Gaa na ọdịnaya

Ejiri aka tinye akara bekee

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

    Manually Coded English (MCE) bụ okwu nche anwụ nke na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ koodu ntuziaka e mepụtara iji gosipụta kpọmkwem ụtọ asụsụ na ọdịdị nke Bekee a na-asụ. Koodu dị iche iche nke MCE dịgasị iche na ọkwa nke ịgbaso ụtọ asụsụ Bekee a na-asụ, ọdịdị, na syntax. A na-ejikarị MCE eme ihe na Bekee a na-asụ kpọmkwem.[1]

    Usoro Bekee eji aka dee

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Handly coded English (MCE) bụ nsonaazụ nke mbọ Atụmatụ asụsụ na ọtụtụ mba, ọkachasị United States na 1970s. E mepụtara usoro anọ na mgbalị iji gosipụta Bekee a na-asụ n'aka; Seeing Essential English (nke a na-akpọkwa Morphemic Signing System (MSS) ma ọ bụ SEE-1), [2] Signing Exact English (SEE-2 ma ọ bụ See), Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE), ma ọ bụ Signed English (SE). Ndị mmepe usoro na ndị nkụzi ekwekọrịtaghị na izi ezi na izi ezi nke nnọchiteanya anọ a. [2][3] MCE dị iche na American Sign Language, nke bụ asụsụ okike nwere ọdịdị dị iche, okwu, na syntax. Kama nke ahụ, ụdị MCE nke North America na-agbaziri ụfọdụ ihe lexical nke American Sign Language (ọ bụ ezie na ihe ọ pụtara na ọdịdị nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ gbanwee) mgbe ị na-anwa ịgbaso ọdịdị Bekee, syntax, na usoro okwu. [2][1] Asụsụ ndị ogbi na-eji ọdịdị na-abụghị nke na-esote, mmekọrịta oghere, ihu ihu, na ọnọdụ ahụ, ebe MCE anaghị eji ihe ndị ogbi eme ihe nke asụsụ ndị ogbi nke na-adịghị na Bekee a na-asụ, yana "nke a machibidoro iwu, usoro usoro yana usoro okwu siri ike". [4]

    Ojiji na nkwurịta okwu

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nnyocha na-atụ aro na ahụmịhe nwere ike imeziwanye ogo nke ozi edere na Bekee (n'ụzọ ọdịdị nakwa na syntactically) na-eji aka ekwurịta okwu nke ọma, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-amụ ihe na-anụ na / ma ọ bụ nke na-asụ Bekee nke ọma, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ achọpụtala ọtụtụ nchegbu nwere ike inwe banyere iji usoro MCE n'ọnọdụ asụsụ okike. Ọdịdị ọdịdị nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ usoro MCE niile dị nnọọ iche na ọdịdị nke asụsụ ndị ogbi edere ede. N'ihi ya, ụmụaka ntị chiri na-ekpughe naanị na MCE na-enweta ọdịdị Bekee nke usoro MCE mgbe ndị ọgbọ ha na-anụ ihe gasịrị. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-akụziri ụmụaka ntị chiri MCE na-egosi usoro "na-adịghị mma" nke iji ụdị ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha na-enyocha morphemes ndị e kegidere na Bekee, dị ka "-ing," dị ka morphemes n'efu, na-ekewa morphemes a site na ọnọdụ ha na-ejikọta na Bekee ma na-etinye ha n'ebe ọzọ n'ime ihe owuwu, na-emepụta ahịrịokwu ndị a na-ekpe ikpe dị ka ndị na-enweghị ụtọ asụsụ site n'ịanụ ndị ọrụ Bekee. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, ọ dịghị ụmụaka na-anụ ihe na-enweta Bekee a na-asụ ma ọ bụ ụmụaka ntị chiri na-enweta ASL dị ka asụsụ mbụ na-egosipụta usoro ndị a nke nnweta okwu na-adịghị mma.[5]

    Nsogbu ọzọ nwere ike ịba na MCE bụ ọnụego ozi na-aga. Nnyocha banyere ọnụego ntinye aka MCE na-atụ aro na usoro ụfọdụ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru okpukpu abụọ na ọkara nke oge dị mkpa iji zipu otu ozi ahụ na Bekee ma ọ bụ American Sign Language. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-atụ aro na nke a nwere ike imebi nkwurịta okwu site na iji usoro ndị a, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike iduga n'ibubiga ibu ókè na ncheta dị mkpirikpi ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ okike.[6]

    Na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee, ụfọdụ ndị na-eji asụsụ ndị ogbi eme ihe ga-agbanwe koodu n'ụdị MCE mgbe ha na onye asụsụ ya bụ Bekee na-akparịta ụka, ma ọ bụ mgbe ha na-ehota ihe sitere na Bekee, ọ bụ ezie na ịbịanye aka nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. MCE na-enwekwa mmasị mgbe ụfọdụ site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị na-anụ ihe, ndị a na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke asụsụ nke ha dị ka ihe dị mfe ịmụta karịa asụsụ ndị ogbi. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na-atụ aro na ọtụtụ ndị na-anụ ihe nke usoro MCE nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ iji kwurịta okwu n'ụzọ dị irè ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru oke site na iji usoro ndị a.[7]

    Na agụmakwụkwọ

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Abbé Charles-Michel de l'Epee mepụtara usoro izizi mbụ a, onye mepụtara usoro iji akara aka kụziere ụmụaka ntị chiri n'afọ 1790. L'Epee gosipụtara ihe ịrịba ama ndị e ji mee ihe na Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris, ụlọ akwụkwọ o guzobere, n'ụdị abụọ: "Ihe ịrịba ama okike," ma ọ bụ French_Sign_Language" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Old French Sign Language">Asụsụ Ogbi French Ochie, asụsụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-eji eme ihe na obodo, na "Ihe ịrịọ ama Metodical, nke e mere iji gbaa ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ịbịanye aka na syntax nke French. Otú ọ dị, "Methodical Signs" ndị a e wuru adaala n'iji ha eme ihe n'afọ 1830, dịka onye nduzi nke atọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Roche-Ambrose Bébian, dere banyere ọdịda ha - ọkachasị mgbagwoju anya nke usoro asụsụ ndị ogbi - gbasara "Natural Signs" ma kwụsị iji ha eme ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. "Methodical Signs" dara n'anya na Europe na America, na "echiche nke itinye aka na mmepe okike nke asụsụ ndị ogbi na ịhazigharị ihe ịrịba ama dịka ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ a na-ekwu okwu si dịghachi ndụ ruo mgbe MCE na 1970s. " Agụmakwụkwọ ka bụ ọnọdụ a na-ahụkarị ebe a na-eji aka eme ihe; ọ bụghị naanị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri, kamakwa ụmụaka nwere ụdị okwu ma ọ bụ nsogbu asụsụ ndị ọzọ.[8]

    Ojiji nke MCE na agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri bụ arụmụka. Agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri nke oge a nwere ike ịgbaso otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ nkà ihe ọmụma agụmakwụkwọ na mgbalị mgbanwe, gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ n'asụsụ ndị ntị chiri, agụmakwụkwọ mu asụsụ ndị ogbi nke mba ahụ, Asụsụ abụọ na omenala abụọ, Total Communication, usoro eji aka dee dabere na asụsụ a na-asụ gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka MCE), ma ọ bụ oralism.

    Otu isi ihe mgbochi maka uru na mmanye nke ojiji nke MCE bụ ụkpụrụ eji nyochaa ya. Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ụmụaka ntị chiri na-eji MCE eme ihe na-enweta ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ na-enyocha ya dabere na ịgbaso ụdị ntinye aka nke Bekee a na-asụ (ya bụ, a na-enyo enyocha okwu MCE dị ka a ga-asị na a na-ekwu okwu Bekee) karịa nghọta ya dị ka ụdị nkwurịta okwu ma ọ bụ asụsụ. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nke na-enyocha ikike nke ndị nkuzi ntị chiri na nkwurịta okwu MCE anaghị atụle ókè ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri si ghọta ihe ndị nkuzi ha na-ekwupụta. Ndị nkuzi a kọrọ na ha na-ezere iji okwu Bekee a na-asụ ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu ha na-amaghị otu esi egosipụta na MCE, na-egbochi ojiji asụsụ ha n'ozuzu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nnyocha achọpụtala na MCE bụ ihe ndị maara koodu ahụ nwere ike ịghọta, ole na ole agbalịwo ịtụle ma ọ dị mma maka nnweta asụsụ mbụ, nyere ugboro ole morpheme wepụrụ ma ọ bụ ellipsis.[7]

    N'ime nnyocha nke ụmụaka ntị chiri na-akụzi naanị site na iji MCE, S. Supalla dere na ndị a gosipụtara ihe ọhụrụ (na-enweghị ikpughe ya), ihe ọhụrụ yiri ASL. N'ụzọ doro anya, kama iji MCE morphemes e mere iji akara ikpe, oge, na okike dị ka ha dị na Bekee, ụmụaka ndị a gosipụtara ojiji nke deictic pointing na mgbanwe nke ngwaa, atụmatụ asụsụ abụghị akụkụ nke MCE n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị pụrụ iche na asụsụ ndị aka.[4]

    N'ikpeazụ, ụkpụrụ omume nke iji MCE eme ihe bụkwa okwu esemokwu. ASL bụ asụsụ pere mpe na North America. Ọtụtụ ndị ntị chiri bụ ndị nne na nna na-anụ ihe, ha anaghịkwa ekpughe ASL site na nwata. Ọtụtụ ndị toro eto nwere omenala ntị chiri na-ebute nsogbu gbasara njikwa asụsụ otu pere mpe iji manye mmụta asụsụ ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka sitere na otu pere mpe ahụ.[1][2] A na-agba ọtụtụ ndị nne na nna na-anụ ihe ume ka ha kpughee nwa ha na MCE kama ASL,[3] nke na-egbu oge ohere nwatakịrị ịnweta asụsụ ogbi ebumpụta ụwa. Na mgbakwunye, igbu oge nghọta na obere ihe ịga nke ọma agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ ka njọ site na enweghị ntinye zuru oke ma ọ bụ nghọta nke ndị nkuzi na-eji MCE kama ASL.[4][1]

    Ụdị

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ụwa niile

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Ịkpọ mkpịsị aka

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Fingerspelling na-eji akara dị iche iche maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla. Dị ka ọ dị na nsụgharị ederede nke asụsụ a na-asụ, ụfọdụ ihe asụsụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka ụda olu anaghị anọchite anya ya. Ọ bụ ezie na mkpịsị aka abụghị ụdị MCE, kama ọ bụ ihe a gbazitere n'asụsụ ndị ogbi, ọ na-abụkarị 'ebe kọntaktị' mbụ maka onye na-anụ ihe tupu ọ mụta okwu nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ndị ntị chiri na-eji mkpịsị aka eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke asụsụ ndị ntị chiri, maka ụfọdụ aha kwesịrị ekwesị, okwu ndị a gbazitere, maka nkwenye ma ọ bụ ọdịiche nke okwu ndị dị mkpa, ma ọ bụ mgbe onye bịanyere aka ejighị n'aka akara nke okwu a na-ekwu.

    A naghị ejikarị mkpịsị aka pụrụ iche eme ihe maka nkwurịta okwu. Ọ ka nwere ego ụfọdụ nwere ike ime na ntọala ụfọdụ ndị ntị chiri (lee akara aka). Mkpịsị aka pụrụ iche nwere ọnọdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri; na US a maara ya dị ka Usoro Rochester (lee n'okpuru). Ndị agadi ntị chiri na UK na Australia nwekwara ike iji ọtụtụ mkpịsị aka mee ihe karịa ndị ọgbọ ha na-eto eto n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ ha.[9]

    Rịba ama na mpaghara dị iche iche na-eji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka dị iche iche nọchite anya Bekee - a na-eji usoro aka abụọ eme ihe na UK, Australia, na New Zealand, a na-ejikwa usoro aka na Canada na United States (lee Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ASL), Ireland (lee Asụsụ Ogbi Irish), Singapore na Philippines. A na-eji mkpụrụedemede otu na abụọ eme ihe na South Africa. Mba ndị a na-asụ Bekee enweghịkwa otu asụsụ ndị ogbi. Lee asụsụ ndị ogbi § ọ bụghị okwu dabeere.

    Ihe ịrịba ama kọntaktị

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Kama ịbụ ụdị MCE, akara kọntaktị bụ ngwakọta nke Asụsụ Ogbi na Bekee. asụsụ kọntaktị a nwere ike ime n'ebe ọ bụla n'usoro dị n'etiti, site na 'Bekee-dị ka' ruo 'Asụsụ Deaf-dị ka'; ndị na-eme akara si n'asụsụ abụọ a dị iche iche ga-ezute mgbe niile n'etiti. N'ihi ọnọdụ akara kọntaktị dị ka àkwà mmiri n'etiti asụsụ abụọ dị iche iche, onye ọ bụla na-eji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ dị iche dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere Bekee na asụsụ ndị ogbi. Okwu akara kọntaktị anọchiwo aha mbụ pidgin Sign English (PSE) n'ihi na ụdị ntinye aka a anaghị egosi ihe ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-atụ anya na pidgin.

    Okwu a na-akwado ihe ịrịba ama, ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu n'otu oge

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    okwu na-akwado ihe ịrịba ama (SSS) na-agụnye ikwupụta ihe niile dịka n'asụsụ Bekee, mgbe ị na-etinye aka n'ụdị MCE n'otu oge. A na-eji okwu, syntax na pragmatics nke Bekee, na ntinye aka MCE na-eje ozi dị ka nkwado maka nnata okwu. A na-agbaziri ihe ịrịba ama site na asụsụ ndị ogbi nke obodo ahụ na / ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịbaanya aka nke ndị nkuzi nke ndị ogbi mepụtara.

    A na-ejikarị okwu SSS na SimCom eme ihe ugbu a n'otu ihe na nkwurịta okwu zuru oke (TC), ọ bụ ezie na nkà ihe ọmụma mbụ nke TC dị nnọọ iche.

    Okwu mkparị

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    A naghị akpọkarị okwu a na-akpọ Cued dị ka ụdị MCE, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọ naghị eji akara ndị a gbazitere ma ọ bụ ndị e chepụtara echepụta na mgbalị iji nyefee Bekee. Kama nke ahụ, okwu a na-ekwu na-eji "cuems" (ụdị aka asatọ e bu n'uche ịnọchite anya ụdaume na ntinye anọ gburugburu ihu e bu n"uche ịnọchiteanya ụdaume ụdaume, jikọtara ya na mmegharị ọnụ) iji gosipụta ihe ndị na-anụ ihe nke asụsụ a na-egosi n'ụzọ anya.[10] Asụsụ Cued bụ klas pụrụ iche nke nkwurịta okwu anya. [11] A gbanwere okwu Cued maka asụsụ na olumba gburugburu ụwa.

    Na North America

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Ịhụ Ụkpụrụ Mgbasa Ozi Bekee / Morphemic

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    SEE-1 bụ koodu Bekee mbụ nke America, nke David Anthony, onye nkuzi nke ụmụaka ntị chiri na ndị nwere nkwarụ, mepụtara na 1960s na 70s. Anthony chọpụtara ndepụta nke okwu Bekee ndị bụ isi, ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ọ chọpụtara ihe ịrịba ama American Sign Language (ASL), yana ọtụtụ okwu Bekee dịtụ iche nke ASL na-anọchite anya n'otu ụzọ ahụ na "naanị obere" nrụgide na mgbanwe mmegharị. N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike iji ọtụtụ akara ASL dị iche iche gosipụta ụfọdụ okwu Bekee. Tụkwasị na nke a, ASL, n'adịghị ka Bekee, bụ asụsụ zero copula, n'ihi ya, ọ nweghị akara okwu kwekọrọ na copulas Bekee dị ka "bụ" na "bụ".[12] Na SEE1, a na-emepụta okwu niile dị ka ihe ịrịba ama dị iche iche - kama iji akara ASL maka "ụmụ butterfly", SEE1 na-etinye ihe ịrịbaanya maka "ụgbụgbọ" na "ụgburu" n'usoro. A na-amalite ọtụtụ ihe ịrịba ama sitere na ASL na SEE1 - akara ASL maka "nwere" na aka B na SEE1.[13] Nielson et al. na-ekwu na SEE-1/MSS bụ nnọchiteanya na-adịghị mma nke Bekee n'ihi na ọ nwere naanị 14 bound morphemes n'ụdị ntinye ya, na-ekwu maka na amụghị ya nke ọma kemgbe afọ 1990, dịka mbipụta akwụkwọ ahụ na 2016, ọ bụ naanị na Amarillo, Texas.[2]

    Ịbịanye aka n'asụsụ Bekee (SEE-2/SEE)

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Signing Exact English (SEE) bụ koodu ntuziaka a na-amụkarị ma na-akụzi maka American English. SEE na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke akara ndị a gbazitere na ASL. Ọ bụ Gerilee Gustason, onye nkuzi ntị chiri nke ndị ntị chiri, Esther Zawolkow, onye CODA na onye ntụgharị agụmakwụkwọ, na Donna Pfetzing, nne na nna nke nwatakịrị ntị chiri, mepụtara Signing Exact English (SEE2). [14] Ebe Bekee dị iche na ASL (dị ka echiche nwere ọtụtụ okwu yiri ibe ya na Bekee mana naanị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ kwekọrọ na akara ASL) a gbanwere ọdịdị aka nke akara ASL n'ozuzu ya iji gosipụta mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke okwu Bekee a chọrọ. A naghị ahụ ọdịiche yiri ya na ASL (ebe ọtụtụ akara ASL niile na-asụgharị otu okwu Bekee) na SEE. Dịka ọmụmaatụ na ASL, ihe ịrịba ama atọ dị iche iche na-anọchite anya ihe dị iche iche nke Bekee "aka nri" ('ezi', 'nke na-emegide aka ekpe,' na 'ntinye') mana SEE na-eji otu ihe ịrịbaanya. A na-ejikwa mmalite na akara ụtọ asụsụ na SEE2, mana a na-eji okwu ndị nwere akara ASL dịka akara ASL, dịka ọ dị na .[15] 

    Asụsụ Bekee (SE) - American

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Okwu 'Signed English' na-ezo aka na usoro dị mfe karịa SEE1, SEE2, ma ọ bụ LOVE. Asụsụ Bekee (nke a na-akpọkarị Siglish) na-eji Akara ASL n'usoro okwu Bekee, mana naanị akara ụtọ asụsụ 14. Ụzọ a na-ahụkarị nke Signed English na US bụ nke Harry Bornstein mepụtara, onye rụrụ ọrụ na Gallaudet Signed English Project iji mepụta akwụkwọ ụmụaka edere na akara ngosi na Bekee edere.

    Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE) bụ aha nke ndepụta morpheme nke Dennis Wampler bipụtara na 1971. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-edepụta ọtụtụ ụdị ASL na MCE site na iji nkọwa Bekee, a na-eji usoro akara nke William Stokoe mepụtara na-akọwa akụkụ asụsụ nke American Sign Language.

    N'echiche ziri ezi nke Bekee (CASE)

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    O yiri ka a na-eji CASE eme ihe iji zoo aka na okwu dị iche iche dabere na ihe gbara ya gburugburu na / ma ọ bụ onye edemede. CDC na-akọwa CASE dị ka okwu ọzọ maka Pidgin Signed English, okwu ochie maka ịbịanye aka na kọntaktị, ma were ya dị ka ngwakọta nke ASL na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke MCE.[16][14]

    Usoro Rochester

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Ikekwe ụdị MCE kacha nso na Bekee edere, usoro Rochester na-agụnye mkpịsị aka na-ede okwu ọ bụla. Ọ bụ Zenas Westervelt malitere ya na 1878, obere oge ka ọ meghere Western New York Institute for Deaf-Mutes (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Rochester School for the Deaf). Ojiji nke usoro Rochester gara n'ihu ruo ihe dị ka afọ 1970, ma a ka nwere ndị okenye ntị chiri si n'ógbè Rochester bụ ndị a kụziiri usoro Rochester. Ọ adaala n'ihi na ọ bụ usoro na-agwụ ike ma na-ewe oge iji aka dee ihe niile, ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-eji ya eme ihe na ntọala ụfọdụ ndị ntị chiri (lee akara aka).

    Na United Kingdom

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Asụsụ Bekee (SE) - British

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Signed English (SE) bụ otu ụdị MCE eji eme ihe na Britain ma na-ezo aka n'ịsụ Bekee na ịbịanye aka n'otu oge.[17] British Signed English na-agbaziri ihe ịrịba ama site na British Sign Language ma jikọta ha na mkpịsị aka iji tinye morphemes ejikọtaghị na BSL dị ka -ed na -ing.[18]

    A na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na Sign-supported English (lee n'okpuru) ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe dị iche.

    Bekee a na-akwado akara (SSE)

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    A na-eji akara akwado Bekee (SSE) dị iche na Signed English (SE) site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta site n'ikwu na SSE anaghị agụnye ọdịdị ntụgharị nke Bekee a na-asụ; kama, a na-etinye aka na "okwu" nke ahịrịokwu mgbe a na-ekwu ahịrịokwu zuru ezu.[18]

    Usoro akara nke Paget Gorman

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Sistemụ Akara Paget Gorman, nke a makwaara dịka Paget Gorman signed speech (PGSS) ma ọ bụ asụsụ ogbi sistemụ Paget Gorman, bụ Sir Richard Paget malitere na Britain n'afọ 1930, Lady Grace Paget na Dr Pierre Gorman mekwara ka e jiri ya mee ihe maka ụmụaka nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu, dịka ụmụaka ntị chiri. Ọ bụ usoro akara okwu nke na-egosipụta usoro Bekee nkịtị. Sistemụ ahụ na-eji akara 37 bụ isi na ọnọdụ aka 21 ọkọlọtọ, nke enwere ike ijikọ iji nọchite anya nnukwu okwu nke okwu Bekee, gụnyere njedebe okwu na oge ngwaa. Akara ndị ahụ adabaghị na akara eke nke obodo ndị ntị chiri.

    Usoro a gbasara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri na UK site na 1960s ruo 1980s, mana kemgbe mmalite nke British Signed Language na BSL-based Signed English na agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe ugbu a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ọhịa okwu na nsogbu asụsụ.

    Ebe Ndị Ọzọ

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Akara Bekee - Australia

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Ha na-agbaso usoro ụda olu na-enweghị isi karịa usoro ụda olu siri ike nke Cued Speech. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Australian Signed English 'ihe na-adịghị mma' na-anọchite anya na akara ndị pụtara 'un', 'come', 'for', na 'table'. Enwere ike iji akara anya nke sitere na asụsụ ndị ogbi mee ihe iji gosipụta homonyms nke okwu Bekee - dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji akara Auslan maka 'ụmụ ahụhụ' (ụmụ ahụhụ) mee ihe na Signed English maka ngwaa (to) 'ụmụ efe'.[19]

    N'Australia, otu kọmitii mepụtara 'Signed English' na ngwụcha afọ 1970, bụ ndị were ihe ịrịba ama site na Auslan (karịsịa asụsụ ndịda), mepụtara ihe ịrịbaanya ọhụrụ, ma gbaziri ọtụtụ ihe ịrịba aka site na American Sign Language nke emeela ugbu a ka ha banye n'iji ya eme ihe kwa ụbọchị na Auslan. A ka na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. A na-ejikwa Bekee a bịanyere aka na Australia eme ihe na New Zealand.[20]

    Singapore - SEE2

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    A na-eji Signing Exact English (SEE2) eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri na Singapore, a na-akụzikwara ya dị ka ụdị asụsụ ndị ogbi kachasị mma site na Singapore Association for the Deaf .[21] Asụsụ ndị ogbi eji eme ihe na Singapore, Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Singapore, a na-eche na ọ bụ Asụsụ Ogbi nke Shanghai, Asụsụ Ogbi nke America, na SEE2 metụtara ya.

    Kenya Akara Bekee

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Gọọmentị Kenya na-eji Kenya Signed English, ọ bụ ezie na Mahadum Nairobi na-akwado Asụsụ Ogbi nke Kenya.

    Hụkwa

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]

    Ihe ndekọ na ihe onwunwe

    [dezie | dezie ebe o si]
    1. 1 2 Hands & Voices. handsandvoices.org. Retrieved on 2024-03-25.
    2. 1 2 3 4 Nielsen (2016). "The English-Language and Reading Achievement of a Cohort of Deaf Students Speaking and Signing Standard English: A Preliminary Study". American Annals of the Deaf 161 (3): 342–368. DOI:10.1353/aad.2016.0026. ISSN 1543-0375. PMID 27477041. 
    3. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :04
    4. 1 2 Fischer (1991-06-25). Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research, Volume 2: Psychology. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-25152-3. 
    5. ↑ (2015-12-01) in Marschark: The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies in Language. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190241414.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-024141-4. 
    6. ↑ Mitchell (1982). "Can Deaf Children Acquire English?: An Evaluation of Manually Coded English Systems in Terms of the Principles of Language Acquisition". American Annals of the Deaf 127 (3): 331–336. DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.1048. ISSN 1543-0375. PMID 7113873. 
    7. 1 2 Maxwell (1990). "Simultaneous Communication: The State of the Art & Proposals for Change". Sign Language Studies 69 (1): 333–390. DOI:10.1353/sls.1990.0019. ISSN 1533-6263. 
    8. ↑ Supalla (2004). "The Validity of the Gallaudet Lecture Films". Sign Language Studies 4 (3): 261–292. ISSN 0302-1475. 
    9. ↑ Schembri (2007). "Sociolinguistic Variation in the Use of Fingerspelling in Australian Sign Language: A Pilot Study". Sign Language Studies 7 (3): 319–347. ISSN 0302-1475. 
    10. ↑ Metzger (2010). "Cued language: What deaf native cuers perceive of Cued Speech", in C. LaSasso, K. Crain and J. Leybaert: Cued Speech and cued language for deaf and hard of hearing children, 53–66. 
    11. ↑ Metzger (1998). Cued language structure: an analysis of cued American English based on linguistic principles. Silver Spring, Maryland: Calliope Press. 
    12. ↑ Luetke-Stahlman (1996). "A History of Seeing Essential English (SEE I)". American Annals of the Deaf 141 (1): 29–33. DOI:10.1353/aad.2012.0001. ISSN 1543-0375. PMID 8901351. 
    13. ↑ Rosenberg (1987). Advances in Applied Psycholinguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30027-8. 
    14. 1 2 Rendel (2018-11-05). "Signing Exact English; A Simultaneously Spoken and Signed Communication Option in Deaf Education". Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 3 (2): 18–29. DOI:10.26077/gzdh-rp64. ISSN 2381-2362. 
    15. ↑ Supalla (2002). "The Role of Manually Coded English in Language Development of Deaf Children", in Meier: Modality and Structure in Signed and Spoken Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 143–166. 
    16. ↑ CDC (2021-06-21). Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on 2024-04-26.
    17. ↑ Rowley (2024-11-01). "Shorter but richer versus longer with less information: linguistic differentiation between British Sign Language and sign supported English" (in en). Multilingua 43 (6): 723–750. DOI:10.1515/multi-2023-0177. ISSN 1613-3684. 
    18. 1 2 Aldersson (2023-01-27). "Deaf adult learners and their teacher: Knowledge construction and meaning-making through the lens of translanguaging and semiotic repertoires". DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 39. DOI:10.1590/1678-460X202359756. ISSN 0102-4450. 
    19. ↑ Jeanes (1989). Dictionary of Australasian Signs for communication with the deaf. Melbourne: Victoria School for the Deaf. ISBN 978-0-9598836-5-7. 
    20. ↑ Johnston (2007-01-18). Australian Sign Language (Auslan): An introduction to sign language linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45963-1. 
    21. ↑ Sign Language. Singapore Association for the Deaf. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007.
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