa cosmological na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-amata na ahụ mmadụ nwere njikọ na ịdị n’ime netwọkụ nke ndụ niile. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-akpalite anyị ka anyị tụgharịa uche n’otú e si wulite ahụ mmadụ site n’ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu, usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke patriarki, colonialism, racism, na neoliberal capitalism, nke butere mmegbu na mwepu akụ site n’usoro nkwekọrịta na iwu dị iche iche.”

Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ usoro usoro nke dabeere na ozizi nke cuerpo-territorio. Usoro ya na-elekwasị anya n'ahụ dị ka isi iyi nke ozi.[39] A na-eme ya dị ka usoro decolonial ka ọ na-achọ imegide usoro nyocha ọdịnala nke Euro-centric nke na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na asụsụ edere site na ajụjụ ọnụ, ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, na nzaghachi nyocha. N'adịghị ka usoro ndị a dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, eserese ahụ na-enye ụzọ dị nchebe, nke nwere nsogbu iji nwee mmetụta na mmetụta ndị metụtara ahụmịhe ahụ.[39] Ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke decolonial emeela ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ike onwe onye na ime ihe jikọrọ ọnụ.

Mapịng ahụ (body mapping) na-emepụta ihe nnọchite anya anụ ahụ site n’ịse ihe osise nke ahụ na ime ihe ike niile ahụ tara. Mapịng a na-etinye esemokwu ala na okike n’elu ahụ mmadụ ka e wee ghọta ha site n’echiche nke ahụ na ahụmahụ onwe onye (subjective perspective). Onye nyocha Delmy Tania Cruz Hernández nyere ihe atụ doro anya n’akwụkwọ ya, mgbe ọ kọwara akụkọ otu onye lanarịrị ihe mgbu nke Acteal massacre; mgbe ihe ahụ mere, onye ahụ sere obe uhie n’elu obi n’ime mapịng ya, ma hapụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ahụ ka ha ghara inwe ihe osise n’ihi mmerụ uche (trauma). N’ụzọ a, mapịng na-aghọ ụdị iguzogide, na-eme ka mmetụta na ihe mgbu nke mwepu akụ n’ógbè pụta ìhè n’ahụ mmadụ..

Usoro body mapping na-agụnyekarị ụfọdụ mgbanwe nke usoro ndị a:

  1. N'ozuzu ha na-emepụta ohere nchekwa na nkwado. A na-ejikarị nzọụkwụ a eme ihe iji wulite ntụkwasị obi n'etiti ndị sonyere na n'etiti ha na ndị nchọpụta. Maka ọrụ ụfọdụ, nke a na-agụnye ịhazi usoro ụkpụrụ omume ọnụ nke na-akọwa etu ha si chọọ iso ibe ha, oghere, na mmepụta nyocha ikpeazụ.[40]
  2. Mee mmega ahụ nke otu mmetụta iji banye n'ime ahụ ma mata ha dị ka ndị jupụtara na ndụ, mmetụta, ncheta na mmetụta uche.[40]
  3. Nkọwa nke ógbè ahụ.ala ahụ.
  4. Ndị sonyere na-enyere ibe ha aka ịchọta ọdịdị nke ọdịdị ha na mpempe akwụkwọ buru ibu.
  5. Ndị sonyere na-atụgharị uche n'usoro ajụjụ ndị nchọpụta jụrụ gbasara isiokwu ahụ, ebe ndị sonyere na ya na-aza ha site na ide, ise, na ịmepụta n'ụdị ọ bụla ha masịrị na ise ahụ ha dị ka nzaghachi. Onye ọ bụla nwere map nke ókèala ahụ ya pụrụ iche.
  6. Enwere ike ịjụ ndị sonyere ka ha kọwaa ihe map ha rụchara.
  7. Ọtụtụ ọrụ na-emesi ike na ọ bụ ezie na map bụ ngosipụta nke ahụmịhe, akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ahụ bụ ịkekọrịta akụkọ ha na obodo. A na-ekpughe njikọ, ọmịiko, na isiokwu ndị buru ibu, na-emepụta usoro nke imepụta ihe jikọrọ ọnụ.[41]

Mmiri Ógbè

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-eji echiche nke "Agua Territorio" - Water-Body-Territory akọwa njikọ ihe onwunwe na ihe nnọchianya dị n'etiti ihe onwunwa okike, ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na ala, sitere na obodo ime obodo na Latin America, ọkachasị na Andes, ma na Chile ma na Argentina, ebe mmiri bụ ọbara nke ókèala ha.[42]

Ọ bụ echiche a na-eji eme ihe na decolonial ecofeminism, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara dị oke egwu. Echiche decolonial nke Latin America na ọdịdị ala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eje ozi iji chee echiche banyere ngosipụta nke ọnwụ mkpokọta na arụmụka ndị ọzọ gbasara nnwere onwe anụ ahụ.[43]

Lobos Castro na-ekwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi nke mmiri na Chile - nke iwu mmiri nke Chile nke 1981 mere ka ọ dị ngwa na mmiri dị ka ihe ọma malitere ịpụ - emeela ka mmerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke onwe. Nke a na-agụnye mmetọ, mbelata mmiri maka ọrụ ugbo, na ikpughe na agrochemicals na-egbu egbu. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị a, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Chile mepụtara "ịdị adị ọzọ": omume nke iguzogide na ntachi obi nke gụnyere iweghachite ihe ọmụma ndị nna nna, ịzụlite ịdị n'otu obodo, na ịgbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara. Omume ndị a na-ekwughachi njikọ ha na ala na ụlọ ọrụ ha n'ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.[44]

Vandana Shiva, onye India ọkà ihe ọmụma, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi

N’afọ 1980 na 1990, ndị nkatọ jụrụ radicalism ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ekofeminizim site n’ikwu na ọ bụ “essentialist”. A hụrụ ndị ekofeminizim dịka ndị na-eme ka ụkpụrụ ọchịchị nna-ukwu (patriarchy) nke ịchị achị sikwuo ike site n’ịkwusi ike na e nwere njikọ pụrụ iche n’etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịdị okike.

Ndị echiche [post-structural feminism](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/post-structural_feminism?utm_source=chatgpt.com) na ụfọdụ ndị [Third-wave feminism](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-wave_feminism?utm_source=chatgpt.com) karịsịa, hụrụ “essentialism” dịka ịchịkọta ụmụ nwanyị niile n’otu otu dị ka ndị a na-ewere dị ala, nke si otú ahụ na-akwado otu ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ ahụ feminism na-agbalị ịkwụsị.

Nsogbu dị bụ na n’omenala ọdịnala, dịka a na-elekarị àgwà a na-akpọ “nwanyị” anya dị ka ihe na-erughị uru, otu ahụkwa ka a na-ekpebi na ọdịdị okike na ụwa anụmanụ bụ ndị nwere “uru dị ala” ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọdịnala patriarchy nke nwoke na-achị na-akpọ “mmadụ n’ezie.”'. [citation needed]

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ecofeminists na-emegide nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ 'ịha nhata' feminism na ndabere na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị isi na-amaghị ama bụ ndị nwoke - ma ndị na-ewepu mmekọahụ / ndị na-ebibi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị Noel Sturgeon kwuru na ihe ndị na-emegide ihe dị mkpa na-amaghị bụ atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị eji eme ka ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị buru ibu na nke dị iche iche, ndị na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ihe ike. Tụkwasị na nke a, Charlene Spretnak gosipụtara ecofeminism dị ka ihe na-emetụta atụmatụ sara mbara, gụnyere teknụzụ ọmụmụ, ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata na ikike nhata, mmetọ na-egbu egbu, mmepe Ụwa nke Atọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.[22]

Norie Ross Singer mesiri ike na a ga-aghọta ecofeminism dị ka ịkwalite ọtụtụ axis nke njirimara dịka okike, agbụrụ, na klas dị ka inter-meshed na mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ na-abụghị mmadụ. A. E. Kings gosipụtara nyocha a dị ka 'intersectional' n'ụzọ bụ isi.[45] Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị anụmanụ na-enye aka na nyocha intersectional, site na itinye uche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na ime ihe maka ụdị ndụ niile a na-emegbu emegbu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọkà mmụta okpukpe Rosemary Radford Ruether jụrụ mysticism, ọ rụrụ ụka na ime mmụọ na ime ihe ike nwere ike ijikọta n'ụzọ dị irè na ecofeminism.[46] N'aka nke ọzọ, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Janet Biehl katọrọ ecofeminism maka ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ọgụgụ dị omimi nke ụmụ nwanyị na okike na-enweghị nlebara anya zuru ezu maka ọnọdụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Biehl kpebiri ecofeminism dị ka òtù na-emegide ọganihu maka ụmụ nwanyị.[47] Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, ụfọdụ ndị ecofeminists maara banyere nkatọ ndị a malitere ịgbanwe aha ọrụ ha n'okpuru akara ndị ọzọ - dị ka 'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi', 'ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ', ma ọ bụ 'mmekọahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi'.

Taa, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eche echiche na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-amata ma ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmekọahụ / nwoke na nwanyị. Ọzọkwa, ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na usoro akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-arụ ụka maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụkarị ihe onwunwe.[48] Ndị Socialist femists na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na njikọ ụmụ nwanyị na okike bụ echiche a na-ewu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dị ka Ariel Salleh si kwuo, nchegbu banyere ịdị mkpa na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke North America. Na Europe na South ụwa, mmekọrịta nke klas, agbụrụ, okike na ụdị na mmegbu dabeere na nyocha nke mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na akụ na ụba.[49]

Nkatọ dị iche iche

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ nlekọta ụmụ nwanyị emeela ka ndị otu niile a na-akparaghị ókè sonye, na-arụ ọrụ megide Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịka nká, ikike. Andrew Charles na-ekwu na ndị nwere nkwarụ ka na-eche nsogbu nke ịnweta na nnọchiteanya ihu na ime iwu.[50] Ọ na-atụ aro na akụkụ na-azụlite nke ecofeminism nwere ike ịbụ ịkwado ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbagwoju anya nke onye nzọpụta ọcha nwere ike imebi nkwado onwe onye nke ndị agbụrụ a na-akparaghị ókè gburugburu ụwa.[51]


Catia Faria na-arụ ụka megide echiche ecofeminist na nnukwu mmerụ ahụ nye ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ n'ọhịa sitere na omenala nna ochie. Ọ na-esote, ọ na-ekwu, na ọ bụ ihe na-ezighi ezi ikwu na nchekwa nke okike bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị mma ebe a. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, usoro okike n'onwe ha bụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ahụhụ maka anụ ọhịa nakwa na anyị kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ iji belata mmerụ ahụ ha na-enwe, yana iwepụ isi iyi nke mmerụ ahụ, dị ka ịchụ nta.[52]

Ndị na-ekwu okwu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Carol J. Adams – Adams is an American vegetarian-ecofeminist scholar and activist.
  • Judi Bari – Bari was a principal organizer of the Earth First! movement and experienced sexist hostility.
  • Françoise d'Eaubonne – Called upon women to lead an ecological revolution in order to save the planet. This entailed revolutionizing gender relations and human relations with the natural world.[3]
  • Greta Gaard – Gaard is an American ecofeminist scholar and activist. Her major contributions to the field connect ideas of queer theory, vegetarian ecofeminism, and animal liberation. Her major theories call to expand ecofeminism and other feminist theories to address a wider range of social issues. She is an ecological activist and leader in the U.S. Green Party, and the Green Movement.[53]
  • Susan Griffin - A radical feminist philosopher, essayist and playwright particularly known for her innovative, hybrid-form ecofeminist works. A Californian, she taught as an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley as well as at Stanford University and California Institute of Integral Studies.
  • Ana Isla – Sociologist from Peru, member of Capitalism Nature Socialism ecofeminist editorial collective.[54]
  • Vanessa Lemgruber – Lemgruber is a Brazilian lawyer, writer,[55] activist, and ecofeminist. She defends the Doce river in Brazil and advocates for water quality and zero waste movements.
  • Sallie McFague – A prominent ecofeminist theologian, McFague uses the metaphor of God's body to represent the universe at large. This metaphor values inclusive, mutualistic and interdependent relations amongst all things.
  • Carolyn Merchant – Historian of science who taught at University of California, Berkeley for many years. Her book The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution is a classic ecofeminist text.
  • Mary Mellor – UK sociologist who moved to ecofeminist ideas from an interest in cooperatives. Her books Breaking the Boundaries and her later book Feminism and Ecology are grounded in a materialist analysis.[56][57]
  • Maria Mies – Mies is a German social critic who has been involved in feminist work throughout Europe and India. She works particularly on the intersections of patriarchy, poverty, and the environment on a local and global scale.[46]
  • Adrian Parr – A cultural and environmental theorist. She has published eight books and numerous articles on environmental activism, feminist new materialism, and imagination. Most notable is her trilogy Hijacking Sustainability.[58] See also: The Wrath of Capital, and Birth of a New Earth.
  • Val Plumwood – Val Plumwood, formerly Val Routley, was an Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, who was prominent in the development of radical ecosophy from the early 1970s through the remainder of the 20th century. In her work Feminism and the Mastery of Nature she describes the relationship of mankind and the environment relating to an eco-feminist ideology.[59]
  • Alicia Puleo – The author of several books and articles on ecofeminism and gender inequality, Alicia Puleo has been characterized as "arguably Spain's most prominent explicator-philosopher of the worldwide movement or theoretical orientation known as ecofeminism."[60]
  • Rosemary Radford Ruether – Has written 36 books and over 600 articles exploring the intersections of feminism, theology, and creation care.[61] Ruether was the first person to connect the domination of the earth with the oppression of women.[62] [<span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span>needed</span>]
  • Ariel Salleh – Australian ecofeminist with a global perspective; a founding editor of the journal Capitalism Nature Socialism; author of four books and some 300 articles examining ecofeminist links with deep and social ecology, green politics and eco-socialism, digitalisation and decoloniality.
  • Vandana Shiva – Shiva is a scientist by training, prolific author and Indian ecofeminist activist.[63] She was a participant in the Chipko movement of the 1970s, which used non-violent activism to protest and prevent deforestation in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, India, then in Uttar Pradesh. Her fight against genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (together with the fights led by Rachel Carson against DDT and Erin Brockovich against hexavalent chromium) has been described as an example of ecofeminist position.[64]
  • Charlene Spretnak – Spretnak is an American writer largely known for her writing on ecology, politics and spirituality. Through these writings Spretnak has become a prominent ecofeminist. She has written many books which discuss ecological issues in terms of effects with social criticisms, including feminism. Spretnak's works had a major influence in the development of the Green Party. She has also won awards based on her visions on ecology and social issues as well as feminist thinking.
  • Starhawk – An American writer and activist, Starhawk is known for her work in spiritualism and ecofeminism. She advocates for social justice in issues surrounding nature and spirit. These social justice issues fall under the scope of feminism and ecofeminism. She believes in fighting oppression through intersectionality and the importance of spirituality, eco consciousness and sexual and gender liberation. [<span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (January 2023)">circular reference</span>]
  • Douglas Vakoch – An American ecocritic whose edited volumes include Ecofeminism and Rhetoric: Critical Perspectives on Sex, Technology, and Discourse (2011),[65] Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature (2012),[66] Dystopias and Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction (2021),[67] Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature (2021),[68] The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature (2023),[69] (with Nicole Anae) Indian Feminist Ecocriticism (2022), and (with Sam Mickey) Ecofeminism in Dialogue (2018),[70] Literature and Ecofeminism: Intersectional and International Voices (2018),[71] and Women and Nature?: Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment (2018).[72]
  • Karen J. Warren – Warren received her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Minnesota (1970) and her Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst in 1978. Before her long tenure at Macalester College, which began in 1985, Warren was Professor of Philosophy at St. Olaf College in the early 1980s. Warren was the Ecofeminist-Scholar-in-Residence at Murdoch University in Australia.[1] In 2003, she served as an Oxford University Round Table Scholar and as Women's Chair in Humanistic Studies at Marquette University in 2004. She has spoken widely on environmental issues, feminism, critical thinking and peace studies in many international locations including Buenos Aires, Gothenburg, Helsinki, Oslo, Manitoba, Melbourne, Moscow, Perth, the U.N. Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992), and San Jose.

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ihe odide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. 1 2 MacGregor (2006). Beyond mothering earth: ecological citizenship and the politics of care. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1201-6.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "MacGregor" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ d'Eaubonne (1974). Le Féminisme ou la Mort. Paris: Horay. 
  3. 1 2 Merchant (1992). "Chapter 8", Radical ecology: the search for a livable world. New York: Routledge.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Merchant" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. ↑ Glazebrook (September 2002). "Karen Warren's Ecofeminism". Ethics & the Environment 7 (2): 12–26. DOI:10.2979/ETE.2002.7.2.12. 
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Merchant (2005). "Ecofeminism", Radical Ecology. Routledge, 193–221. 
  6. ↑ Adams (2007). Ecofeminism and the Sacred. Continuum, 1–8. 
  7. ↑ Mann (2011). "Pioneers of U.S. Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice". Feminist Formations 23 (2): 1–25. DOI:10.1353/ff.2011.0028. 
  8. ↑ Glazebrook (Autumn 2002). "Karen Warren's Ecofeminism". Ethics & the Environment 7 (2): 12–27. DOI:10.2979/ete.2002.7.2.12. 
  9. ↑ Norlock (December 2011). "Building Receptivity: Leopold's Land Ethic and Critical Feminist Interpretation". Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 5 (4): 491–509. DOI:10.1558/jsrnc.v5i4.491. Retrieved on 2018-08-28. 
  10. ↑ Seager (Spring 2003). "Rachel Carson Died of Breast Cancer: The Coming of Age of Feminist Environmentalism". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28 (3): 945–973. DOI:10.1086/345456. 
  11. 1 2 3 Warren (2000). Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 9780847692996. 
  12. ↑ Poon (10 January 2022). The Life and Legacy of Sunderlal Bahuguna and the Chipko Movement in India. New Hampshire Public Radio. Archived from the original on 2023-04-09. Retrieved on April 9, 2023.
  13. ↑ Our History. The Green Belt Movement. Retrieved on October 8, 2016.
  14. ↑ Love Canal. Center for Health, Environment, & Justice. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved on October 8, 2016.
  15. 1 2 Lehar (1991). "Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics". Hypatia 6 (1): 28–45. DOI:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00207.x. 
  16. ↑ Doverspike (2012). Mother's Milk Project. English 487W Blog: West of Everything. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved on October 9, 2016.
  17. ↑ Bernstein. "Neighborhood Report: Harlem; Sowing a Future With Green in It", The New York Times, 1993. Retrieved on October 9, 2016.
  18. ↑ Hawthorne (2002). Wild Politics: Feminism, Globalisation, Bio/diversity. Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press. 
  19. ↑ Gaard (2011). "Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism". Feminist Formations 23 (2): 26–53. DOI:10.1353/ff.2011.0017. 
  20. 1 2 Shiva (1988). Staying alive: women, ecology and development. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-0-86232-823-8. 
  21. 1 2 Salleh (1997). Ecofeminism as Politics: nature, Marx, and the postmodern. London: Zed Books. 
  22. 1 2 Spretnak (1990). "Ecofeminism: Our Roots and Flowering", in Diamond: Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Feminism. Sierra Club Books, 3–14. 
  23. ↑ Gaard (1993). "Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health". Society and Nature 2: 1–35. 
  24. ↑ (2018) "Anarcha Feminist and Ecological Feminist Perspectives", in Tuana: Feminism And Philosophy: Essential Readings In Theory, Reinterpretation, And Application. Routledge, 327–9. ISBN 978-0-8133-2212-4. 
  25. ↑ Merchant (2005). Radical Ecology. Routledge, 169–173. 
  26. ↑ Hobgood-Oster. Ecofeminism: Historic and International Evolution. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved on March 17, 2012.
  27. ↑ Oksala (Spring 2018). "Feminism, Capitalism, and Ecology". Hypatia 33 (2): 216–234. DOI:10.1111/hypa.12395. 
  28. ↑ Warren (2015). Feminist Environmental Philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
  29. ↑ Stoddart (2011). "Ecofeminism, Hegemonic Masculinity, And Environmental Movement Participation In British Columbia, Canada, 1998-2007: "Women Always Clean Up The Mess"". Sociological Spectrum 31 (3): 342–368. DOI:10.1080/02732173.2011.557065. 
  30. ↑ Ecofeminism: Is the Movement Still Relevant?. Gender Across Borders. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved on 2014-05-13.
  31. 1 2 3 Gaard (2002). "Vegetarian ecofeminism: A review essay". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 23 (2): 117–146. DOI:10.1353/fro.2003.0006. 
  32. ↑ Do Feminists Need to Liberate Animals, Too? (en-US). Carol J. Adams (1995). Archived from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved on 2019-04-30.
  33. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":4".
  34. ↑ Merchant (2005). "Spiritual Ecology", Radical Ecology. Routledge, 124–125. 
  35. ↑ Arriagada Oyarzún (2019-09-01). "Apuntes iniciales para la construcción de una Ecología Política Feminista de y desde Latinoamérica" (in es). Polis. Revista Latinoamericana (54). ISSN 0717-6554. Retrieved on 2025-05-27. 
  36. 1 2 Kuhnen (2022-01-01). "Marcha das Margaridas: Notes for a Latin American (Eco)Feminism". Revista Sul Sul 3: 101–121. DOI:10.53282/SULSUL.V3I01.919. 
  37. ↑ LaDanta LasCanta (2017). "De la teología al antiextractivismo: ecofeminismos en Abya Yala". Ecología Política 54. 
  38. 1 2 3 Nohely (2024). "Review of Embodied Geographies: Feminist Body-Mapping with Amazonian Indigenous Girls, Cuerpo-Territorio, and the Outlining of a New Academic Grammar". Portal Web Magazine. LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections, the University of Texas at Austin.. 
  39. 1 2 Sweet (2017-04-03). "Engaging territorio cuerpo-tierra through body and community mapping: a methodology for making communities safer". Gender, Place & Culture 24 (4): 594–606. DOI:10.1080/0966369X.2016.1219325. ISSN 0966-369X. 
  40. 1 2 Sweet. Travelling Body-territories: A video-essay on survivors mapping coloniality, violence and resistance (en-GB). Arts Cabinet. Retrieved on 2025-05-27.
  41. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":9".
  42. ↑ Panez Pinto (2018). "Agua-Territorio en América Latina: Contribuciones a partir del análisis de estudios sobre conflictos hídricos en Chile" (in es). Revista Rupturas 8 (1): 193–217. DOI:10.22458/rr.v8i1.1978. ISSN 2215-2466. 
  43. ↑ Zaragocin (2024-11-01). "Agua-cuerpo-territorio/Water-body-territory". Political Geography 115. DOI:10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103230. ISSN 0962-6298. 
  44. ↑ Lobos Castro (2021). "Agua-cuerpo-territorio. Las cicatrices y reexistencias de las mujeres rurales en el Maule Sur precordillerano de Chile". Ecología Política (61): 112–116. DOI:10.53368/EP61FCrr04. Retrieved on 2025-05-27. 
  45. ↑ Kings (2017). "Intersectionality and the Changing Face of Ecofeminism". Ethics and the Environment 22 (1): 63–87. DOI:10.2979/ethicsenviro.22.1.04. 
  46. 1 2 Ruether (2003). in Eaton: Ecofeminism and Globalization. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, vii–xi. ISBN 978-0-7425-2697-6.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ecofeminism&Globalization" defined multiple times with different content.
  47. ↑ Biehl (1991). Rethinking eco-feminist politics. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-392-9. 
  48. ↑ Rocheleau (1996). Feminist Political Ecology: Global Issues & Local Experiences. New York: Routledge. 
  49. ↑ Salleh (1991). "Essentialism and Ecofeminism". Arena 94: 167–173. 
  50. ↑ Charles (June 2007). "Deafness and Disability—Forgotten Components of Environmental Justice: Illustrated by the Case of Local Agenda 21 in South Wales" (in en). Local Environment 12 (3): 209–221. DOI:10.1080/13549830601183677. ISSN 1354-9839. 
  51. ↑ Bandyopadhyay (2017-08-08). "'The white woman's burden' – the racialized, gendered politics of volunteer tourism" (in en). Tourism Geographies 19 (4): 644–657. DOI:10.1080/14616688.2017.1298150. ISSN 1461-6688. 
  52. ↑ Ruiz Carreras. ""La lucha por la igualdad y la justicia es necesariamente feminista y antiespecista"", Diagonal, 2016-11-04. Retrieved on 2021-02-13. (in es)
  53. ↑ Greta Gaard (en). www.uwrf.edu. Retrieved on 2019-10-08.
  54. ↑ Isla (2022). "“Greening,” the highest stage of extractivism in Latin America", in Brownhill: The Routledge Handbook on Ecosocialism. London: Routledge. 
  55. ↑ Guia ecofeminista: Mulheres, direito, ecologia (in es). 
  56. ↑ Mellor (1992). Breaking the Boundaries. London: Virago. 
  57. ↑ Mellor (1997). Feminism and Ecology. Cambridge: Polity Press. 
  58. ↑ Parr (2009). Hijacking Sustainability. Cambridge: MIT Press. 
  59. ↑ Plumwood (2003). Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. New Fetter Lane, London: Routledge. 
  60. ↑ Johnson (2013). "For a Better World: Alicia Puleo's Critical Ecofeminism", in Cibreiro: Global Issues in Contemporary Hispanic Women's Writing. Routledge. ISBN 9780415626941. Retrieved on 20 February 2019. 
  61. ↑ LaRosa. Finding Aid for Rosemary Radford Ruether Papers, 1954-2002. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved on 15 March 2013.
  62. ↑ Bouma-Prediger (1995). The greening of theology: the ecological models of Rosemary Radford Ruether, Joseph Sittler, and Juergen Moltmann. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press. ISBN 0-7885-0163-1. OCLC 33105042. 
  63. ↑ Who's Who of Women and the Environment. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved on 15 March 2013.
  64. ↑ Barthold (2022). "An ecofeminist position in critical practice: Challenging corporate truth in the Anthropocene". Gender, Work & Organization 29 (6): 1796–1814. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12878. 
  65. ↑ Vakoch (2011-01-01). Ecofeminism and rhetoric: critical perspectives on sex, technology, and discourse (in en). New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9780857451873. OCLC 714734848. 
  66. ↑ Vakoch (2012-01-01). Feminist ecocriticism: environment, women, and literature (in en). Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739176825. OCLC 815941726. 
  67. ↑ (2021) in Vakoch: Dystopias and Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780367716233. Retrieved on 2020-12-14. 
  68. ↑ (2021) in Vakoch: Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780367716417. Retrieved on 2020-12-14. 
  69. ↑ (2023) in Vakoch: The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature. Routledge. ISBN 9781032050119. Retrieved on 2022-07-20. 
  70. ↑ Vakoch (2018). Ecofeminism in Dialogue. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498569279. OCLC 1005695115. 
  71. ↑ Vakoch (2018). Literature and Ecofeminism: Intersectional and International Voices. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0815381723. OCLC 1020319048. 
  72. ↑ Vakoch (2018). Women and Nature?: Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment (in en). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138053427. OCLC 975383028. 

Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Oge Ochie Ọdịnihu: Ịmụta site na Ladakh, nke Helena Norberg-Hodge
  • The Body of God nke Sallie McFague dere
  • The Chalice and The Blade: Our History, Our Future, nke Riane Eisler dere
  • Ọnwụ nke Okike: Ụmụ nwanyị, Ecology, na Mgbanwe Sayensị nke Carolyn Merchant
  • Ecofeminism nke Maria Mies na Vandana Shiva
  • Ecofeminism na Latin America site na Mary Judith Ross
  • Ecofeminist Philosophy nke Karen J. Warren
  • Omenala Gburugburu Ebe Obibi site na Val Plumwood
  • Feminism na Nchịkwa nke Okike site na Val Plumwood
  • Gaia na Chineke: Nkà mmụta okpukpe nke Ecofeminist nke Ọgwụgwọ Ụwa nke Rosemary Radford Ruether
  • Njikọ Ecofeminism, Globalization, na okpukpe ụwa site na Rosemary Radford Ruether
  • Ọ dịghị Nwoke ma ọ bụ Anụ nke Carol J. Adams dere
  • Ebe mgbaba: Akụkọ na-abụghị nke okike nke Ezinụlọ na Ebe site na Terry Tempest Williams
  • Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Ezi: Ahụ, Okike, na Ebe n'Ụwa Hypermodern nke Charlene Spretnak dere
  • Nsọ Longings: Nkà mmụta okpukpe Ecofeminist na Globalization nke Mary Grey
  • The Sexual Politics of Meat nke Carol J. Adams dere
  • Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson dere
  • Egwú na-agba gburugburu nke Starhawk
  • Ịnọgide na-adị ndụ: Ụmụ nwanyị, gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe nke Vandana Shiva
  • Na-eche Green! edemede banyere gburugburu ebe obibi, ụmụ nwanyị, na enweghị ime ihe ike site na Petra Kelly
  • Ụdị Biodiversity nke echi site na Vandana Shiva
  • Nwaanyị na Okike: Ịzụ n'ime Ya site na Susan Griffin
  • Ịmebi ókèala site na Mary Mellor
  • Feminism na Ecology nke Mary Mellor dere
  • Ecofeminism dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: Okike, Marx, na Postmodern nke Ariel Salleh dere
  • Decolonize EcoModernism! nke Ariel Salleh dere
  • Osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke Costa Rica site n'aka Ana Isla
  • Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations, nke Carol J. Adams na Josephine Donovan dezigharịrị
  • Dystopias na Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
  • Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, nke Greta Gaard dezigharịrị
  • Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature, nke Karen J. Warren dezigharịrị na enyemaka nchịkọta akụkọ sitere na Nisvan Erkal
  • EcoFeminism & Globalization: ịchọpụta ọdịbendị, ihe gbara ya gburugburu na okpukpe, nke Heather Eaton & Lois Ann Lorentzen dezigharịrị
  • Ecofeminism and Rhetoric: Critical Perspectives on Sex, Technology, and Discourse, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
  • Ecofeminism and the Sacred, nke Carol J. Adams dezigharịrị
  • Ecofeminism in Dialogue, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị
  • Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
  • Eco-Sufficiency & Global Justice: Ụmụ nwanyị na-ede Political Ecology, nke Ariel Salleh dezigharịrị
  • Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
  • Indian Feminist Ecocriticism, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Nicole Anae dezigharịrị
  • Akwụkwọ na Ecofeminism: Intersectional na International Voices, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị
  • The Politics of Women's Spirituality: Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement, nke Charlene Spretnak dezigharịrị
  • Ntụziaka na Ecology na Feminist Theology, nke Mary Heather MacKinnon na Moni McIntyre dezigharịrị
  • Reclaim the Earth, nke Leonie Caldecott na Stephanie Leland dezigharịrị
  • Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism, nke Irene Diamond na Gloria Feman Orenstein dezigharịrị
  • The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
  • Ụmụ nwanyị na Okike? : Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị
  • Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion, nke Rosemary Radford Ruether dezigharịrị
  • GUIA ECOFEMINISTA: mujeres, direito, ecologia, nke Vanessa Lemgruber dere nke Ape'Ku dezigharịrị
  • Buckingham (2015). "Ecofeminism". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): 845–850. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.91020-1. 
  • Gaard (2011). "Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism". Feminist Formations 23 (2): 26–53. DOI:10.1353/ff.2011.0017. 
  • Huggan (2004). ""Greening" Postcolonialism: Ecocritical Perspectives". MFS Modern Fiction Studies 50 (3): 701–733. DOI:10.1353/mfs.2004.0067. 
  • Mack-Canty (2004). "Third-Wave Feminism and the Need to Reweave the Nature/ Culture Duality". NWSA Journal 16 (3): 154–179. DOI:10.1353/nwsa.2004.0077. 
  • MacGregor (2004). "From care to citizenship: Calling ecofeminism back to politics". Ethics & the Environment 9 (1): 56–84. DOI:10.1353/een.2004.0007. 
  • Mallory (2013). "Locating Ecofeminism in Encounters with Food and Place". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 26 (1): 171–189. DOI:10.1007/s10806-011-9373-8. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke U.S. Ecofeminism na Ikpe Ziri Ezi, Feminist Formations, 23 (2): 1-25.
  • Wildy (2012). "The Artistic Progressions of Ecofeminism: The Changing Focus of Women in Environmental Art". International Journal of the Arts in Society 6 (1): 53–65. DOI:10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v06i01/35978. 
  • Salleh, Ariel (1984) 'From Feminism to Ecology', Social Alternatives, Vol. 4, Nke 3, 8-12.
  • Salleh, Ariel (2019) 'Ecofeminist Sociology as a New Class Analysis' na Klaus Dorre na Brigitte Aulenbacher (ed.), Global Dialogue, International Sociological Association Newsletter: Vol. 9, Nke 1.
  • Salleh, Ariel (1991) 'Essentialism and Ecofeminism', Arena No. 94:167-173.
  • David Pellow (2018), 'Review of EcoFeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern', Journal of World-Systems Research, doi:10.5195/JWSR.2018.864.
  • Ọnụ ụzọ n'Oké Osimiri nke Joan Slonczewski dere
  • Always Coming Home nke Ursula K. Le Guin dere
  • Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight nke Ursula K. Le Guin dere
  • Ihe Nsọ nke Ise nke Starhawk
  • The Gate to Women's Country nke Sheri S. Tepper dere
  • The Holdfast Chronicles nke Suzy McKee Charnas dere
  • Ihe Nzuzo Madonna nke Sophie Strand
  • Asụsụ Obodo nke Suzette Haden Elgin
  • Ilu nke Onye na-akụ mkpụrụ site n'aka Octavia Butler
  • Oge Ọchịchị na-efu efu nke Barbara Kingsolver
  • N'elu ya site na Margaret Atwood
  • The Wanderground nke Sally Miller Gearhart
  • Nwanyị Na-eru N'Oge Oge nke Marge Piercy dere
  • Ndị ikwu Ata na-echere gị site na Dorothy Bryant
  • Bear nke Marian Engel dere
  • Ụlọ Nsọ nke Onye Amụma m nke Alice Walker dere
  • Nrọ Sultana nke Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain
  • The Sea of Affliction (1987, bipụtara ọzọ na 2010) nke Rosemarie Rowley dere

Njikọ mpụga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Templeeti:Feminist theory

Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecofeminism&oldid=644793"