Ethnobotany
Ethnobotany bụ ngalaba interdisciplinary na interface nke sayensị okike na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-amụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmadụ na osisi.[1][2] Ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ọmụma ọdịnala banyere otu esi eji osisi eme ihe, jikwaa ya na aghọta ya na ọha mmadụ.[3][4] Ethnobotany na-ejikọta ihe ọmụma sitere na botany, anthropology, ecology, and chemistry iji mụọ omenala ndị metụtara osisi n'ofe omenala. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ngalaba a na-ede akwụkwọ ma nyochaa otú ọha mmadụ dị iche iche si eji ahịhịa mpaghara eme ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere ọgwụ, nri, iji okpukpe eme ihe, ihe ọṅụṅụ na-egbu egbu, ihe owuwu ụlọ, mmanụ ọkụ na uwe.[5]. Richard Evans Schultes, nke a na-akpọkarị "nna nke ethnobotany",[6] nyere nkọwa mmalite nke ịdọ aka ná ntị::[1] Kemgbe oge Schultes, ethnobotany esitela n'ụzọ bụ isi na-edekọ ihe ọmụma osisi ọdịnala iji tinye ozi a n'ọnọdụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ọkachasị na mmepe ọgwụ.[1] Mpaghara a na-ekwuzi okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya dị ka ikike ikike ọgụgụ isi na nhazi nha anya nkekọrịta uru sitere na iji ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. [2]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọ bụ n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ bụ́ John William Harshberger chepụtara echiche nke ethnobotany.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na Harshberger mere nyocha nke ethnobotanical nke ukwuu, gụnyere na mpaghara ndị dị ka North Africa, Mexico, Scandinavia, na Pennsylvania,[1] ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Richard Evans Schultes malitere njem ya na Amazon ka ethnobotany ghọrọ sayensị a ma ama.[2]. Otú ọ dị, a na-eche na omume ethnobotany malitere na narị afọ mbụ AD mgbe onye dibịa Gris aha ya bụ Pedanius Dioscorides dere ọtụtụ ihe odide botanical na-akọwapụta ọgwụgwọ na nri nri nke "ihe karịrị osisi Mediterranean 600" aha ya bụ De Materia Medica.[3] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekwu na Dioscorides dere banyere ime njem ọtụtụ oge n'ime alaeze ukwu Rom, gụnyere mpaghara ndị dị ka "Greece, Crete, Egypt, na Petra", [4] na ime nke a nwetara ezigbo ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ógbè ahụ na ihe onwunwe ha bara uru. Ọmụma ihe ọkụkụ nke Europe gbasaara nke ukwuu ozugbo achọpụtara ụwa ọhụrụ n'ihi ethnobotany. Enwere ike ikwu na mgbasawanye nke ihe ọmụma a n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ihi nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ sitere na America, gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ dị ka poteto, ahụekere, ube oyibo, na tomato.[5] Onye France na-eme nchọpụta bụ Jacques Cartier mụtara ọgwụgwọ scurvy (tii a na-esi na agịga nke osisi coniferous, ma eleghị anya spruce) sitere n'ebo Iroquois dị n'ógbè ahụ.[3]
Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya na Oge Renaissance
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'oge etiti oge, a na-emekarị ọmụmụ ethnobotanical na njikọ ya na monasticism. Otú ọ dị, a na-edebe ọtụtụ ihe ọmụma botanical n'ogige, dị ka ogige anụ ahụ dị n'ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ okpukpe. A na-eche na ọ bụ okwu eji eme ihe maka ebumnuche nri na ọgwụ na a mụghịkwa ihe gbasara ethnographic dịka onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ nke oge a nwere ike ịbịaru ethnobotany nso taa.[4]
Afọ nke Ezi Uche
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 1732, Carl Linnaeus mere Njem nyocha na Scandinavia na-ajụ Ndị Sami banyere ojiji ha na-eji osisi eme ihe.[5]
Oge nke Enlightenment hụrụ ịrị elu na nyocha akụ na ụba. Alexander von Humboldt chịkọtara data sitere na New World, na njem James Cook weghachiri nchịkọta na ozi gbasara osisi site na South Pacific.[6] N'oge a, a malitere nnukwu ogige botanical, dịka Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew na 1759. Ndị nduzi nke ogige ahụ zigara ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ iji lekọta ma chịkọta osisi iji gbakwunye na nchịkọta ha.
Ka narị afọ nke iri na asatọ ghọrọ nke iri na itoolu, ethnobotany hụrụ njem ndị e mere na ebumnuche ndị ọzọ karịa akụ na ụba azụmahịa dị ka nke Lewis na Clarke nke dekọrọ osisi abụọ ahụ na ndị mmadụ zutere iji ha eme ihe. Edward Palmer chịkọtara ihe onwunwe ọdịbendị na ihe atụ botanical site n'aka ndị mmadụ nọ na North American West (Great Basin) na Mexico site na 1860s ruo 1890s. Site na nyocha a niile, e guzobere ngalaba nke "ihe ọkụkụ Ndị Aborigine" - ọmụmụ nke ụdị akwụkwọ nri niile nke ndị Aborigine na-eji maka nri, ọgwụ, ákwà, ihe ịchọ mma na ihe ndị ọzọ.[7]
Mmepe na itinye ya na sayensị nke oge a
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onye mbụ na-amụ banyere echiche nke ụwa osisi bụ dọkịta Germany na-arụ ọrụ na Sarajevo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19: Leopold Glück. A ga-ewere ọrụ ya e bipụtara banyere iji osisi eme ihe n'ụzọ ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na Bosnia (1896) dị ka ọrụ ethnobotanical mbụ nke oge a.[8]
Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ nyochara ojiji nke osisi n'okpuru echiche ụmụ amaala / mpaghara na narị afọ nke 20: Matilda Coxe Stevenson, osisi Zuni (1915); Frank Cushing, nri Zuni (1920); Keewaydinoquay Peschel, Anishinaabe fungi (1998), na usoro otu nke Wilfred Robbins, John Peabody Harrington, na Barbara Freire-Marreco, osisi Tewa pueblo (1916).
Na mbido, ihe atụ na ọmụmụ ethonobotanical abụghị ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ baghị uru. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na ndị ọkà n'ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ anaghị arụkọ ọrụ mgbe niile n'ọrụ ha. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịchọpụta ụdị na otu esi eji osisi mee ihe kama ilekwasị anya n'otú osisi si adaba na ndụ ndị mmadụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ nwere mmasị na ọrụ ọdịbendị nke osisi ma mesoo akụkụ sayensị ndị ọzọ n'elu. Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịdị mmadụ rụkọtara ọrụ nke ọma ma chịkọta data a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, nke zuru ezu.
Malite na narị afọ nke 20, ngalaba nke ethnobotany nwere mgbanwe site na nchịkọta data na-enweghị isi gaa na usoro na echiche dị ukwuu. Nke a bụkwa mmalite nke ethnobotany agụmakwụkwọ. Onye a na-akpọ "nna" nke nkuzi a bụ Richard Evans Schultes, ọ bụ ezie na o chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ethnobotany". Taa, ngalaba nke ethnobotany chọrọ nkà dịgasị iche iche: ọzụzụ botanical maka njirimara na nchekwa nke ụdị osisi; ọzụzụ anthropological iji ghọta echiche ọdịbendị gburugburu nghọta nke osisi; ọzụzụ asụsụ, ọ dịkarịa ala iji depụtaghachi okwu mpaghara ma ghọta ọdịdị ala, syntax, na semantics.
Mark Plotkin, onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, Yale School of Forestry na Mahadum Tufts, enyewo ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ethnobotany. O dechara akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka Ndị Tirio nke Suriname na-akọwapụta osisi ọgwụ ha; Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice (1994); The Shaman'l Apprentici, akwụkwọ ụmụaka na Lynne Cherry (1998); na Medicine Quest: In Search of Nature's Healing Secrets (2000).
Magazin South American Explorer gbara Plotkin ajụjụ ọnụ na 1998, ozugbo a tọhapụrụ Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice na ihe nkiri IMAX Amazonia. N'akwụkwọ ahụ, o kwuru na ọ hụrụ amamihe n'ụdị ọgwụ ọdịnala na nke ọdịda anyanwụ:
Enweghị usoro ahụike nwere azịza niile - ọ dịghị shaman m na-arụ ọrụ nwere ihe yiri ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa polio na ọ dịghị onye na-ahụ maka akpụkpọ ahụ m nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa fungal n'ụzọ dị irè (na ọnụ ala) dị ka ụfọdụ n'ime ndị nduzi Amazon m. O kwesịghị ịbụ dọkịta na dọkịta amoosu. Ọ kwesịrị ịbụ akụkụ kachasị mma nke usoro ahụike niile (Ayurvedic, herbalism, homeopathic, na ihe ndị ọzọ) jikọtara n'ụzọ nke na-eme ka nlekọta ahụike dị irè karị ma dị ọnụ ala maka mmadụ niile.[9]
Ọtụtụ ozi gbasara ojiji ọdịnala nke osisi ka dị na ndị agbụrụ. Mana ndị na-agwọ ọrịa n'ala na-achọkarị ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ndị si n'èzí. Schultes n'ezie mụtara onwe ya n'aka onye shaman Amazonian, nke na-agụnye nkwekọrịta ogologo oge na ezigbo mmekọrịta. Na Wind in the Blood: Mayan Healing & Chinese Medicine nke Garcia et al. ndị na-ahụ maka ịdụnye agwọ ọrịa nwere ike ịnweta ọkwa ọgwụ ndị Mayan nke ndị na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na-enweghị ike n'ihi na ha nwere ihe ha ga-ekerịta na mgbanwe. Onye ụkọchukwu ọgwụ Cherokee David Winston kọwara otu nwanne nna ya ga-esi mepụta ihe nzuzu iji mee ka ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịdị mmadụ na-eleta.
Ọkà mmụta ọzọ, James W. Herrick, bụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru ọkà mmụta ethnologist William N. Fenton, na ọrụ ya Iroquois Medical Ethnobotany (1995) na Dean R. Snow (editor), prọfesọ nke Anthropology na Penn State, na-akọwa na ịghọta herbal ọgwụ na omenala Iroquois omenala gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na a siri ike na oge ochie cosmological usoro nkwenkwe. Ọrụ ha na-enye echiche na echiche nke ọrịa na enweghị ahaghị nhata nke nwere ike ịpụta n'ụdị anụ ahụ site na ọrịa na-adịghị mma na ọrịa siri ike. Ọ gụnyekwara nnukwu nchịkọta ọrụ ubi Herrick sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị Iroquois nke karịrị aha 450, ojiji, na nkwadebe nke osisi maka ọrịa dị iche iche. Ndị na-eme Iroquois ọdịnala nwere (ma nwee) echiche ọkaibe na ụwa ihe ọkụkụ nke dị nnọọ iche na nke sayensị ọgwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Onye nchọpụta Cassandra Quave na Mahadum Emory ejirila ethnobotany dozie nsogbu ndị na-esite na mgbochi ọgwụ nje. Quave na-ekwu na uru nke ethnobotany ọgwụ karịa ọgwụ ọdịda anyanwụ dabere na ọdịiche dị na usoro. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe omimi blackberry na-elekwasị anya na mgbochi nke mmekorita nje karịa iwepụ ha ozugbo.[10]
Nsogbu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke ajọ mbunobi nwoke na nwanyị emeela na ethnobotany, na-emepụta ihe ize ndụ nke ịdọrọ nkwubi okwu na-ezighi ezi. Ndị na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na-agwakarị ụmụ nwoke. Na Las Pavas, obere obodo ọrụ ugbo na Panama, ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịdị mmadụ mere nkwubi okwu banyere ojiji obodo ahụ dum ji osisi mee ihe site na mkparịta ụka na nkuzi ha na ọtụtụ ndị ikom. Ha gakwuuru ezinụlọ iri anọ, mana ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-esonye na ajụjụ ọnụ ma ọ dịghị mgbe ha sonyeere ha n'ọhịa. N'ihi nkewa nke ọrụ, ihe ọmụma nke osisi ọhịa maka nri, ọgwụ, na eriri, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, hapụrụ n'ime foto ahụ, na-akpata echiche gbagọrọ agbagọ nke osisi ndị dị ha mkpa n'ezie.[11][12]
Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-eche na inwe ihe onwunwe pụtara ịmara ihe onwunwa ahụ. N'obodo ụfọdụ, a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị n'inwe ala, ebe ha bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ya. Ihe ọmụma na-ezighị ezi nwere ike ịpụta site na ịgba naanị ndị nwe ya ajụjụ ọnụ.[13]
Okwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere nchegbu gbasara omume gbasara mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ amaala, na International Society of Ethnobiology emeela ụkpụrụ omume iji duzie ndị nchọpụta.[14]
Akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Journal of Ethnobiology na Ethnomedicine
- Ihe ọkụkụ nke akụ na ụba
- Nnyocha Ethnobotany na Mmetụta[15]
- Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Ethnopharmacology
- Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (IJTK) [16]
- Latin American na Caribbean Bulletin of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Edemsibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Kandell, Jonathan (13 April 2001). Richard E. Schultes, 86, Dies; Trailblazing Authority on Hallucinogenic Plants. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2 May 2018.
- ↑ Soejarto (August 2005). "Ethnobotany/ethnopharmacology and mass bioprospecting: Issues on intellectual property and benefit-sharing". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100 (1–2): 15–22. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.031. PMID 15993554.
- ↑ Sitka spruce. www.for.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved on 2 May 2018.
- ↑ Fatur (June 2020). ""Hexing Herbs" in Ethnobotanical Perspective: A Historical Review of the Uses of Anticholinergic Solanaceae Plants in Europe". Economic Botany 74 (2): 140–158. DOI:10.1007/s12231-020-09498-w. ISSN 0013-0001.
- ↑ Han F. Vermeulen (2015). Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology Series. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803277380.
- ↑ Captain James Cook (1728-1779). PlantExplorers.com.
- ↑ G.E. Wickens (2012). Economic Botany: Principles and Practices, illustrated, Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401009690.
- ↑ (2014) in Andrea Pieroni, Cassandra L. Quave: Ethnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development and Reconciliation, illustrated, Springer. ISBN 9781493914920.
- ↑ The Shaman's Apprentice Forest. South American Explorer, Autumn 1988.
- ↑ Jabr. "Could Ancient Remedies Hold the Answer to the Looming Antibiotics Crisis?", The New York Times, 14 September 2016. Retrieved on 2018-10-26. (in en)
- ↑ Howard, Patricia. Gender Bias in Ethnobotany: Propositions and Evidence of a Distorted Science and Promises of a Brighter Future.. academia.edu.
- ↑ Gender bias in ethnobotany -- a legacy and process. TeachEthnobotany (2 July 2013).
- ↑ Pfeiffer (September 2005). "Assessing Cultural and Ecological Variation in Ethnobiological Research: The Importance of Gender". Journal of Ethnobiology 25 (2): 240–278. DOI:[240:ACAEVI2.0.CO;2 10.2993/0278-0771(2005)25[240:ACAEVI]2.0.CO;2].
- ↑ The ISE Code of Ethics - International Society of Ethnobiology. ethnobiology.net. Retrieved on 2 May 2018.
- ↑ Ethnobotany Research and Applications. ethnobotanyjournal.org. Retrieved on Nov 20, 2022.
- ↑ Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (IJTK). op.niscair.res.in. Retrieved on Nov 20, 2022.