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Equity feminism

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Ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụdị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akwado mmeso nhata nke steeti na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke n'enweghị ịma aka na enweghị nhata nke ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na okpukpe, na ihe ndị ọzọ nke ọha mmadụ.[1][2] A tụlere echiche a kemgbe afọ 1980.[2][3] A kọwapụtara ma kewaa ọdịdị ụmụ nwanyị dịka ụdị ọdịdị ụmụ nwoke nwere nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ nnwere onwe, [1] n'adịghị ka ọdịdị ụmụ nwaanyị nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, [3] ọdịiche ụmụ nwanyị, [4] ụmụ nwanyị, [5] na nha nhata. [3][6][7]

Nchịkọta

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The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy na-ezo aka na Wendy McElroy, Joan Kennedy Taylor, Cathy Young, Rita Simon, Katie Roiphe, Diana Furchtgott-Roth, Christine Stolba, na Christina Hoff Sommers dị ka ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Camille Paglia kọwakwara onwe ya dị ka onye na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi.[8][9] Christina Sommers, karịsịa, nyochara isiokwu nke ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Who Stole Feminism? N'ihe odide a, Sommers chịkọtara otu ebumnuche nke ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị si nweta ohere akụ na ụba, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[10] Sommers na-azọrọ na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị kewara n'etiti ụdị abụọ: ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ziri ezi na ndị na'akwado ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha abụọ bụ na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n'ịgbanwe ụkpụrụ ọha na eze dabere na okike, ebe ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ikpe ziri ezi na-elekkwu anya n'inweta ikpe ziri ezi n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.[11]

Steven Pinker, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka evolushọn na ọgụgụ isi, ọkà mmụta asụsụ, na onye edemede sayensị a ma ama, na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye na-ahụ n'anya, nke ọ na-akọwara dị ka "ozizi omume ọma banyere mmeso nhata nke na-adịghị eme nkwa ọ bụla gbasara nsogbu ndị a na-ahụ anya na nkà mmụta uche ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ".[12]

E meela ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị ndị na-agbaso omenala na ndị na-eme ihe ike nke ikpe ziri ezi.[13] Ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ na-agbaso omenala anabatala ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị.[14]

Ikpe ziri ezi n'ebe ọrụ

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"4 Ezi Ways to Equity for Women in Work" na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ịmakụ ndị ọrụ ha site n'inye ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka onye ọrụ ọ bụla iji mepụta gburugburu ebe ohere nhata. Nkwanye ike ụmụ nwanyị bụ maka imeso nwoke na nwanyị n'otu aka ahụ n'ebe ọrụ n'ihi na e kere ha nhata ma kwesịkwa ka e mesoo ha otú ahụ. Multiverse na-edepụta ihe atụ nke otu ndị na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ nwere ike isi gbanwee omume nnye ha n'ọrụ nke na-adịkarị njọ. Ha na-ekwu na mbinye ego kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na nkà nke onye na-achọ ọrụ karịa aha ma ọ bụ ndabere nke onye na-achọ ọrụ, tinye asụsụ dị iche iche na nkọwa ọrụ ha, na-akwụkwa ụmụ nwanyị otu ụgwọ ọrụ ha na-enweta. Ụmụ nwanyị nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụ ọbụna karịa ụmụ nwoke na nke ọzọ. Ọdịiche dị n'otú e si emeso ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị iche na ụmụ nwoke jikọtara ya na ihe kpatara na ụlọ ọrụ agaghị atụle ụmụ nwanyị maka ọkwá dị elu. Ịha nhatanha n'ebe ọrụ nwere ike ime ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè n'ọkwá dị elu, ma ọ bụrụhaala na eleghara ikike ha anya ma na-akpachapụ anya, ụzọ ndụ a na-ezighị ezi ga-aga n'ihu maka ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro ikpe ziri ezi na-akwadokwa maka ọrụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu iji belata ibu ụmụ nwanyị ma na-agba mbọ maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị.

Ndị na-ekwu okwu

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Anne-Marie Kinahan na-azọrọ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị America na-ele ụdị nkwado ụmụ nwanyị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ikpe ziri ezi.[15] Louis Schubert et al. na-azọrọ na "ụkpụrụ nke ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị ka dị n'ọhụụ nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na United States".[16]

United States

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Faịlụ:The Equal Rights Amendment.png
Otu bọtịnụ nke ihe ERA nọchitere anya ka ọ na-anwa ịgafe House of Representatives na 1972.

Na United States, Alice Paul na Crystal Eastman, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ nọ na National Woman's Party, sonyere n'ịdepụta Ndezigharị Ikike Ịha nhata, na ebumnuche nke inweta "nchebe iwu site na ịkpa ókè" maka ụmụ nwanyị niile.[17][18]

Ọ bụ National Woman's Party tụpụtara Ndezigharị Ikike Ọha na 1923. E bu ụzọ chepụta mgbanwe ahụ na Seneca Falls na onye bụbu onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Agnes Morey duziri ihe omume a n'akụkụ Alice Paul.[19] N'afọ ahụ, e webatara ya na ndị omeiwu tupu ụlọ omebe iwu US anabata ya na Machị 1972 nke ga-enye ma ụmụ nwanyị ma ụmụ nwoke ikike iwu iji mee ihe ziri ezi.[20]

Ikpe ziri ezi nke nwanyị bụ ngalaba echiche nwanyị nke na-emepụta usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-akwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ma ọ bụ n'okpuru iwu. Ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na-abụ ebubo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọzọ a na-eche na a na-emegbu emegbu na-agọnarị otu ohere ahụ dị ka ndị ọcha. Ebe ọ bụ na e wepụrụ ERA na 1972, ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi anọgidewo na-eto eto na America ma kwadoro iwu ọhụrụ nke ga-echebe ụmụ nwanyị dịka ha nwere ike. Ikpe ziri ezi nke nwanyị dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị otu ikike ahụ. Enweghị nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ọha mmadụ nke na-amata ụmụ nwanyị, ọ ga-emepụta echiche na ụmụ nwanyị dị ala karịa ụmụ nwoke na ha ekwesịghịkwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ n'agbanyeghị agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọha.

Ndezigharị Ikike Ịha nhata na-ekwe nkwa ikike nhata maka ụmụ amaala America niile. Nke a ga-eme ka o doo anya na a ga-arụrịta ụka banyere ọdịiche ọ bụla dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.

Europe

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N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, Europe nwere ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu karịa United States ma a bịa n'ihe gbasara ike ụmụ nwanyị na nha anya nwoke na nwanyị.[1] Ezubere otu dị na Europe iji kwalite ọ bụghị naanị nha anya na ikpe ziri ezi, kamakwa iji dozie ọdịiche ahụ site n'ime ka ndị mmekọ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ofe kọntinent ahụ. E jiri ya tụnyere European Union, enweghị otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị ọha na United States na-enye ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka mmegharị ahụ. Ịmekọrịta atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ bụ otu ụzọ mba Europe si nwee ike ịkwalite ọdịmma nke ikpe ziri ezi na ụmụ nwanyị.

Ihe odide

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  1. 1 2 3 Liberal Feminism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (18 October 2007). Retrieved on 24 February 2016. (revised 30 September 2013)
  2. 1 2 Black (1989). Social feminism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801422614. 
  3. 1 2 Halfmann (1989). "Social change and political mobilization in West Germany", in Katzenstein: Industry and politics in West Germany: toward the Third Republic. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801495953. “Quote: Equity-feminism differs from equality-feminism in the depth and scope of its strategic goals. A feminist revolution would pursue three goals, according to Herrad Schenk:” 
  4. ↑ Buechler (1 September 1990). "3: Ideologies and Visions", Women's Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights, and Beyond. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813515595. “Equity feminism, whether liberal, Marxist or socialist, relies on male classifications…Social feminism, whether maternal, cultural or radical, appeals to female values” 
  5. ↑ Black (16 April 1999). "7: Towards a New Analysis", Feminist Politics on the Farm: Rural Catholic Women in Southern Quebec and Southwestern France. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773518285. “we found two strands, both of which we wanted to include as political: an equity feminism seeking equal rights…and women's collective action that looked more like a social feminism” 
  6. ↑ (16 April 2004) "Equality", in Kramarae: Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963156. “There are two dominant strains within the equality debate: "equity feminism" and "difference feminism".” 
  7. ↑ Kuhle (January 2012). "Evolutionary psychology is compatible with equity feminism, but not with gender feminism: A reply to Eagly and Wood". Evolutionary Psychology 10 (1): 39–43. DOI:10.1177/147470491201000104. PMID 22833845. 

    See also Eagly (May 2011). "Feminism and the evolution of sex differences and similarities". Sex Roles 64 (9–10): 758–767. DOI:10.1007/s11199-011-9949-9. 
  8. ↑ Paglia (2018). "The modern battle of the sexes", Free women, free men: sex, gender, feminism. Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd. ISBN 9781786892171. “Quote: I am an equity feminist - that is, I believe in equality of the sexes before the law and the removal of all obstacles to women's advance in society. However, I oppose special protections for women, which had been sought from the start by some leading feminists... I represent the pro-sex wing of feminism that has turned the tide and that is close to winning the culture wars of the past fifteen years.... And I think that a younger generation of women are no longer in sympathy with the censorious, anti-pleasure wing of feminism.” 
  9. ↑ Smith (22 March 2017). Who's worse: Camille Paglia, sanctimonious liberals, or my sniveling self? (blog). thestranger.com/slog. SLOG. Retrieved on 9 December 2017.
  10. ↑ Who Stole Feminism? (18 October 2007). Retrieved on 25 January 2019.
  11. ↑ What is the Difference Between Gender Feminism and Equity Feminism? (en-US). Language Humanities. Retrieved on 2022-10-18.
  12. ↑ Pinker (2002). "Gender", The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking. ISBN 9780142003343. 
  13. ↑ Almeder (13 August 2003). "Equity Feminism and Academic Feminism", in Pinnick: Scrutinizing Feminist Epistemology: An Examination of Gender in Science. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813532271. “I defend the stronger or more conservative form of equity feminism…I identify these latter more radical forms of equity feminism with academic feminism” 
  14. ↑ Iannello (18 August 2010). "8: Women's Leadership and Third-Wave Feminism (in Part II: History of Women's Public Leadership, in Volume One)", in O'Connor: Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications, Inc.. ISBN 9781412960830. “The concept of equity feminism has taken hold among many younger conservative women” 
  15. ↑ Kinahan (3 August 2004). "One: Foundations: Women Who Run from the Wolves: Feminist Critique As Post-Feminism", in Prince: Feminisms and Womanisms: A Women's Studies Reader. Canadian Scholars’ Press. ISBN 9780889614116. “Most American women subscribe philosophically to that older "First Wave" kind of feminism whose main goal is equity… A First Wave, "mainstream," or "equity" feminist wants for women what she wants for everyone…equity feminism has turned out to be a great American success story.” 
  16. ↑ Schubert (2014). "13: Civil Rights: Diversifying the Elite: Women's Rights in the United States", The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American Politics, 17th, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305537491. “The principles of equity feminism remain in the vision of the vast majority of women in the United States.” 
  17. ↑ The Equal Rights Amendment Explained (en). www.brennancenter.org. Brennan Center for Justice (9 October 2019). Retrieved on 2022-03-16.
  18. ↑ Alice Paul (en). National Women's History Museum. Retrieved on 2022-03-16.
  19. ↑ "Women Adopt Equal Rights Resolution", The Buffalo Times, July 22, 1923.
  20. ↑ (2015) "The Equal Rights Amendment". Women's Studies Quarterly 43 (3/4): 271. ISSN 0732-1562. 
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